List of Category 3 Australian region severe tropical cyclones
Appearance
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Category 3 is known to be the third-highest classification on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale which is used to classify tropical cyclones.
Systems
[edit]Name | Duration | Peak intensity | Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Refs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wind speed | Pressure | ||||||
Flora | 1 – 5 December 1964 | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Northern Territory, Queensland | Extensive | None | [1] |
Ada | 17 – 18 January 1970 | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Solomon Islands | [2] | ||
Gertie Fiona |
10 – 28 February 1971 | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Northern Territory, Queensland | None | [3][4][5][6] | |
Althea | 22 - 24 December 1971 | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Queensland | $18.5 million | 3 | [7][8][9][10] |
Daisy | 10 - 12 February 1972 | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) | Queensland | $1.48 million | None | [11][8][12] |
Emily | 30 March – 2 April 1972 | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) | Queensland | 8 | [13][14] | |
Gail | 15 April 1972 | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) | [15] | |||
Hannah | 11 May 1972 | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea | [16] | ||
Jean | 12 - 14 January 1973 | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 964 hPa (28.47 inHg) | [17] | |||
Adeline | 28–29 January 1973 | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | [18] | |||
Kristy | 25 – 27 February 1970 | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | ||||
Nellie | 15 – 18 March 1970 | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 964 hPa (28.47 inHg) | ||||
Flores | 28 – 30 April 1973 | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | Indonesia | 1653 | [19][20] | |
Marcelle | 1 – 3 May 1973 | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 973 hPa (28.73 inHg) | South-Western Australia | None | None | [21][22] |
Ines (1973) | |||||||
Beryl (1973) | |||||||
Cecily (1973) | |||||||
Deidre-Delida (1973) | |||||||
Helen (1974) | |||||||
Zoe (1974) | |||||||
Isobel (1974) | |||||||
Jessie (1974) | |||||||
Selma (1974) | |||||||
Ray (1975) | |||||||
David | 13 – 19 January 1976 | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 961 hPa (28.38 inHg) | Queensland | N/A | None | [23] |
Beth | 13–22 February 1976 | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Queensland | $3.13 million | None | [8] |
Wally (1976) | |||||||
Colin (1976) | |||||||
Irene (1977) | |||||||
Jack-Io (1977) | |||||||
Karen (1977) | |||||||
Verna | 28 April – 3 May 1977 | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 973 hPa (28.73 inHg) | Northern Territory | None | None | [24] |
Vern (1978) | |||||||
Peter (1978–79) | |||||||
Rosa (1979) | |||||||
Wilf-Danitza (1979–80) | |||||||
Freda | 1981 | 130 km/h (80 mph) | |||||
Max | 1981 | 155 km/h (100 mph) | |||||
Paddy | 25 – 30 May 1981 | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 973 hPa (28.73 inHg) | Western Australia | None | None | [25] |
Alex | 19 – 27 October 1981 | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 964 hPa (28.47 inHg) | None | None | [26] | |
Abigail (1982) | |||||||
Ian (1982) | |||||||
Ken (1983) | |||||||
Lena (1983) | |||||||
Naomi | 21 April – 2 May 1983 | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | None | None | [27] | |
Monty (1983) | |||||||
Oscar | 22 October – 1 November 1983 | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 968 hPa (28.59 inHg) | None | None | None | [28] |
Grace (1984) | |||||||
Vivienne-Fanja (1984) | |||||||
Willy (1984) | |||||||
Annette-Jaminy (1984) | |||||||
Ingrid (1984) | |||||||
Jim (1984) | |||||||
Emma (1984) | |||||||
Frank (1984) | |||||||
Nigel | January 14 – 20, 1985 | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Vanuatu, Fiji | N/A | None | |
Hubert (1985) | |||||||
Isobel (1985) | |||||||
Jacob (1985) | |||||||
Lindsay (1985) | |||||||
Margot | 10 – 25 April 1985 | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 942 hPa (27.82 inHg) | Western Australia | N/A | None | |
Nicholas (1985) | |||||||
Winifred | 27 January – 5 February 1986 | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 957 hPa (28.26 inHg) | Queensland | $130 million | 2 | |
Rhonda (1986) | |||||||
Manu | 21–27 April 1986 | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | Papua New Guinea, Queensland | Extensive | None | [29] |
Namu (1986) | |||||||
Connie | 15 – 23 January 1987 | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | Western Australia | N/A | None | |
Jason (1987) | |||||||
Frederic (1988) | |||||||
Charlie (1988) | |||||||
Ilona | 12 – 19 December 1988 | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Western Australia | $741,800 | None | |
Kirrily (1989) |
1990s
[edit]Name | Duration | Peak intensity | Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Refs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wind speed | Pressure | ||||||
