User:Michael Aurel/Amalthea
Sources
[edit]Primary
[edit]- Apollodorus: with comm.
- 1.1.6–7: born in cave in Dicte, Rhea gave him to Curetes & nymphs Adrasteia Ida, daughters of Melisseus; fed him on Amalthea's milk
- 2.7.5: Heracles got Deianeira's hand by wrestling Achelous, broke off horn, but Achelous got it back by trading it with horn of Amalthea, daugher of Hamonius, had bull's horn Pherec. said could provide any food/drink
- = Pherecydes, fr. 42 Fowler = FGrHist 3 F42
- Aratus, Phaenomena
- 156 ff.: over left shoulder of constellation Auriga is the goat, nurse of Zeus, called "Olenian goat"
- Notes: goat is Amalthea, "Olenian" because on arm or daughter of Olenus
- 156 ff.: over left shoulder of constellation Auriga is the goat, nurse of Zeus, called "Olenian goat"
- Callimachus, Hymn to Zeus (1)
- 44 ff.: taken to nymph Adrasteia, suckled on breast of Amalthea, ate honeycomb
- notes: here is goat
- 44 ff.: taken to nymph Adrasteia, suckled on breast of Amalthea, ate honeycomb
- Cicero, Letters to Atticus
- Diodorus Siculus
- 3.68.1–3: Ammon lies with maiden Amalthea, gives her region Hesperoukeras, which was called Amaltheias Keras after her
- 3.74.1: (same Amalthea as above) mother of first Dionysus by Ammon
- 4.35.4: myth of Achelous, fight with Heracles, horn broken, identified with Amalthea's horn
- 5.70.2–3: as goat, Zeus raised in Mount Ida cave by Curetes & nymphs, fed honey & Amalthea's milk
- 5.70.6: Zeus got epithet aigiochos from Amalthea
- Eratosthenes: Hard (transl., with comm); Olivieri (Greek)
- 13: Musaeus Rhea gives Zeus to Themis to Amalthea, who fed with milk of goat, child of Helios, terrifying so hidden in Cretan cave, her hide was used against Titans and her later placed in stars
- = Musaeus, fr. 8 Diels
- 13: Musaeus Rhea gives Zeus to Themis to Amalthea, who fed with milk of goat, child of Helios, terrifying so hidden in Cretan cave, her hide was used against Titans and her later placed in stars
- Hesychius: Cunningham
- 3410: horn of Amaltheia
- 3411: ἀμαλθεύει
- Hyginus, De astronomia
- 2.13.5: over left shoulder of Auriga is goat Capra, Parmeniscus says Jupiter nursed by daughters of Melisseus, gave milk from goat Amalthea who reared him, had two kids who were also placed in sky
- 2.13.6–7: Musaeus said nurse was Themis & Amalthea, and latter had pet goat, rest about goat same as in Eratosthenes, plus that weapon is aegis, placed goat in sky as constellation
- = Musaeus, fr. 84 III Bernabe
- Hyginus, Fabulae: Smith and Trzaskoma (transl., with comm.); Marshall (Greek)
- 139: Juno gave to Amalthea on Crete, who placed in cradle in tree so he couldn't be found, and the Curetes create noise
- notes: Latin is "Althaea", read here as "Amalthea"
- 182: Ida, Amalthea, & Adrasteia daughters of Ocean, alternatively daughters of Melisseus and Jupiter's nurses
- 139: Juno gave to Amalthea on Crete, who placed in cradle in tree so he couldn't be found, and the Curetes create noise
- Lactantius, Divine Institutes: Bowen and Garnsey
- 1.21.38–39: Amalthea is goat; Musaeus says used hide against Titans, thus epithet aigiochos
- 1.22.18–19: Didymus said Amalthea & Melissa fed Jupiter with goat's milk
- = Didymus on Pindar, fr. 14b Braswell
- Nonnus, Dionysiaca
- Orphic frr.: Bernabe (Greek, with comm.); Kern (Greek)
- 209 I B = 105 K: Adrasteia daughter of Melissus and Amalthea, nourish Zeus in Night's cave
- 209 II B = 105 K: Adrasteia daughter of Melissus and Amalthea
- Ovid, Fasti
- 5.111 ff.: constellation of Olenian goat, there as reward for giving milk, naiad Amalthea hid Jupiter in woods, owned goat, had two kids, suckled infant, horn broke on tree, nymph gave to Jupiter, later put nurse & horn into stars
- Pausanias
- Photius
- Reitzenstein, p. 86: derivation (?) of Amaltheia from ἀμαλθεύειν
