Wikipedia:Lua
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Lua is a programming language that is available via the Scribunto MediaWiki extension on the English Wikipedia. Since February 2013, Lua code can be embedded into wiki templates by employing the "{{#invoke:}}" functionality of Scribunto. This extension supports Lua 5.1 as of October 2022[update].
The Lua source code is stored in pages called modules (e.g., Module:Example). These individual modules are then invoked (by code {{#invoke:<Module name>|<Function name>|(optional) param1 | param2...}}). Example:
| Wikitext | Result |
|---|---|
{{#invoke:Example|hello}}
|
Hello World! |
Running a module
Modules are run on normal wiki pages using the #invoke parser function. The syntax of #invoke is similar to template syntax, but with some differences. The most important difference is that you need to specify a function name. A function is a set of instructions that takes input values, processes them, and returns an output value.[1] This is much like what a template does: you give it arguments, it processes them, and you get a result. However, you can define many functions in one Lua module, whereas you can only define one template on one page.
Furthermore, you can't just run a Lua module directly – you can only run one of the module's functions. The module is just a container for the functions, and doesn't do anything by itself. So there are two reasons that we need to input a function name: we can't run a module by itself, and without specifying a function name, Lua will not know which function it is we want to run.
The simplest way to run a module from a wiki page is like this:
{{#invoke:module name|function name}}
For example, we can run Module:Example in this way, which has a function named "hello".
{{#invoke:Example|hello}}→ Hello World!
Using arguments
Arguments are passed to modules in the same way that they are passed to templates. Note, however, that the text after the first pipe character is always the function name; the first positional argument is the text after the second pipe.
{{#invoke:module name|function name|first positional argument|second positional argument|named argument = value}}
In Module:Example, the "hello_to" function greets different people depending on the first positional argument. It works like this:
{{#invoke:Example|hello_to|Kate}}→ Hello, Kate!{{#invoke:Example|hello_to|Fred}}→ Hello, Fred!
A third function in Module:Example, named "count_fruit", uses the named arguments bananas and apples to count the number of bananas and apples we have. It can be run like this:
{{#invoke:Example|count_fruit|apples=3|bananas=4}}→ I have 4 bananas and 3 apples{{#invoke:Example|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=2}}→ I have 5 bananas and 2 apples
Most modules have a documentation page explaining what arguments can be used and what their effects will be.
On VisualEditor
Currently, VisualEditor does not allow invoking modules through its interface, even though it can edit existing module invocations. A possible workaround for this is to use {{invoke}} instead. The syntax is very similar to #invoke, so, to use it on VisualEditor, its first unnamed argument must be the module's name, the second the function name, and all arguments passed to the module can be specified the same way as for regular templates. Note that it won't work for modules that expect to read data from the calling template (as the calling template is {{invoke}} itself rather than the page that uses it) as the example below demonstrates:
{{#invoke:TEMPLATENAME|main}}→ Wikipedia:Lua{{invoke|TEMPLATENAME|main}}→ Template:Invoke
However, that is a pathological case, most modules will behave the same either way.
Request a script
Visit Wikipedia talk:Lua to request help in writing a Lua script to perform a specific task on Wikipedia or another Wikimedia Foundation project.
History
Sordid history. {{qif}}, ParserFunctions, Lua extension, wiki scripting language debated (JavaScript v. Lua), mw:Extension:WikiScripts, Tim writes Scribunto with initial support for Lua.
Discussed for years, Lua was installed in 2012 for testing on test2.wiki.x.io, with open invitation to all editors to experiment with developing Lua modules. Lua was installed on the English Wikipedia in February 2013, after testing on mediawiki.org and Wikimedia test wikis.
About Lua
Lua is a scripting language which can be used to analyze data, calculate expressions, and format results using functions or object-oriented programming. Although some Lua scripts can be kept simple, for easy understanding, Lua allows complex structures including tables, dynamic functions, and associative arrays where index subscripts can be words as well as index numbers. Lua also supports recursion of re-nested functions, so care should be taken to avoid excessive complexity where other users would not understand how to maintain a Lua module. The following is the source code of the module used for the examples above.
local p = {} --All Lua modules on Wikipedia must begin by defining a variable
--that will hold their externally accessible functions.
--Such variables can have whatever name you want and may
--also contain various data as well as functions.
p.hello = function( frame ) --Add a function to "p".
--Such functions are callable in Wikipedia
--via the #invoke command.
--"frame" will contain the data that Wikipedia
--sends this function when it runs.
-- 'Hello' is a name of your choice. The same name needs to be referred to when the module is used.
local str = "Hello World!" --Declare a local variable and set it equal to
--"Hello World!".
return str --This tells us to quit this function and send the information in
--"str" back to Wikipedia.
end -- end of the function "hello"
function p.hello_to(frame) -- Add another function
local name = frame.args[1] -- To access arguments passed to a module, use `frame.args`
-- `frame.args[1]` refers to the first unnamed parameter
-- given to the module
return "Hello, " .. name .. "!" -- `..` concatenates strings. This will return a customized
-- greeting depending on the name given, such as "Hello, Fred!"
end
function p.count_fruit(frame)
local num_bananas = tonumber(frame.args.bananas) or 0 -- Named arguments ({{#invoke:Example|count_fruit|foo=bar}})
local num_apples = tonumber(frame.args.apples) or 0 -- are likewise accessed by indexing `frame.args` by name (`frame.args["bananas"]`,
-- or equivalently `frame.args.bananas`.
local conj_bananas = num_bananas == 1 and 'banana' or 'bananas'
local conj_apples = num_apples == 1 and 'apple' or 'apples'
-- Ternary operators assign values based on a condition in a compact way.
