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  • Draft:Timeline of the 2019 Pacific typhoon season
    • Add missing landfalls (9/20/2024)
    • Add images (10/3/2024)
    • Move to mainspace (10/21/2024)
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  • Typhoon Yutu
    • Re-write meteorological history
    • Re-write "Preparations", "Impact", and "Aftermath"
    • Check if article fits the B-class criteria
    • Get article to GA status
Typhoon Yutu (Rosita)
Yutu at peak intensity west of the Northern Mariana Islands on October 25
Meteorological history
FormedOctober 21, 2018
Remnant lowNovember 2, 2018
DissipatedNovember 3, 2018
Violent typhoon
10-minute sustained (JMA)
Highest winds215 km/h (130 mph)
Lowest pressure900 hPa (mbar); 26.58 inHg
Category 5-equivalent super typhoon
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds280 km/h (175 mph)
Lowest pressure904 hPa (mbar); 26.70 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities30
Damage$854 million (2018 USD)
Areas affectedCaroline Islands, Mariana Islands (particularly Tinian and Saipan), Philippines, South China
Part of the 2018 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Yutu, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Rosita, was an extremely powerful tropical cyclone that caused catastrophic destruction on the islands of Tinian and Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands, and later impacted the Philippines. It is the strongest typhoon ever recorded to impact the Mariana Islands, and is tied as the second-strongest tropical cyclone to strike the United States and its unincorporated territories by both wind speed and barometric pressure. It also tied Typhoon Kong-rey as the most powerful tropical cyclone worldwide in 2018.

Meteorological history

[edit]
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On October 20, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) began monitoring an area of low atmospheric pressure moving westward.[1] Located 1,817 km (1,129 mi) east-southeast of Andersen Air Force Base in Guam, the disturbance was situated in an environment of favorable conditions for potential tropical cyclogenesis such as substantial equatorward outflow, low vertical wind shear, and very warm sea surface temperatures of 30–32 °C (86–90 °F). Within the system's center was an elongated surface circulation with deep atmospheric convection—or showers and thunderstorms—wrapping into it.[2] By 18:00 UTC, the JMA reported that the disturbance had intensified into a tropical depression around the Marshall Islands.[3] Eighteen hours later on October 21, the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) designated the consolidating system 31W.[4] As the cyclone began to steer west-northwestward around a subtropical ridge to its southwest, radial outflow was limited by a weak tropical upper tropospheric trough (TUTT) cell to the system's northwest,[5] though it soon diminished the next day.[6] At 00:00 UTC of October 22, both the JMA and JTWC assigned the tropical depression a tropical storm, with the former giving it the name Yutu.[3][7]

The system expanded as favorable conditions continued to fuel it, with the most intense thunderstorms positioned to the east and south of the center.[8] Yutu significantly improved its structure, marking the beginning of a period of rapid intensification.[9] At 18:00 UTC, the JMA upgraded Yutu to a severe tropical storm, and six hours later on October 23, both the JMA and JTWC classified the storm as a typhoon.[3][7] As rainbands tightened toward the center, an eye became apparent on satellite imagery.[10] While being over a region of high ocean heat content, the eye became well-defined and expanded to 43 km (26 mi).[11] Although the eye soon shrunk, by early the next day, Yutu was classified a super typhoon by the JTWC.[12] By 12:00 UTC, the JMA and JTWC reported that Typhoon Yutu had attained its initial peak intensity, with the former estimating maximum sustained winds of 215 km/h (130 mph) and a barometric pressure of 900 hPa (26.58 inHg), and the latter estimating 1-minute sustained winds of 280 km/h (175 mph), making Yutu equivalent to a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale.[3][7]

Strongest U.S. landfalling tropical cyclones†
Rank Name‡ Season Wind speed
mph km/h
1 "Labor Day" 1935 185 295
2 Karen 1962 175 280
Camille 1969
Yutu 2018
5 Andrew 1992 165 270
6 "Okeechobee" 1928 160 260
Michael 2018
8 Maria 2017 155 250
9 "Last Island" 1856 150 240
"Indianola" 1886
"Florida Keys" 1919
"Freeport" 1932
Charley 2004
Laura 2020
Ida 2021
Ian 2022
Source: Hurricane Research Division[13]
†Strength refers to maximum sustained wind speed upon striking land.
‡Systems prior to 1950 were not officially named.