- Pseudo-Clement, Recognitions: Brisson
- 10.19: nurse of infant Jupiter
- Scholia D on Homer's Iliad
- 15.229: [transl. in Notepad] recount of Musaeus version, similar to Eratos. but Amalthea is goat itself & Themis gives oracle (P. Oxy. [from Parsons notes]: Rhea gives child to ... & Themis, and Themis to Amalthea)
- = P. Oxy. 3003 col. ii.15–9: Parsons
- 21.194: Heracles wrestled with Achelous for Deianeira's hand, broke off horn, then Achelous, with the horn of plenty (cornucopia) got from Amalthea, he traded for his own horn back
- = Pindar, fr. 70b (249a) Snell and Maehler
- 15.229: [transl. in Notepad] recount of Musaeus version, similar to Eratos. but Amalthea is goat itself & Themis gives oracle (P. Oxy. [from Parsons notes]: Rhea gives child to ... & Themis, and Themis to Amalthea)
- Scholia Basileensia on Germanicus's Aratus: Breysig
- [seems to be mostly the same as Musaeus versions above]
- = Musaeus, fr. 84 I Bernabe
- [seems to be mostly the same as Musaeus versions above]
- Scholia Strozziana et Sangermanensia on Germanicus's Aratus: Breysig
- [seems to be mostly the same as Musaeus versions above]
- = Musaeus, fr. 84 II Bernabe
- [seems to be mostly the same as Musaeus versions above]
- Second Vatican Mythographer
- 26: raised by nymphs, suckled by goat Amalthea, hide later used against Titans
- Strabo
- Third Vatican Mythographer
- 10: nourished by goat Amalthea, put in sky as Capricorn
- Zenobius, Proverbs
- 2.48: [FIND: secondary source]
Secondary
[edit]- Astour
- p. 314: Hesiod's "Goat's Mountain" in Crete, must be cave of Dikte, [note: name as alluding to myth of goat who nursed], "dqt" in Egyptian inscription "reminds" of goat nurse in Dictaean cave [note: Hutchinson sees Amalthea as goat as older than being nymph]
- Bernabé II.1
- commentary on fr. 9.2–3, p. 182: Diodorus 3.68.1 as a Euhemerist version
- Bernabé 2008
- p. 315: Orphic nursed in cave of Night by nymphs Adrasteia & Ida on milk of "goat-nymph" Amalthea [note: goat or nymph in different sources]
- Brill's New Pauly
- s.v. Amalthea (1): cretan nymph in Call.; rationalised as goat (Aix); skin (aegis) used against titans Schol. Il.; ovid combined with bull cornucopia, often in comedies; horn of amalthea art in Paus., in Philemon; often same as horn of Achelous; more re Achelous; Zeus made into goat constellation Zenobius
- Brisson
- p. 61: Orphic frr. Zeus raised by nymphs Adrasteia & Ida daughters of Melisseus & Amalthea
- Campbell
- p. 322: ambrosia & nectar from each horn Schol. Call.; horn broke became cornucopia Ovid
- Cook
- p. 108: maybe cornucopia in a ritual
- pp. 501–2: goat as cretan, cornucopia as cows horn, Philemon
- p. 710: Tyche carrying horn Paus.
- Chrysanthou
- p. 166: Auriga charioteer Aratus, holding Amalthea in constellation (+ transl)
- Davis
- pp. xii–xiii: Pindar to win Deianeira's hand fought Achelous broke off horn, Achelous got back by trading for cornucopia, got from Amalthea
- Fontenrose
- p. 350: horn as identified with horn of Achelous used by Heracles, or two horns are traded, defn. of cornucopia
- p. 351: Ocean's daughter, horn as name of "Acheloos delta", as helios's daughter
- pp. 353–4: more re horn, as Zeus's nurse, hide/aegis of Aix owned by nymph Amalthea in Musaeus, Aix as variant of name, as "original dragoness" later merged
- Fowler 2013
- pp. 323–4: horn, got by Heracles, traded for Acheloos's in Apollod., Pherec. horn as magical, daughter of Haemoneus Apollod. also Tzet., bull's horn, daughter of Oceanus, cornucopia & goat of Zeus as being two separate traditions combined by Pherec., tends goat only goat in Hellenistic, horn in archaic period & comedy
- note: father as Olenos or Melisseus
- p. 396: Cretan goat god nurse of Zeus (Pan?)