Felicity | 13 – 20 December 1989 | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | Cape York Peninsula | Minor | None | [30][31] |
Sam (1990) | |||||||
Vincent (1990) | |||||||
Daman | 17 – 19 February 1992 | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | [32] | |||
Fran | 11 – 17 March 1992 | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) | Tokelau, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, New Caledonia Eastern Australia, New Zealand |
[33] | ||
Polly (1993) | |||||||
Adel | 13 – 16 May | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | Papua New Guinea | Minimal | 3 | [34][35] |
Naomi | 15 – 18 December 1993 | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Western Australia | N/A | None | [36] |
Pearl-Farah (1994 | 11 – 21 January 1994 | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | None | None | None | [37] |
Quenton | 22 – 29 January 1994 | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | None | None | None | |
Vivienne (1994) | |||||||
Violet (1995) | |||||||
Warren | 4 – 6 March 1995 | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Queensland, Northern Territory | N/A | None | [38] |
Daryl-Agnielle (1995) | |||||||
Gertie | 17 – 22 December 1995 | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Australia | N/A | None | [39] |
Hubert-Coryna (1996) | |||||||
Celeste | 26 – 29 January 1996 | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Queensland | N/A | None | [40] |
Jacob (1996) | |||||||
Fergus | 23 December 1996 – 1 January 1997 | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Solomon Islands, New Zealand | N/A | 4 | |
Rachel | 3 – 8 January 1997 | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) | Northern Territory, Western Australia | Minor | None | [41] |
Justin | 6 – 24 March 1997 | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Papua New Guinea, Queensland | $190 million | 37 | [42] |
Selwyn (1997–98) | |||||||
Victor–Cindy (1998) | |||||||
Alison (1998) | |||||||
Billy (1998) | |||||||
Damien-Birenda (1999) | |||||||
Rona | 10 – 21 February 1999 | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | Eastern Australia, New Caledonia | $150 million | 7 | [43] |
2000s
[edit]Name | Duration | Peak intensity | Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Refs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wind speed | Pressure | ||||||
Kirrily | 24 January – 2 February 2000 | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | None | None | None | [44] |
Leon – Eline | 1 – 8 February 2000 | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Madagascar, Southern Africa | [45] | ||
Tessi | 1 – 3 April 2000 | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) | Queensland | $60 million | None | [46] |
Abigail | 23 February – 8 March 2001 | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) | Queensland, Northern Territory, Western Australia | [47] | ||
Walter (2001) | |||||||
Claudia (2002) | |||||||
Dianne-Jery (2002) | |||||||
Erica (2003) | |||||||
Jana (2003) | |||||||
Debbie (2003) | |||||||
Kerry (2005) | |||||||
Harvey | 3 – 7 February 2005 | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 967 hPa (28.56 inHg) | Northern Territory | N/A | None | |
Willy (2005) | |||||||
Adeline-Juliet (2005) | |||||||
Clare | 6 – 10 January 2006 | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Western Australia | $2.35 million | None | [46][48] |
Jim (2006) | |||||||
Wati (2006) | |||||||
Jacob (2007) | |||||||
Kara (2007) |
2010s
[edit]Name | Duration | Peak intensity | Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Refs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wind speed | Pressure | ||||||
Guba | 11 - 20 November 2007 | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 971 hPa (28.67 inHg) | Papua New Guinea | Unknown | Unknown | [49] |
Nicholas | 11 - 20 February 2008 | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 948 hPa (27.99 inHg) | Western Australia | Unknown | Unknown | [50] |
Magda | 18 – 24 January 2010 | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) | Western Australia | Unknown | Unknown | [51] |
Paul | 24 March – 2 April 2010 | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 971 hPa (28.67 inHg) | Northern Territory | Unknown | Unknown | [52] |
Dianne | 14 – 22 February 2011 | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Western Australia | Unknown | Unknown | [53] |
Carlos | 15 – 26 February 2011 | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 969 hPa (28.61 inHg) | Northern Territory, Western Australia | Unknown | Unknown | [54] |
Errol | 13 – 20 April 2011 | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) | Timor | Unknown | Unknown | [55] |
Alenga | 2 – 9 December 2011 | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 972 hPa (28.70 inHg) | None | None | None | [56] |
Heidi | 9 – 13 January 2012 | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) | Western Australia | Unknown | Unknown | [57] |
Lua | 10 – 18 March 2012 | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) | Western Australia | $230 million | None | }[58] |
Freda | 28 – 29 December 2012 | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 964 hPa (28.47 inHg) | Solomon Islands, New Caledonia | Unknown | Unknown | [59] |
