Visa requirements for Swiss citizens
Visa requirements for Swiss citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Switzerland.
As of July 2024, Swiss citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 190 countries and territories, ranking the Swiss passport 4th, tied with passport from Belgium, Denmark, New Zealand, Norway and United Kingdom in the world according to the Henley Passport Index.[1]
As a member state of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Swiss citizens enjoy freedom of movement to live and work in Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein in accordance with the EFTA convention.[2] Moreover, by virtue of Switzerland's bilateral agreements with the EU, Swiss citizens also have freedom of movement in all EU member states.[3][4] All EFTA and EU citizens are not only visa-exempt but are legally entitled to enter and reside in each other's countries.
In order to travel to another country, a Swiss citizen requires a passport, except travel to EFTA[5] and EU[3] countries, European microstates, Greenland (de facto), Turkey, and on organized tours to Tunisia, where the Swiss identity card is valid.
Visa requirements map
[edit]Visa requirements
[edit]Country | Visa requirement | Allowed stay | Notes (excluding departure fees) |
---|---|---|---|
Afghanistan | Visa required[6] | ||
Albania | Visa not required[7] | 90 days |
|
Algeria | Visa required[8] | ||
Andorra | Visa not required[9] | ||
Angola | Visa not required[10] | 30 days |
|
Antigua and Barbuda | Visa not required[13] | 3 months | |
Argentina | Visa not required[14] | 90 days | |
Armenia | Visa not required[15] | 180 days |
|
Australia | eVisitor[16] | 90 days |
|
Austria | Visa not required[17] |
| |
Azerbaijan | eVisa[18][19] | 30 days | |
Bahamas | Visa not required[20] | 8 months | |
Bahrain | eVisa / Visa on arrival[21] | 14 days | |
Bangladesh | Visa on arrival[22] | 30 days | |
Barbados | Visa not required[23] | 90 days | |
Belarus | Visa not required[24] | 30 days |
|
Belgium | Visa not required[25] |
| |
Belize | Visa not required[26] | ||
Benin | eVisa[27][28] | 30 days |
|
Bhutan | eVisa[29][30] |
| |
Bolivia | Visa not required[31] | 90 days | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Visa not required[32] | 90 days |
|
Botswana | Visa not required[33] | 90 days | |
Brazil | Visa not required[34] | 90 days |
|
Brunei | Visa not required[35] | 90 days | |
Bulgaria | Visa not required[36] |
| |
Burkina Faso | eVisa / Visa on arrival[37][38] | 1 month | |
Burundi | Visa on arrival[39] | 1 month | |
Cambodia | eVisa / Visa on arrival[40][41] | 30 days | |
Cameroon | eVisa[42][43] | ||
Canada | Electronic Travel Authority[44] | 6 months | |
Cape Verde | Visa not required[46] | 30 days | |
Central African Republic | Visa required[47] | ||
Chad | Visa required[48] | ||
Chile | Visa not required[49] | 90 days | |
China | Visa not required[50] | 30 days |
|
Colombia | Visa not required[54] | 90 days |
|
Comoros | Visa on arrival[55] | 45 days | |
Republic of the Congo | Visa required[56] | ||
Democratic Republic of the Congo | eVisa[57][58] | 7 days | |
Costa Rica | Visa not required[59] | 90 days | |
Côte d'Ivoire | eVisa[60][61] | 3 months |
|
Croatia | Visa not required[62] |
| |
Cuba | eVisa[63][64] | 90 days |
|
Cyprus | Visa not required[65] |
| |
Czech Republic | Visa not required[66] |
| |
Denmark | Visa not required[67] |
| |
Djibouti | eVisa[68][69] | 90 days | |
Dominica | Visa not required[70] | 6 months | |
Dominican Republic | Visa not required[71] | 30 days |
|
Ecuador | Visa not required[72] | 90 days | |
Egypt | eVisa / Visa on arrival[73][74] | 30 days | |
El Salvador | Visa not required[75] | 90 days | |
Equatorial Guinea | eVisa[76][77] |
| |
Eritrea | Visa required[78] | ||
Estonia | Visa not required[79] |
| |
Eswatini | Visa not required[80] | 30 days | |
Ethiopia | eVisa / Visa on arrival[81] | up to 90 days |
|
Fiji | Visa not required[84] | 4 months | |
Finland | Visa not required[85] |
| |
France | Visa not required[86] |
| |
Gabon | eVisa[87][88] | 90 days |
|
Gambia | Visa not required[89] | 90 days | |
Georgia | Visa not required[90] | 1 year | |
Germany | Visa not required[90] |
| |
Ghana | Visa required[91] | ||
Greece | Visa not required[92] |
| |
Grenada | Visa not required[93] | 3 months | |
Guatemala | Visa not required[94] | 90 days | |
Guinea | eVisa[95][96] | 90 days | |
Guinea-Bissau | Visa on arrival[97] | 90 days | |
Guyana | Visa not required[98] | 90 days | |