- pp. 323–4: horn, got by Heracles, traded for Acheloos's in Apollod., Pherec. horn as magical, daughter of Haemoneus Apollod. also Tzet., bull's horn, daughter of Oceanus, cornucopia & goat of Zeus as being two separate traditions combined by Pherec., tends goat only goat in Hellenistic, horn in archaic period & comedy
- Frazer 1921
- n. 1 to 1.1.7: as goat, goat who raised Zeus,
- n. 3 to 2.7.5: as goat, as nymph, Zeus made goat into constellation and gave one horn to the nymphs who nursed him, hung Zeus in tree in Fabul.
- Frazer 2015a
- p. 120: Musaeus Zeus from Rhea to Themis to Amalthea
- pp. 214–5: infancy Zeus in relief, suckled by goat Amalthea
- Frazer 2015b
- p. 12: Musaeus is quoted by Hyginus, Hyg & Eratos make not goat, Ovid follows them
- Gantz
- p. 28: horn as traded with Acheloos'
- pp. 41–2: Musaeus Zeus from Themis to Amalthea, who had a goat nurse, Eratos. says goat is Helios' child, kept in cave, used by Zeus in battle with Titans, Hygin. skin is aegis source (w/ Germ. schol.) of epithet, Amalthea is goat itself, in Call., so too Schol. Il. which is similar, Ovid as Amalthea as goat owner, a horn breaks off, seems earliest mention of horn's origin, horn mentions in Archaic Anacreon Pherec., trades horn with Acheloos' in Pindar, bull horn in Apollod.; in Fabul. Cronus can't find Zeus because suspended in cradle by Amalthea
- Gee
- p. 131–2: Ovid naiad Amalthea owns goat, horn becomes cornucopia, her/horn Zeus puts into sky; Musaeus Zeus goes from Rhea to Themis to nymph Amalthea, her goat's milk fed, got daughter of Helios, kept in cave in Crete, used by Zeus against Titans
- [pp. 127–9: re goat in Ovid Fasti]
- p. 173 n. 52: goat Amalthea on coin
- Grimal
- s.v. Amalthea: nurse on Mount Ida fed Zeus away from Cronus; sometimes goat, or nymph; hung Zeus in tree away to stop Cronus finding, Curetes made noise; goat with milk called Aix; daughter of Helios, kept in Cretan cave, Zeus used aegis from skin to scare Titans; Zeus took one horn became cornucopia
- Gruppe
- pp. 824–5 n. 9: horn as giving fertility, food, drink, Apollod. bull's horn owned by Amalthea, in various sources daughter of Oceanus or Haemonius or Melisseus, or wife of Melisseus (Orphic fr.), etymology of "Amaltheia" obscure, possible derivation from early scholars Schoemann Gruppe sees as mostly likely, various other suggested etymologies
- p. 942 n. 8: Roman version where Jupiter mates with Amalthea
- Hansen
- p. 325: goat in Call., nector & ambrosia from each horn schol. Call., Zeus made one horn able to produce anything (cornucopia called by Romans) out of gratitude Pliny Palaephatus, or Amaltheia owned bull's horn produced any food/drink
- Hard 2004
- p. 75: Zeus's infancy maybe most favoured tradition is nymph Amalthea who fed with goat, or in Call. Amalthea name of goat itself with whom fed by nymph Adrasteia, in Fabul. Amalthea hung cradle in tree so Cronus couldn't find, kouretes danced around
- p. 280: horn, can provide food/drink, traded with that of Acheloos, was gift from Zeus, or he broke horn from goat turned into cornucopia in Zenob., bull's horn in Apollod., reason why bull's horn, misapprehension, for Romans called cornucopia, attribute of Copia personification of Plenty, Ovid says nymphs filled Acheloos' horn which Copia came to own, Hygin. says Heracles gave broken horn to Hesperides, Ovid Metamorphoses goat's horn breaks off on tree
- Hard 2015