Continuing northwestward, Yutu was positioned 56 km (35 mi) west-northwest of Saipan as it approached the island. Concurrently, cold cloud tops began to warm, signaling a weakening trend. Furthermore, microwave imagery revealed concentric eyewalls, indicating the onset of an eyewall replacement cycle.[14] Around 18:00 UTC (04:00 ChST of October 25), Yutu struck Tinian and the southern portion of Saipan with winds of 290 km/h (180 mph),[15] becoming the most powerful storm on record to impact the Northern Mariana Islands.[16][17] The eastern periphery of the eyewall thinned under the influence of dry air in the middle troposphere,[18] while the storm maintained its robust convection around the cooling, shrinking eye.[19] The cycle was then completed, evident by a Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder image.[20] The eye again became well-defined, as low easterly wind shear and excellent outflow persisted, despite an upper-level anticyclone restricting the outflow from the east,[21] and by 12:00 UTC of October 26, the JMA and the JTWC reported that Yutu had attained its secondary peak intensity; the JMA estimated winds of 195 km/h (120 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 915 hPa (27.02 inHg), and the JTWC gave Yutu the same estimate as the previous.[3][7]

While over the Philippine Sea, which contained high ocean heat content,[22] Yutu crossed the 135°E boundary of the Philippine Area of Responsibility at 00:00 UTC of October 27, receiving the local name Rosita from the PAGASA—the national weather agency for the Philippines.[23] The storm then entered a marginal environment of high wind shear, despite substantial outflow and warm waters, as the eye became ragged.[24] Conditions then became slightly less favorable, with dry air wrapping into the storm's circulation; on this basis, the JTWC assessed that Yutu had weakened to below super typhoon strength on October 28.[25] While the storm was 713 km (443 mi) east-northeast of Manila, Philippines, rainbands began to collapse as the cloud tops warm, after outflow had reduce. Meanwhile, Yutu steered west-southwestward along the southern edge of the subtropical ridge.[26]

Preparations

[edit]

Mariana Islands

[edit]
Infrared satellite animation of Typhoon Yutu rapidly intensifying while approaching the Mariana Islands on October 23–24

On October 20, the National Weather Service (NWS) office in Tiyan, Guam released a Special Weather Statement on the pre-Yutu disturbance after a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert from the JTWC was issued, stating that it could impact the Mariana Islands by midweek.[27] Two days later, the NWS instated a tropical storm watch for Rota and a typhoon watch on Saipan and Tinian.[28] As Tropical Storm Yutu continued towards the archipelago, tropical storm watches were added on Guam, Alamagan, Pagan, and Agrihan.[29] With forecasts stating that Yutu would become a typhoon, the watches for Saipan and Tinian were upgraded to warnings on October 23;[30] all tropical storm watches were also upgraded to warnings later that day, and the typhoon watch for Rota was upgraded to a warning also.[31]

Condition of Readiness 2 was hoisted in Rota, Saipan, and Tinian on October 23,[32] before it was upgraded to COR 1 the next day after Yutu had become a super typhoon on that day.[33] Governor Ralph Torres ordered all government offices to shut down in preparation of Yutu.[34] Additionally, Northern Marianas College campuses were closed on October 23.[35] The Chief Judge of the District Court, Ramona Villagomez Manglona, closed the federal court.[36] Attorney General Edward Manibusan warned retailers against price gouging.[37] Public schools canceled classes across the three main islands. Seven were used as shelter to accommodate 326 people;[38] some of them were filled quickly.[39] Hundreds of cars lined up at gas stations.[40] Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) personnel deployed to both Tinian and Saipan ahead of the storm. U.S. President Donald Trump declared an emergency for the Northern Islands on October 24.[41] The Department of Fire and Emergency Medical Services in Saipan deployed a team in preparations.[42] All flights in the Northern Marianas were canceled, though the Saipan International Airport remained open. The Commonwealth Utilities Corp. shut its water distribution system to conserve water tanks.[43] Several businesses were closed, hotel constructions were suspended, and banks, restaurants, and other shops were boarded. Imperial Pacific suspended its casino. The United States Postal Service closed its offices in Saipan and Rota. United States Coast Guard ports were closed across Saipan, Tinian, Rota, as well as Guam.[44]

COR 2 was also hoisted in Guam,[33] before it was upgraded to COR 1.[45] Governor Eddie Baza Calvo declared a state of emergency in anticipation of the typhoon.[46] The Guam Department of Education closed all of its schools,[47] with eight of them turned into emergency shelters to accommodate nearly 2,200 people.[48] Catholic schools and charter schools were closed as well. St. John's School, the University of Guam, Guam Community College, and Harvest Christian Academy were also closed. The Guam Regional Transit Authority halted bus operations in response to the COR 2, and transit services were paused until two hours after COR 4—the normal Condition of Readiness. Banks were closed across the island, along with post offices, and all government agencies. The Legislature, Judiciary, and District Court were all closed as well. Guam Memorial Hospital, Guam Regional Medical City, and Naval Hospital Guam suspended all operations. Two Lovers Point and the War in the Pacific National Historical Park were closed.[47] In the month prior to Yutu, Typhoon Mangkhut struck the Mariana Islands, prompting emergency officials to stockpile supplies. With relief supplies largely unused, storage facilities on Guam had 220,000 liters of water and 260,000 meals readily available.[49] Flights to and from Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport were canceled.[50] People were encouraged to report price gouging, as it was illegal when under COR 2, to the Office of the Attorney General.[51]