Haiti | Visa not required[99] | 90 days | |
Honduras | Visa not required[100] | 90 days | |
Hungary | Visa not required[101] |
| |
Iceland | Visa not required[102] | ||
India | eVisa[103] | 30 days |
|
Indonesia | e-VOA / Visa on arrival[106] | 30 days[107] | |
Iran | eVisa[108] | 30 days[109] | |
Iraq | eVisa / Visa on arrival[110][111] | 60 days | |
Ireland | Visa not required[112] |
| |
Israel | Visa not required[113] | 90 days | |
Italy | Visa not required[114] |
| |
Jamaica | Visa not required[115] | 90 days | |
Japan | Visa not required[116] | 90 days | |
Jordan | eVisa / Visa on arrival[117][118] | 30 days |
|
Kazakhstan | Visa not required[119] | 30 days | |
Kenya | Electronic Travel Authorisation[120][121] | 90 days |
|
Kiribati | Visa not required[122] | 90 days |
|
North Korea | Visa required[123] | ||
South Korea | Electronical Travel Authorization[124][125] | 90 days |
|
Kuwait | eVisa / Visa on arrival[127][128] | 3 months | |
Kyrgyzstan | Visa not required[129] | 60 days | |
Laos | Visa not required[130] | 15 days | |
Latvia | Visa not required[131] |
| |
Lebanon | Free visa on arrival[132] | 1 month |
|
Lesotho | Visa not required[133] | 14 days |
|
Liberia | Visa required[135] | ||
Libya | eVisa[136][137] | 30 days | |
Liechtenstein | Visa not required[138] | ||
Lithuania | Visa not required[139] |
| |
Luxembourg | Visa not required[140] |
| |
Madagascar | Visa on arrival[141] | 60 days | |
Malawi | eVisa / Visa on arrival[142][143] | 30 days |
|
Malaysia | Visa not required[144] | 3 months | |
Maldives | Free visa on arrival[145] | 30 days | |
Mali | Visa required[146] | ||
Malta | Visa not required[147] |
| |
Marshall Islands | Visa on arrival[148][149] | 90 days | |
Mauritania | Visa on arrival[150] |
| |
Mauritius | Visa not required[151] | 180 days |
|
Mexico | Visa not required[152] | 180 days | |
Micronesia | Visa not required[153] | 90 days |
|
Moldova | Visa not required[154] | 90 days |
|
Monaco | Visa not required[155] |
| |
Mongolia | Visa not required[156] | 30 days |
|
Montenegro | Visa not required[157] | 90 days |
|
Morocco | Visa not required[158] | 90 days | |
Mozambique | Visa on arrival / eVisa[159][160] | 30 days |
|
Myanmar | eVisa / Free visa on arrival[161][162] | 28 days |
|
Namibia | Visa not required[163] | 3 months |
|
Nauru | Visa required[164] | ||
Nepal | Online Visa / Visa on arrival[165] | 90 days[166] | |
Netherlands | Visa not required[167] |
| |
New Zealand | Electronic Travel Authority[168] | 3 months |
|
Nicaragua | Visa not required[171] | 90 days | |
Niger | Visa required[172] | ||
Nigeria | eVisa[173][174] | 90 days | |
North Macedonia | Visa not required[175] | 90 days |
|
Norway | Visa not required[176] | ||
Oman | Visa not required / eVisa[177][178] | 14 days / 30 days | |
Pakistan | eVisa[179] | 90 days |
|
Palau | Visa not required[180] | 90 days |
|
Panama | Visa not required[181] | 90 days | |
Papua New Guinea | Easy Visitor Permit[182][183] | 60 days |
|
Paraguay | Visa not required[184] | 90 days | |
Peru | Visa not required[185] | 90 days | |
Philippines | Visa not required[186] | 30 days | |
Poland | Visa not required[187] |
| |
Portugal | Visa not required[188] |
| |
Qatar | Visa not required[189] | 90 days | |
Romania | Visa not required[190] |
| |
Russia | eVisa[191][192] | 16 days | |
Rwanda | Visa not required[193] | 30 days | |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | Visa not required[194] | 3 months | |
Saint Lucia | Visa not required[195] | 90 days |
|
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Visa not required[196] | 6 months | |
Samoa | Visa not required[197] | 90 days |
|
San Marino | Visa not required[198] |
| |
São Tomé and Príncipe | Visa not required[199] | 15 days[200] | |
Saudi Arabia | eVisa / Visa on arrival[201][202] | 90 days | |
Senegal | Visa not required[203] | 90 days | |
Serbia | Visa not required[204] | 90 days |
|
Seychelles | Visa not required[205][206] | 90 days[207] | |
Sierra Leone | eVisa / Visa on arrival[208][209] | 1 month | |
Singapore | Visa not required[210] | 90 days | |
Slovakia | Visa not required[211] |
| |
Slovenia | Visa not required[212] |
| |
Solomon Islands | Visa not required[213] | 90 days |
|
Somalia | Visa on arrival[214] |
| |
South Africa | Visa not required[215] | 90 days | |
South Sudan | eVisa[216][217] |
| |
Spain | Visa not required[218] |
| |
Sri Lanka | eVisa / Visa on arrival[219][220] | 60 days / 30 days |
|
Sudan | Visa required[222] | ||
Suriname | Visa not required[223][224] | 90 days | |