- pp. 46–7: in Aratus Olenian goat suckles Zeus, apparently referring to tradition with the goat being at Aigion near Olenos Strabo, or maybe its a pun, standard is Amalthea as nymph/goat, Ovid has goat belongs to Amalthea on Mount Ida Crete, had two kids when suckling Zeus (origin of Kids in sky), Fabul. has daughters of Melisseus who had goat Amalthea; Eratos. had goat child of Helios, source of aegis which caused terror, Zeus used against Titans
- Henig (LIMC)
- p. 582: either nymph with goat or goat itself, Fabul. hung cradle in tree so Cronus couldn't find, Kouretes clashed shields, Ovid fed child using horn when it broke off, Amalthea became constellation, goat terrifying appearance, horn provided food/drink, sometimes equated with Acheloos', daughter of Oceanus/Haemonius/Olenos/Melisseus, Philemon had bull's horn, possible reason; Hygin. Eratos. offspring of Helios, sources for as goat Call. Schol. Il., for constellation
- pp. 584–5: all representations late, as a nymph 1-4, 1 2nd cent. holds cornucopia, most show a goat (maybe her goat), some show it suckling infant and their possible inspirations from other animal motifs, shown on imperial Roman coins
- Hutchinson
- pp. 201–2: oldest version of Zeus's infancy is Theogony, but has origins in Bronze Age, Hesiod hid him at "Aegean Mountain" (Goat's Mountain); which must be Dikte and the cave Psychro; goat of "Goat's Mountain" usually considered Amalthea, though only called goat from Hellenistic onwards, earlier called nymph, though animal rearing motif is primitive, later (maybe Euhemerus) called Amalthea daughter of Cretan Melisseus; Strabo had cave as on Dikte
- Kerenyi
- pp. 93–4: Hyg. Fabul. Amalthea hung cradle in tree hidden from Cronus, Kouretes made noise; Lactant. fed by Amalthea & Melissa daughters of Melisseus
- pp. 94–5: gave infant horn to drink from, horn of bull, prototype of rhyton, Amalthea as goat Musaeus daughter of Sun, ugly hidden in cave given to Amalthea, used by Zeus against Titans, Aigipan ie. Pan as son of goat
- Larson
- p. 185: Diodorus rationalised version nurses feed Zeus with Amalthea goat's milk
- March
- p. 80: goat or nymph, ambrosia/nectar from horns, Zeus gave a horn to nymphs, could provide food/drink, called cornucopia, placed in sky
- Martínez Nieto
- p. 559 n. 56: epithet "bearer of aigis" is justified by Musaeus by story where its Amalthea's skin
- Meisner
- p. 216: In Rhapsodies (Hermias) Adrasteia & Amaltheia raise Zeus in Night's cave
- p. 219: In Rhapsodies infant Zeus protected by Ida, Adrasteia & Amaltheia
- Montanari
- p. 101: [Greek:Amaltheia]: Amaltheia, goat or nymph
- Nilsson
- p. 466: Zeus infancy most common version is fed with Amalthea's milk, more often nymph, associated with horn, little importance whether originally nymph or daemon
- p. 480 n. 6: Fabul. version can't be invention
- Oxford Classical Dictionary
- s.v. Amalthea: goat that suckled Zeus, later rationalised into nymph, Ovid connected with possibly independent version about horn, Zenob. Zeus made into constellation
- Panagiotopoulos and Sotiropoulos
- p. 127: "cornucopia" from Latin, Amalthea nurse of Zeus, her horn as its origin, outpoured whatever goods wanted, skin used as aegis, horn called "horn of Amalthea"
- Pearson
- p. 60: "amaltheuein" can't from from "Amaltheia" as Gruppe though, rather both existed alongside, and this idea was personified in various ways, earliest mentions of Amalthea make her nymph with horn, with as Cretan goat coming only later, ie "Amalthea" transferred at late date to goat, also "keras amaltheias" was attribute of deities shows not completely, etymology of "Amalthea" uncertain, suggested ones not good