Sandra | 5 – 10 March 2013 | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 958 hPa (28.29 inHg) | New Caledonia | Unknown | Unknown | [60] |
Victoria | 6 – 12 April 2013 | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 968 hPa (28.59 inHg) | None | None | None | [61] |
Zane | 28 April – 1 May 2013 | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 981 hPa (28.97 inHg) | Papua New Guinea, Queensland | None | None | [62] |
Bruce | 16 – 19 December 2013 | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 959 hPa (28.32 inHg) | Cocos Islands | None | None | [63] |
Jack | 16 – 22 April 2014 | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 966 hPa (28.53 inHg) | None | None | None | [64] |
Kate | 21 - 30 December 2014 | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 967 hPa (28.56 inHg) | None | None | None | [65] |
Olwyn | 8 – 14 March 2015 | 140 km/h (85 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Western Australia | Unknown | Unknown | [66] |
Frances | 21 April – 1 May 2017 | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) | Papua New Guinea, Timor, Indonesia | Unknown | Unknown | [67] |
Kelvin | 11 – 21 February 2018 | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Top End, Western Australia, South Australia | Unknown | Unknown | [68] |
Nora | 19 – 26 March 2018 | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 958 hPa (28.29 inHg) | New Guinea, Northern Territory, Queensland | Unknown | Unknown | [69] |
Owen | 30 November - 20 December 2018 | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 958 hPa (28.29 inHg) | Papua New Guinea, Queensland, Northern Territory | Unknown | Unknown | [70] |
Riley | 19 - 30 January 2019 | 130 km/h (80 mph) | 971 hPa (28.67 inHg) | Western Australia | Unknown | Unknown | [71] |
2020s
[edit]Name | Duration | Peak intensity | Areas affected | Damage (USD) |
Deaths | Refs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wind speed | Pressure | ||||||
Claudia | 5 – 12 January 2020 | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 963 hPa (28.44 inHg) | Northern Territory, Western Australia | Unknown | Unknown | [72] |
Damien | 3 – 9 February 2020 | 155 km/h (100 mph) | 955 hPa (28.20 inHg) | Northern Territory, Western Australia | Unknown | Unknown | [73] |
Marian | 21 February – 9 March 2021 | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 959 hPa (28.32 inHg) | Cocos Island | None | None | [74][75] |
Seroja | 3 – 12 April 2021 | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 967 hPa (28.56 inHg) | East Timor, Indonesia, Western Australia | Unknown | >150 | [76] |
Gabrielle | 5 – 10 February 2023 | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 959 hPa (28.32 inHg) | Solomon Islands, Norfolk Island, New Zealand | [74] | ||
Anggrek | 10 – 25 January 2024 | 150 km/h (90 mph) | 968 hPa (28.59 inHg) | None | None | 0 | |
Kirrily | 12 – 25 January 2024 | 120 km/h (75 mph) | 978 hPa (28.88 inHg) | Queensland | Unknown | 0 |
Other systems
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References
[edit]- ^ "Tropical Cyclone Flora". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
- ^ "1970 Tropical Cyclone Ada (1970003S16165)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
- ^ "Floods hit QLD again". The Age. 22 February 1971. p. 3. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ Tropical Cyclone Gertie (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- ^ Brisbane Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre. Tropical Cyclone Fiona (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- ^ Darwin Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre. "Tropical Cyclone Fiona". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- ^ "1971 Tropical Cyclone Althea (1971354S11159)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
- ^ a b c "Historical Disaster Statistics". Insurance Council of Australia. 2013. Archived from the original on 6 December 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
- ^ Brisbane Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (31 July 1972). Report by Director of Meteorology on Cyclone Althea (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. p. 27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
- ^ "Event —Townsville, Qld: Cyclone (incl Storm Surge & Tornadoes)". Government of Australia. 2011. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
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- ^ "Tropical Cyclone Manu". Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
- ^ Ready, Steve; Woodcock, Frank (2 June 1992). "The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season 1989–90" (PDF). Australian Meteorological Magazine. 40: 111–121. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
- ^ Singh, Arveen K; Fiji Meteorological Service (Summer 1990). DeAngellis, Richard M (ed.). "Tropical depression in Coral Sea (former T.C. Felicity), 18 – 20 December 1989" (Mariners Weather Log). 34 (3). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Oceanographic Data Service: 48. hdl:2027/uiug.30112104094245.