Sweden | Visa not required[227] |
| |
Syria | eVisa[228] | ||
Taiwan | Visa not required[229] | 3 months | |
Tajikistan | Visa not required[230] | 30 days |
|
Tanzania | eVisa / Visa on arrival[232][233] | 90 days | |
Thailand | Visa not required[234] | 60 days | |
Timor-Leste | Visa not required[235] | 90 days |
|
Togo | eVisa[236][237] | 15 days | |
Tonga | Visa not required[238][239] | 90 days |
|
Trinidad and Tobago | Visa not required[240] | 90 days |
|
Tunisia | Visa not required[241] | 3 months | |
Turkey | Visa not required[242] | 3 months |
|
Turkmenistan | Visa required[243] | ||
Tuvalu | Visa not required[244] | 90 days |
|
Uganda | eVisa[245][246] | 3 months | |
Ukraine | Visa not required[247] | 90 days |
|
United Arab Emirates | Visa not required[248] | 90 days |
|
United Kingdom | Visa not required[250] | 6 months | |
United States | Visa Waiver Program[252][253] | 90 days |
|
Uruguay | Visa not required[256] | 90 days | |
Uzbekistan | Visa not required[257] | 30 days | |
Vanuatu | Visa not required[258] | 30 days | |
Vatican City | Visa not required[259] |
| |
Venezuela | Visa not required[260] | 90 days | |
Vietnam | eVisa[261][262] | 90 days |
|
Yemen | Visa required[263] | ||
Zambia | eVisa / Visa on arrival[264] | 90 days |
|
Zimbabwe | Visa on arrival[265] | 30 days |
|
Unrecognized or partially recognized countries
[edit]Countries | Conditions of access | Notes |
---|---|---|
Abkhazia | Visa required[266] | |
Kosovo | Visa not required[267] | 90 days |
Northern Cyprus | Visa not required[268] | 90 days |
Palestine | Visa not required[269] | Access to Gaza Strip severely restricted. |
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | Undefined visa regime in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | |
South Ossetia | Visa not required[270] | Must notify about arrival in advance. |
Taiwan | Visa not required[229] | |
Transnistria | Visa not required[271] | 45 days |
Dependent and autonomous territories
[edit]Countries | Conditions of access | Notes |
---|---|---|
United Kingdom | ||
Anguilla | Visa not required[272] | 3 months |
Bermuda | Visa not required[273] | 6 months |
British Virgin Islands | Visa not required[274] | 1 month |
Cayman Islands | Visa not required[275] | 6 months |
Falkland Islands | Visa not required[276] | |
Gibraltar | Visa not required[277] | 6 months |
Guernsey | Visa not required[278] | 6 months |
Isle of Man | Visa not required[279] | 6 months |
Jersey | Visa not required[280] | 6 months |
Montserrat | Visa not required[281] | 6 months |
Turks and Caicos Islands | Visa not required | 90 days |
Saint Helena | Visa not required[282] | 183 days |
China | ||
Hong Kong | Visa not required | 90 days[283] |
Macau | Visa not required | 90 days[284] |
Denmark | ||
Faroe Islands | Visa not required[285] | 90 days |
Greenland | Visa not required[286] | 90 days |
Netherlands | ||
Aruba | Visa not required[287] | 90 days |
Caribbean Netherlands | Visa not required[288] | 90 days; includes Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba |
Curaçao | Visa not required[289] | 90 days |
Sint Maarten | Visa not required[290] | 90 days |
France | ||
French Guiana | Visa not required[291] | |
French Polynesia | Visa not required[292] | |
French West Indies | sort[293] | includes overseas departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique and overseas collectivities of Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy |
Mayotte | Visa not required[294] | |
New Caledonia | Visa not required[295] | |
Réunion | Visa not required[296] | |
Saint Pierre and Miquelon | Visa not required[297] | |
Wallis and Futuna | Visa not required[297] | |
New Zealand | ||
Cook Islands | Visa not required | 31 days[298] |
Niue | Visa not required | 30 days[299] |
Tokelau | Entry permit required[300] | |
South Korea | ||
Jeju Special Autonomous Province | Visa not required[301] | 30 days |
United States | ||
American Samoa | Visa Waiver Program[302] | 90 days |
Guam | Visa Waiver Program[303] | 90 days |
Northern Mariana Islands | Visa Waiver Program[304] | 90 days |
U.S. Virgin Islands | Visa Waiver Program[305] | 90 days |
Puerto Rico | Visa Waiver Program[306] | 90 days |
Consular protection of Swiss citizens abroad