- Petersson
- p. 27: Cicero mention of amaltheum, likely shrine in honor of Amalthea, nurse of Jupiter, contained paintings related to the myth
- Prichard
- p. 108: Cicero called library of Attica Amaltheum, after Jupiter's nurse
- RE
- s.v. Amaltheia (1)
- nurse of Zeus, nymph or later goat
- as nymph naiad, daughter of Oceanus, sister of Achelous, gives horn, or daughter of Haemonius/Olenos, Cretan or Dodnian nymph, or daughter of Melisseus
- goat which fed Zeus originally nameless (called Aix), daughter of Helios Musaeus, cf. Zenob., placed among stars, skin as aegis, used against Titans, goat also called Amalthea, belonging to Melisseus' daughter, Pan is shephard
- as kind of nourishing earth goddess, so has quality of horn symbol of abundance, and so possessed by deities related to earth's abundance, Heracles breaks off Achelous which becomes cornucopia, sometimes bull's horn or goat Amaltheia's broken off, or traded with Achelous' or identified with it
- Heracles gives to Naiads/Hesperides/Aetolians/Oeneus/Deianeira, or receives it from Hermes/Plutal, or Amaltheia gives it to Zeus, or Zeus to nymphs
- horn symbol of abundance, gives whats wanted, nectar/ambrosia from each horn
- type of park called keras amaltheias
- Representations paras: on Cretan coins in imperial period, often alongside Zeus; only two Roman reliefs; horn dedicated to Miltiades at Olympia Pausanias, possible other; uncertain/false attributions
- s.v. Amaltheia (1)
- Smith
- s.v. Amaltheia (1)
- Cretan nurse of Zeus, uncertain etymology, in anqituity possible ones were amaltheuein (Hesych.), amalthaktos, amale & theia, common derivation amelgein, sometimes goat suckled Zeus, placed in stars, sometimes nymph, daughter of Oceanus/Helios/Haemonius/Melisseus fed with goat milk, horn broken off by Zeus gave it powers, this is origin of the cornucopia, Diodorus Ammon married Amalthea, gave her land, is a rationalistic interpretation, Amalthea giving Zeus drink from horn in art extant, attribute in representations of other deities
- s.v. Amaltheia (1)
- Stephens
- p. 64: earliest source Pherec. where nymph with bull's horn, goat in rationalising variants Call. & Aratus, where suckles on breast
- Tripp
- s.v. Capra (The Goat): constellation, may be Amalthea, nearby are Kids who may be offspring of Amalthea
- Vian
- p. 309: goat in Call., who Nonnus draws on, Pan and Amalthea relate in various ways, Hygin. Aegipan fed by Amalthea & put in stars, maybe Nonnus came up with Pan being goatherd of Amalthea
- West 1968
- Hesiod doesn't know of Amalthea, no need to make Aegean Mountain into "Goaty Mountain"
- West 1983
- p. 42: Musaeus Rhea to Themis to Amalthea, Cretan cave, used skin against Titans, is aegis, reason for epithet
- p. 72: Rhapsodies Zeus hidden in cave of Night, nursed by Adrastea and Ida, daughters of Melisseus and Amalthea
- p. 122: Rhapsodies vide supra, also summary of Apollods account
- p. 123: Rhapsodies vide supra
- p. 131: Amalthea's horn in early poetry seems to be an isolated theme
- pp. 131–2: Amalthea as either nymph or goat, nymph in Musaeus and earlier tales re horn (Pherec, Pind), goat in Callimachus, and Cyclic Theog. [Call. possibly from Eudemian Theogony?, Hermias (fr. 105) has Amalthea mother of nymphs by Melisseus, Aratus doesnt call goat Amalthea but Olenian goat], related by Musaeus to aegis, tales based on interpreting his epithet aigiochos ... [note 40: Lactant. Amalthea daughter of Melisseus, and in Fabul.]