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(help) - ^ "1992 Tropical Cyclone Daman (1992044S09181)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ "1992 Severe Tropical Cyclone Fran (1992064S10184)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ "1993 Tropical Cyclone Adel (1993131S04158)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
- ^ Papua New Guinea - Tropical Cyclone Adel Dha-Geneva Information Report No.2 (PDF) (Report). Department Of Humanitarian Affairs. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
- ^ Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (2014). Severe Tropical Cyclone Naomi (PDF). Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
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- ^ Severe Tropical Cyclone Warren. Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ^ Severe Tropical Cyclone Gertie. Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ^ Tropical Cyclone Celeste. Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ^ Perth Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (2014). Severe Tropical Cyclone Rachel (PDF). Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ^ Queensland Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (2014). Severe Tropical Cyclone Justin (PDF). Australian Bureau of Meteorology (Report). Government of Australia. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ^ "CYCLONES TO HAVE IMPACTED ON QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA FROM 1864". Windworker.com.au. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
- ^ "2000 Tropical Cyclone Kirrily (2000024S12100)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ "2000 Intense Tropical Cyclone Eline:Leon (2000024S12100)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ a b Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. "EM-DAT: The Emergency Events Database". Université catholique de Louvain.
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- ^ Padgett, Gary (25 April 2006). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary". Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
- ^ "2007 Severe Tropical Cyclone Guba (2007317S11150)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ Patterson, Linda A (8 August 2011). Severe Tropical Cyclone Nicholas (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
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- ^ "2010 Tropical Cyclone Paul (2010084S09138)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
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- ^ Lynch, Billy; Patterson, Linda A (8 August 2011). Severe Tropical Cyclone Carlos (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ Courtney, Joseph B (23 February 2022). Severe Tropical Cyclone Errol (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ Patterson, Linda A (November 2015). Severe Tropical Cyclone Alenga (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
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- ^ "2012 Tropical Cyclone Freda (2012362S08165)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ "2013 Tropical Cyclone Sandra (2013064S18149)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ Brown, Bronwyn (2 March 2017). Severe Tropical Cyclone Victoria (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ "2013 Tropical Cyclone Zane (2013117S10155)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ Severe Tropical Cyclone Bruce (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. February 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ Severe Tropical Cyclone Jack (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. March 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ Patterson, Linda A (May 2015). Severe Tropical Cyclone Kate (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ Severe Tropical Cyclone Olwyn (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ Severe Tropical Cyclone Frances (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ Severe Tropical Cyclone Kelvin (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. September 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ Courtney, Joseph B (12 May 2023). Severe Tropical Cyclone Nora (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
- ^ Severe Tropical Cyclone Owen (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ Courtney, Joseph B (8 May 2023). Severe Tropical Cyclone Riley (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
- ^ Severe Tropical Cyclone Claudia (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ Severe Tropical Cyclone Damien (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. December 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ a b "Australian Tropical Cyclone Database" (CSV). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023. A guide on how to read the database is available here.
- ^ Severe Tropical Cyclone Marian (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- ^ Earl-Spurr, Craig (2 September 2022). Severe Tropical Cyclone Seroja (PDF) (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.