[edit]The Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA) (German: Eidgenössisches Departement für auswärtige Angelegenheiten EDA, French: Département fédéral des affaires étrangères DFAE, Italian: Dipartimento federale degli affari esteri DFAE, Romansh: Departament federal d’affars exteriurs) regularly publishes travel warnings on its website and allows Swiss citizens to register on the online portal itineris or the mobile app Travel Admin before they travel abroad. Registered persons will receive a message if the situation in their destination country changes for the worse.
Since 1919, Switzerland has also represented Liechtenstein in countries where Liechtenstein does not maintain consular representation. Liechtenstein maintains a very small network of diplomatic missions; four embassies in Central Europe, and one embassy in North America.[307]
Non-visa restrictions
[edit]
Many countries have entry restrictions on foreigners that go beyond the common requirement of having either a valid visa or a visa exemption. Such restrictions may be health related or impose additional documentation requirements on certain classes of people for diplomatic or political purposes.
Blank passport pages
[edit]Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages to be available in the passport being presented, typically one or two pages.[308] Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being valid or available.
Vaccination
[edit]Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo, South Sudan, Uganda, and Zambia, require all incoming passengers older than nine months to one year[309] to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, as does the South American territory of French Guiana.[310]
Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has visited one recently or has transited for 12 hours in those countries: Algeria, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Lesotho, Libya, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.[311][312]
Passport validity length
[edit]Very few countries, such as Paraguay, just require a valid passport on arrival.
However many countries and groupings now require only an identity card – especially from their neighbours. Other countries may have special bilateral arrangements that depart from the generality of their passport validity length policies to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens[313][314] or even accept passports that have already expired (but not been cancelled).[315]
Some countries, such as Japan,[316] Ireland and the United Kingdom,[317] require a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay.
In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain,[318] Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,[319] Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Peru,[320] Philippines,[321] Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam.[322]
Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.
Countries requiring passports with a validity of at least 3 months beyond the date of intended departure include Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Honduras, Montenegro, Nauru, Moldova and New Zealand. Similarly, the EEA countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, all European Union countries (except Ireland) together with Switzerland also require 3 months validity beyond the date of the bearer's intended departure unless the bearer is an EEA or Swiss national.
Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include Albania, North Macedonia, Panama, and Senegal.
Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.
Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the date of intended departure include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, the Maldives[323] and South Africa.
Criminal record
[edit]Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand and the United States,[324] routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record, while others impose restrictions depending on the type of conviction and the length of the sentence.
Persona non grata
[edit]The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning them from entering the country or expelling them if they have already entered. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity.[325]
Israeli stamps
[edit]Kuwait,[326] Lebanon,[327] Libya,[328] and Yemen[329] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.
To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel (unless the entry is for some work-related purposes). Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport. Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017[update]) stamped at Erez when passing into and out of Gaza.[citation needed]
Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.