- West 2008
- p. 287: Orphic raised in Cretan cave at Dicte, nymphs Adrasteia and Idea nursed on milk of goat Amalthea
- Woods
- [re depictions: ANNOTATE]
Topic
[edit]Structure
[edit]- Etymology and origins
- Etymology
- Possible origins
- Mythology
- Horn of Amalthea
- Horn of Amalthea
- Nurse of Zeus
- Musaeus (Eratos, Hyg)
- Goat nurse of Zeus
- Goat nurse of Zeus astronomical myths
- Merging of traditions
- Ovid, combination of traditions
- Aratus scholium, possible earlier merge
- Later variants
- Hyginus Fabulae
- Daughter of Melisseus: De astr (parmeniscos, didymus, lactantius?)
- Orphic literature
- Zenobuis, Diodorus
- Later references: Cicero, Nonnus, etc.
- Horn of Amalthea
- Iconography
- Relief
- others: coins, etc
- In modern art(?)
Text
[edit]- hyginus fabul cradle, also as nymph daughter - c. 0
The Roman mythographer Hyginus, in his Fabulae,[1] provides an account of Zeus's infancy in which his elder siblings are not swallowed,[2] though Rhea still gives Cronus a stone in place of Zeus, which he consumes.[3] Upon realising the deception, Cronus scours the earth for his son, while Hera carries the infant to Crete, where she entrusts him to Amalthea,[4] who appears to be a nymph in this account.[5] To keep Zeus from his father, Amalthea hides him in a cradle, which she places in a tree, such that he "could not be found in the sky, on earth, or on the sea".[6] To prevent Cronus from hearing the cries of the young child, Amalthea brings together the Kouretes, and hands them shields and spears, which she instructs them to clang noisily around where the child lies.[7] According to Martin Nilsson, this account is likely not the creation of Hyginus himself, and probably has some basis in an association of the young Zeus with tree worship.[8] Later in the work, Hyginus mentions Althaea,[9] which scholars have interpreted as referring to Amalthea,[10] and describes her as one the daughters of Ocean (here seemingly meaning Oceanus),[11] alongside Adrasteia and Ida.[12] He adds that these three are alternatively considered daughters of Melisseus, the king of Crete, and nurses of Zeus.[13]
nymph daughter of melisseus:
- hyginus astr parmeniscus - 1stad (1st2ndbc)
- move didymus - c. 0
goat daughter of melisseus:
(add note re melisseus' name - see frazer on 1.1.7)
orphic literature: - rhapsodies frr. - c. 0 (alt with goat? or usually goat?)
later greek variants - zenobius (2ndad) - diodorus book 3 - 1stbc
later references - cicero shrine - pseudo-clement - nonnus - bible - vatican mythographers - lactantius - tzetzes
- ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 139 (Smith and Trzaskoma, p. 146; Marshall, pp. 122–3).
- ^ Instead of swallowing his children, as he does Hesiod's account, Cronus hurls Poseidon below the seas, and casts Hades into the Underworld. Hera is also not swallowed, as she transports the newborn Zeus; see Gantz, p. 41.
- ^ Gantz, p. 41.
- ^ Kerenyi, pp. 93–4.
- ^ This is the interpretation of LIMC, I.1 p. 582.
- ^ Hard, p. 75; Kerenyi, pp. 93–4; LIMC, I.1 p. 582. The quoted translation is that given by Smith and Trzaskoma, p. 146.
- ^ Kerenyi, p. 94. The Kouretes (also referred to as the Corybantes) are included in accounts of Zeus's infancy from as early as Callimachus, and are commonly described as performing their clangorous dance around the entrance to the cave in which the infant is nursed; see Hard, p. 75.
- ^ Nilsson, p. 480 n. 6.
- ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 182 (Smith and Trzaskoma, p. 158; Marshall, p. 152). Marshall gives the names of the three daughters as Idyia, Althaea, and Adrasta; cf. Smith and Trzaskoma, p. 191 on line 182.
- ^ Smith and Trzaskoma, p. 191 on line 182; West, p. 133 n. 40.
- ^ This is the interpretation of Fowler 2013, p. 323.
- ^ Smith and Trzaskoma, pp. 158, 191 to line 182.
- ^ Fowler 2013, p. 323 n. 212; Brill's New Pauly, s.v. Melisseus. Hyginus also states, in the translation of Smith and Trzaskoma, p. 158, that these three are "the ones that are called Dodonian Nymphs (others call them the Naiads)".