-- Here, `conj_bananas` gets `'banana'` if `num_bananas` is 1, else `'bananas'`.
-- Similarly, `conj_apples` gets `'apple'` if `num_apples` is 1, else `'apples'`.
return 'I have ' .. num_bananas .. ' ' .. conj_bananas .. ' and ' .. num_apples .. ' ' .. conj_apples
-- Like above, concatenate a bunch of strings together to produce
-- a sentence based on the arguments given.
end
return p --All modules end by returning the variable containing their functions to Wikipedia.
-- Now we can use this module by calling {{#invoke: Example | hello }},
-- {{#invoke: Example | hello_to | foo }}, or {{#invoke:Example|count_fruit|bananas=5|apples=6}}
-- Note that the first part of the invoke is the name of the Module's wikipage,
-- and the second part is the name of one of the functions attached to the
-- variable that you returned.
-- The "print" function is not allowed in Wikipedia. All output is accomplished
-- via strings "returned" to Wikipedia.
A sample of Lua is highlighted by tag <syntaxhighlight lang="lua">...</syntaxhighlight> placed around the Lua source code. To view some more complex examples of Lua, see article: "Lua (programming language)".
For instructions on how to use Lua within MediaWiki (and hence Wikipedia), see mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual.
Unit testing
A few unit testing frameworks are available for Lua scripts on Wikipedia. These allow an editor to execute the module with a given set of inputs and verify that the expected outputs are produced. They are useful for rapidly detecting software regressions, where modifications to a script introduce new (or identify old) problems.
By convention, unit tests for a module like Module:Example are placed in Module:Example/testcases, and are executed on Module talk:Example/testcases.
Module:UnitTests is the prefilled code used when creating a testcases page. You run these unit tests by placing {{#invoke:Example/testcases|run_tests}} on the testcases talk page.
Module:ScribuntoUnit is another widely used test framework. Category:Modules for test tools has a few others to review which may be interesting.
MediaWiki-specific features
Overall: Lua can only get input as text strings passed to the {{#invoke:}} and what can be fetched via mw.title.new(...):getContent() and frame:expandTemplate(). Lua output will not be preprocessed unless frame:preprocess() is explicitly called, meaning that template calls, parser functions, etc. in the output will not work correctly. Also, all Lua in the page is limited to 10 seconds CPU time (you can look in the source code of a rendered page to see how long a template or module took to parse). And relative to standard Lua, Scribunto's Lua lacks all sorts of functions (see mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual § Differences from standard Lua).
Lua input limitations
Lua code in Scribunto is only run when the page is being parsed. Therefore, the only user input that Lua can receive is by page editing – it cannot create a box that calculates the square root of a number you type in, or recalculate a piece of the Mandelbrot set depending on which part of the parent set you click on. The input Lua can receive includes any transcludeable text page on Wikipedia. This does not include graphics files (not even .SVG files, although they are actually text, unless you cut and paste it onto a Wiki text page), the list of pages listed in a category, nor the contents of non-transcludeable special pages.
Wikitext
Transcluded Wikipedia headers frequently contain a hidden code such as "UNIQ5ae8f2aa414ff233-h-3--QINU" which may need to be stripped out in order for them to be parsed effectively.
Wikilinks using the pipe trick [[Wikipedia:Help| ]] won't work if returned as output – they need to be written explicitly as [[Wikipedia:Help|Help]]. Other pre-save transforms, such as replacing ~~~~ with signatures, will also fail to be processed. Template transclusions, parser function calls, and variable substitutions (i.e. anything with a {{...}}) will not be processed, nor will tags such as <ref> or <nowiki>. Use frame:extensionTag to add tags like <ref> or <syntaxhighlight> to output.
Labeling converted templates
 | This template uses Lua: |
Please place the {{lua}} template on the documentation subpage of all templates that use Lua. It will help to better communicate Lua usage and template conversions.
See also
Categories
- Category:Lua language on Wikipedia – usage of Lua on Wikipedia
- Category:Wikipedia modules – top-level category for Lua modules
- Category:Lua metamodules – modules that aid other Lua modules
- Category:Lua-based templates – groups of Lua-based templates
- Category:Wikipedia Lua-related templates – templates related to the usage of Lua on Wikipedia
Other pages
- Special:PrefixIndex/Module: – tracking of Lua modules can be done by using Special:PrefixIndex
- Help:Lua debugging – a how-to guide about debugging Lua modules
- Module:Sandbox provides a pseudo-namespace for experimenting with Lua modules
- Manual:Coding conventions/Lua – standards to improve the readability of code through consistency
- mw:Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual
- Wikipedia:Advanced template coding
Notes
- ^ You can also have multiple output values, but functions that do this are not normally meant to be accessed from wiki pages.