Biometrics
[edit]Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest travellers who refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to change planes rather than go landside.[330]
Fingerprinting countries/regions include Afghanistan,[331][332] Argentina,[333] Brunei, Cambodia,[334] China,[335] Ethiopia,[336] Ghana, Guinea,[337] India, Japan,[338][339] Kenya (both fingerprints and a photo are taken),[340] Malaysia upon entry and departure,[341] Mongolia, Saudi Arabia,[342] Singapore, South Korea,[343] Taiwan, Thailand,[344] Uganda,[345] the United Arab Emirates and the United States.
Many countries also require a photo be taken of people entering the country. The United States, which does not fully implement exit control formalities at its land frontiers (although long mandated by its own legislation),[346][347][348] intends to implement facial recognition for passengers departing from international airports to identify people who overstay their visa.[349]
Together with fingerprint and face recognition, iris scanning is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in e-passports[350] and the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa.[351][352]
See also
[edit]- Swiss passport
- Visa requirements for EFTA nationals
- Visa policy of the Schengen Area
- Swiss nationality law
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- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Equatorial Guinea eVisa".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Who does not need a visa to visit Estonia?, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia, 2 November 2017.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Ethiopia visa on arrival". Main Department for Immigration and Nationality Affairs, Ethiopia. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
- ^ "Ethiopia electronic visa". Main Department for Immigration and Nationality Affairs, Ethiopia. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Visa requirement and travel documents accepted by Finland, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland.
- ^ Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements, Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of France, January 2016.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Gabon eVisa".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ a b Overview of visa requirements/exemptions for entry into the Federal Republic of Germany, Federal Foreign Office of Germany.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Countries requiring or not requiring a visa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece, 13 June 2017.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Guinea eVisa".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Countries that do not need a visa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary.
- ^ Who does not need a visa, Directorate of Immigration of Iceland.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ e-Visa
- ^ The note is under Q1(v) in the FAQs
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Indonesia e-VOA".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Iran eVisa".
- ^ "Home Page @ eVisa Portal". evisa.iq.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Countries that need a visa for Ireland, Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service.
- ^ Tourist visa table, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 23 May 2017.
- ^ Visa for Italy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italy.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Jordan E-Services".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Kenya eTA".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "K-ETA".
- ^ "K-ETA Application Guide".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Kuwait eVisa".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Countries whose citizens may enter Latvia without a visa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia, 9 October 2017.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "visa lesotho tourism documents travel evisalesotho.com".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Libyan e-Visa Portal".
- ^ Visa, Government of Liechtenstein (in German).
- ^ Do I need a visa?, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania, 30 August 2017.
- ^ Staying in Luxembourg for less than 90 days, Government of Luxembourg.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Malawi eVisa".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Who requires a visa?, Identity Malta.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Summary of countries entitled for visa exemption/waiver or visitor visa on arrival". Republic of the Marshall Islands, Ministry of Justice, Immigration & Labor, Division of Immigration. May 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Before you leave, Monaco Government Tourist Office.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Mozambique eVisa".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Myanmar eVisa".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Nepal Online Visa".
- ^ Short-stay Schengen visa (90 days or less), Government of the Netherlands.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ a b "Paying the International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy". immigration.govt.nz. Immigration New Zealand. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
Many tourists, people on working holidays, and some students and workers coming to New Zealand must pay an International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy (IVL) of NZD $35.
- ^ "Information about: Australian Resident Visa". immigration.govt.nz. Immigration New Zealand. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
Australian citizens and permanent residents can visit, work and live in New Zealand. You do not need a visa before you travel to New Zealand.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Nigeria Immigration Services".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Persons who do not need a visa to visit Norway, Norwegian Directorate of Immigration.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Oman eVisa".
- ^ "List of Countries for Visa Prior to Arrival".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "PNG Easy Visitor Permit".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Visa-free countries, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland.
- ^ Third countries whose citizens are required to have a visa, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Portugal.
- ^ "Qatar Visas".
- ^ Do I need a visa?, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Russia eVisa".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Border formalities, San Marino Tourism Board.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Ministério Negócios Estrangeiros, Cooperação e Comunidades São Tomé Príncipe on Facebook". Facebook. Archived from the original on 2022-04-30.[user-generated source]
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Saudi Arabia eVisa".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Seychelles Electronic Border System".
