Ernest Miller Hemingway was an American
writer and
journalist. His distinctive writing style, characterized by economy and
understatement, influenced 20th-century fiction, as did his life of adventure and public image. He produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s. He won the
Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Hemingway's fiction was successful because the characters he presented exhibited authenticity that reverberated with his audience. Many of his works are classics of
American literature. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works during his lifetime; a further three novels, four collections of short stories, and three non-fiction works were published after his death. Hemingway was born and raised in
Oak Park, Illinois. After leaving high school he worked for a few months as a reporter, before leaving for the
Italian front to become an
ambulance driver during World War I, which became the basis for his novel
A Farewell to Arms. He was seriously wounded and returned home within the year. In 1922 Hemingway married
Hadley Richardson, the first of his four wives, and the couple moved to Paris, where he worked as a
foreign correspondent. During his time there he met and was influenced by
modernist writers and artists of the 1920s expatriate community known as the "
Lost Generation". His first novel,
The Sun Also Rises, was written in 1924. After divorcing Hadley Richardson in 1927 Hemingway married
Pauline Pfeiffer; they divorced following Hemingway's return from covering the
Spanish Civil War, after which he wrote
For Whom the Bell Tolls.
Martha Gellhorn became his third wife in 1940, but he left her for
Mary Welsh Hemingway after World War II, during which he was present at
D-Day and the
liberation of Paris. Shortly after the publication of
The Old Man and the Sea in 1952 Hemingway went on safari to Africa, where he was almost killed in a plane crash that left him in pain or ill-health for much of the rest of his life. Hemingway had permanent residences in
Key West, Florida, and
Cuba during the 1930s and '40s, but in 1959 he moved from Cuba to Ketchum,
Idaho, where he committed suicide in the summer of 1961.
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