- ^ "Agreement between the European Community and the Republic of Seychelles on the short-stay visa waiver". EUR-Lex. Official Journal of the European Union. 30 June 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Sierra Leone eVisa".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ Consular information and travel visa, Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Slovakia.
- ^ Visa regimes and visas, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Slovenia.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "South Sudan eVisa".
- ^ Entry requirements, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Spain.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "SL eVisa".
- ^ "Information".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Suriname eVisa".
- ^ "Entry-fee".
- ^ "Suriname eVisa | VFS Global | Official partner of the Government of Suriname".
- ^ List of foreign citizens who require visa for entry into Sweden, Government of Sweden.
- ^ eVisa Syria
- ^ a b Visa, Bureau of Consular Affairs of Taiwan.
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Tajikistan e-Visa".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Tanzania eVisa".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Togo eVisa".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Agreement - Consilium".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Uganda eVisa".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "EU signs visa waiver agreement with the United Arab Emirates - Consilium".
- ^ UK visa requirements: list for carriers, Government of the United Kingdom, 2 October 2017.
- ^ "Visiting the UK as an EU, EEA or Swiss citizen". 27 May 2022.
- ^ Travel without a visa, United States Department of State.
- ^ "Official ESTA Application".
- ^ "CBP Customer Service". Help.cbp.gov. Retrieved 2022-03-06.
- ^ "Entry into the United States by land, sea, or air".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Vietnam eVisa".
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Abkhazia". Archived from the original on 2016-01-30. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
- ^ "Ballina - Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Republic of Kosovo".
- ^ "VISA Regulations | Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus". 4 March 2014.
- ^ Tourist visa table, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 23 May 2017.
- ^ "Procedure of the Entry to the Territory of the Republic of South Ossetia | Министерство иностранных дел". Archived from the original on 2013-10-15. Retrieved 2014-08-28.
- ^ "Memo and rules of stay for foreigners wishing to visit Pridnestrovie". pridnestrovie-tourism.com.
- ^ Visa requirements for Anguilla, Government of Anguilla, October 2016.
- ^ Bermuda entry visas, Government of Bermuda.
- ^ Visas, Tourism Board of the British Virgin Islands.
- ^ Visa-free and visa-required countries, Department of Immigration of the Cayman Islands.
- ^ Immigration Ordinance 1999, Falkland Islands Government, 31 July 2017.
- ^ Visas and immigration, Government of Gibraltar.
- ^ "Do I require an entry clearance/ VISA". Archived from the original on 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2018-05-09.
- ^ "Immigration Details for the Isle of Man". Archived from the original on 2014-06-29. Retrieved 2014-07-30.
- ^ "Visa and passport requirements for visitors".
- ^ Countries not requiring a visa, Immigration Department of Montserrat.
- ^ "Saint Helena eVisa". Saint Helena Government.
- ^ Visit visa / entry permit requirements for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Immigration Department of Hong Kong, April 2017. Electronic Services for Visa Application, Immigration Department of Hong Kong.
- ^ Immigration Clearance of Non-residents of Macao, Macao SAR Government Portal.
- ^ "Passport and visa". Archived from the original on 2014-07-20. Retrieved 2014-07-30.
- ^ "Practical information". Greenland Travel EN.
- ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom?, Government of the Netherlands.
- ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom?, Government of the Netherlands.
- ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom?, Government of the Netherlands.
- ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom?, Government of the Netherlands.
- ^ Ruling of 26 July 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, Réunion and the collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Légifrance (in French).
- ^ Ruling of 29 December 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of French Polynesia, Légifrance (in French).
- ^ Ruling of 26 July 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, Réunion and the collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Légifrance (in French).
- ^ Ruling of 4 February 2015 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of Mayotte, Légifrance (in French).
- ^ Ruling of 22 July 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of New Caledonia, Légifrance (in French).
- ^ Ruling of 26 July 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, Réunion and the collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Légifrance (in French).
- ^ a b étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires. "Requesting a visa". France Diplomacy - Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs.
- ^ Visas and immigration, Discover Cook Islands.
- ^ Travelling to Niue, Niue Tourism Office.
- ^ "Welcome to nginx!". Archived from the original on 2014-03-15. Retrieved 2014-03-15.
- ^ "Immigration Clearance for non-Koreans".
- ^ General information, American Samoa Visitors Bureau.
- ^ Travel without a visa, United States Department of State.
- ^ Travel without a visa, United States Department of State.
- ^ Travel without a visa, United States Department of State.
- ^ Travel without a visa, United States Department of State.
- ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Education and Sport".
- ^ Baker, Vicky (20 June 2013). "Passport expiry dates and blank pages: what are the rules?". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
The number of remaining blank pages a passport should have is also an issue. Some travellers have reported arriving with one or less than one full page left and waiting for hours at immigration, until an official reluctantly grants them entry. The FCO lists no hard and fast rules because, in many cases, there aren't any.
- ^ "Yellow Fever". Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC). African Union. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
African countries that requires (sic) Yellow Fever vaccination certificate: Countries that require vaccination for all travellers older that 9 months or 1 year: Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameron, Central African Republic, Congo, Côte d'lvoire, DRC, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Niger, Togo.
- ^ "Fièvre jaune" (in French). September 2, 2018. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
- ^ "Yellow Fever". Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC). African Union. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
African countries that requires Yellow Fever vaccination certificate: Countries that requires (sic) vaccination for travellers from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission or transit for 12 hours in those countries: Algeria, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Lesotho, Libya, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
- ^ Country list - Yellow fever vaccination requirements and recommendations; and malaria situation; and other vaccination requirement
- ^ "Foreign Affairs Manual, 9 FAM 403.9-3(B)(2) f". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
- ^ "Visitor Visa". travel.state.gov. US Department of State. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
Passport valid for travel to the United States – Your passport must be valid for at least six months beyond your period of stay in the United States (unless exempt by country-specific agreements). Each individual who needs a visa must submit a separate application, including any family members listed in your passport.
- ^ "Countries whose citizens are allowed to enter Turkey with their expired passports". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Republic of Turkey. Archived from the original on 8 October 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
Countries whose citizens are allowed to enter Turkey with their expired passports: 1. Germany – Passports expired within the last year / ID's expired within the last year, 2. Belgium - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 3. France - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 4. Spain - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 5. Switzerland - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 6. Luxemburg - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 7. Portugal - Passports expired within the last 5 years, 8. Bulgaria – Valid ordinary passport
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Embassy of Japan in Malaysia. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
Q: Do I need at least 6 months passport validity in order to enter Japan? A: Japan does not have any regulations relating to passport validity, so long as your passport will be valid until after you leave Japan.
- ^ "Entering the UK". Gov.UK. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
You're not from an EEA country: you must have a valid passport to enter the UK. It should be valid for the whole of your stay.
- ^ Bahrain government website
- ^ "Passports and Visa | GoIsrael - the Official Website of Tourism to Israel".
- ^ "Government Of Peru Requires Six-Month Validity On Passports To Enter Peru". Traveling & Living in Peru. 2 January 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
- ^ "Bureau of Immigration of the Republic of the Philippines". Retrieved 17 March 2021.
- ^ Timatic
- ^ "Maldives Reduces Passport Validity Requirement of Minimum 6 Months to Just 1 Month". Corporate Maldives. 24 October 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ Government of Canada -- Overcome criminal convictions
- ^ "No entry for Modi into US: visa denied | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. Mar 18, 2005. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
- ^ "Travel Report - Kuwait". Voyage.gc.ca. 2012-11-16. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
- ^ Travel Advice for Lebanon - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Archived 2008-12-24 at the Wayback Machine and Lebanese Ministry of Tourism Archived 2009-03-27 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Travel Advice for Libya - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Smartraveller.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2013-06-22. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
- ^ "Travel Advice for Yemen - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Smartraveller.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2011-08-20. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
- ^ Calder, Simon (24 April 2017). "Airline lobbying for a relaxation of draconian rules for London-Auckland travellers". The Independent. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
Travellers heading west from the UK to New Zealand may soon be able to avoid the onerous requirement to clear US border control during the refuelling stop at Los Angeles airport (LAX). Unlike almost every other country in the world, the US insists on a full immigration check even for passengers who simply intend to re-board their plane to continue onwards to a foreign destination. Air New Zealand, which flies daily from Heathrow via Los Angeles to Auckland, says there are currently "strict requirements for travellers" in transit at LAX. Through passengers to Auckland on flight NZ1 or Heathrow on NZ2 must apply in advance for an ESTA (online visa) even though they have no intention of staying in the US. They also have to undergo screening by the Transportation Security Administration.
- ^ "How to enter Afghanistan. The Entry Requirements for Afghanistan - CountryReports". Countryreports.org.
- ^ Nordland, Rod (19 November 2011). "In Afghanistan, Big Plans to Gather Biometric Data". The New York Times.
- ^ "Argentina strengthens migratory control". Archived from the original on 2 December 2013.
- ^ "Cambodia Foreign Entry Requirements". Us-passport-information.com. Archived from the original on 5 July 2012.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "China to Start Fingerprinting Foreign Visitors". Air Canada. 31 Jan 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
Effective April 27, 2018, border control authorities at all of China's ports of entry, including its airports, will start collecting the fingerprints of all foreign visitors aged between 14 and 70. Diplomatic passport holders and beneficiaries of reciprocal agreements are exempted..
- ^ "Äthiopien: Reise- und Sicherheitshinweise". Auswaertiges-amt.de.
- ^ "Visa". paf.gov.gn.
- ^ "Japan fingerprints foreigners as anti-terror move". Reuters. 20 November 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
- ^ "Anger as Japan moves to fingerprint foreigners - World". Theage.com.au. 2007-10-26.
- ^ "Immigration & Visas FAQs". Kenya Airports Authority. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
Will visitors still have their digital photo and fingerprints taken at the immigration desk on arrival? Yes, the need to have photos and fingerprints taken upon arrival is to authenticate that the person who applied for the Visa is the same person at the port of entry
- ^ "Malaysia". CountryReports. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia mandates fingerprints and biometrics for foreigners - SecureIDNews". secureidnews.com. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
- ^ "S Korea to scan fingerprints of suspicious foreign visitors - People's Daily Online". peopledaily.com.cn. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
- ^ "National News Bureau of Thailand".
- ^ AfricaNews (2019-01-14). "Gemalto awarded Uganda's new e-Immigration solution with fast-track border crossing eKiosks at Entebbe Airport". Africanews. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
- ^ Brown, Theresa Cardinal (9 May 2016). "Biometric Entry-Exit Update: CBP Developing Land Border Process". Bipartisan Policy Center. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
While a requirement for a biometric entry-exit system has been in law for over a decade, it is not yet a reality. Many reasons for the long gestating development have been documented in BPC's 2014 report Entry-Exit System: Progress, Challenges, and Outlook, including the technological, operational, and cost challenges of creating exit systems and infrastructure where none exist today. However, many critics, especially in Congress, simply accused the Department of Homeland security of dragging its feet... the major operational, logistical, and technical challenge in implementing exit capability at our ports has been the land borders. Unlike airports and seaports, the land border environment is not physically controlled, there is no means to get advance information on who is arriving, and the sheer volume of travel—both vehicular and pedestrian—creates challenges in any system to not further exacerbate delays. While biometric exit for land vehicular traffic is still in the "what if" stage, CBP is moving ahead and piloting systems and technology to use with the large population of pedestrian crossers at the U.S.-Mexico border.
- ^ Lipton, Eric (21 May 2013). "U.S. Quietly Monitors Foreigners' Departures at the Canadian Border". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
Long demanded by lawmakers in Congress, it is considered a critical step to developing a coherent program to curb illegal immigration, as historically about 30 percent to 40 percent of illegal immigrants in the United States arrived on tourist visas or other legal means and then never left, according to estimates by Homeland Security officials.
- ^ Lipton, Eric (15 December 2006). "Administration to Drop Effort to Track if Visitors Leave". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
Efforts to determine whether visitors actually leave have faltered. Departure monitoring would help officials hunt for foreigners who have not left, if necessary. Domestic security officials say, however, it would be too expensive to conduct fingerprint or facial recognition scans for land departures.
- ^ Campoy, Ana (17 April 2019). "The US wants to scan the faces of all air passengers leaving the country". Quartz. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
- ^ "ICAO Document 9303: Machine Readable Travel Documents, Part 9: Deployment of Biometric Identification and Electronic Storage of Data in MRTDs, 7th edition" (PDF). 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
- ^ "Iris Scan Implemented at Doha International Airport". Archived from the original on 8 January 2012.
- ^ "Iris Scanner Could Replace Emirates ID In UAE". SimplyDXB. 11 June 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
The breach of privacy is probably the biggest threat to the biometric technique of iris recognition. Secondly, a device error can false reject or false accept the identity which can also have some heinous consequences. Lastly, the method isn't the most cost-effective one. It is complex and therefore expensive. Furthermore, the maintenance of devices and data can also be relatively burdensome. However, thanks to the oil money and spending ability of Dubai, they are economically equipped to effectively embrace this system.