Philippines

[edit]

Starting October 29, the PAGASA began releasing Tropical Cyclone Wind Signals (TCWS) across regions of the Philippines. TCWS #2 was hoisted across Cagayan, Isabela, Aurora, Quirino, and Polilo Island, before it extended to Mt. Province, Ifugao, Beneguet, and Nueva Vizcaya that same day. The signals for Isabela, Quirino, and the northern part of Aurora were raised to TCWS #3, along with Nueva Vizcaya and Ifugao. TCWS #3 was then raised across Benguet, La Union, Ilocos Sur, Mountain Province, and Pangasinan. An orange rainfall warning was issued across Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, and Rizal, and extended to Pampanga, after Yutu had made landfall.[52]

About 8,864 families or 32,519 people were pre-emptively evacuated from Regions I, II, III, and CAR.

Elsewhere

[edit]

Impact

[edit]

Mariana Islands

[edit]
Infrared satellite image of Typhoon Yutu directly over Tinian on October 24

Striking Tinian and Saipan on October 24 as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon, Yutu became the strongest tropical cyclone to ever impact the Mariana Islands and the second-strongest to strike the United States or its territories as a whole, tied with Typhoon Karen in 1962 and Hurricane Camille in 1969.[53][54] Only the 1935 Labor Day hurricane impacted the country at a greater strength.[41] Yutu was the strongest storm to impact the Marianas since Typhoon Soudelor in 2015, and was the worst to do so since Typhoon Jean in 1968.[55] Meteorologist Brandon Aydlett at the NWS described the typhoon as "the storm which sets the scale for which future storms are compared to".[49] Total damage estimated by FEMA reached $800 million.[56] The highest wind gust was recorded at 170 km/h (100 mph) over Saipan at 14:44 UTC on October 24, before weather instruments across the island along with Tinian were damaged or destroyed. Surface observations recorded maximum sustained winds of 270 km/h (170 mph) with wind gusts of 320 km/h (200 mph). A resident recorded gusts of 270 km/h (168 mph) and an anemometer recorded a peak wind of 214 km/h (133 mph). Though 68 mm (2.66 in) of rain was observed at Saipan International Airport, it was likely well below the actual rainfall. A rain gauge measured 250 mm (10 in) of rain, though it was 4.8 km (3 mi) northeast of Yutu's eye.[15]

Damage to a communication tower on Tinian after Typhoon Yutu

During the passage of Yutu, 133 people were injured, with 121 of them being related to the storm.[57] At least 1,000 structures were damaged or destroyed, including the power plants of Saipan and Tinian.[15] Yutu's eyewall also knocked out Saipan's doppler radar on October 25, during the storm's landfall.[17] The entirety of both islands were left without electricity; around 200 to 300 power poles were downed, 400 to 500 were leaning, and a large amount of transformers and conductors were downed as well. Some people were injured by glass and other debris.[58] Maximum coastal flooding in Saipan and Tinian were measured at 9.1 m (30 ft) and 6.1 to 7.6 m (20 to 25 ft) respectively.[59] Across the commonwealth, utility infrastructure was severely impacted, and over 500 homes were destroyed, rendering over 1,000 people homeless.[60] The population of forest birds such as the golden white-eye, bridled white-eye, Mariana kingfisher, rufous fantail, and honeyeaters, was expected to decline as a result of the storm.[61] The typhoon killed two people in Saipan; a 44-year-old woman in Chalan Kanoa when it wrecked the building she was staying in, and another woman in Susupe who died of carbon monoxide poisoning caused by inhaling the fumes of a generator.[15]

The majority of buildings in southern Saipan lost their roofs or were destroyed, including Hopwood Middle School, which suffered extensive damage. Cars were crushed under a collapsed garage in Saipan.[58] Four hotels were closed after sustaining significant damage.[62] Low-lying vegetation in southern parts of the island were shredded or ripped from the ground.[49] Saipan International Airport sustained significant damage; terminals flooded and navigation aids were rendered inoperable.[63] A fire occurred in a storage structure, as firefighters struggled to douse it for more than an hour due to barrels of gasoline inside.[64] 462 homes were completely destroyed and 317 were severely damaged across Kagman, Lau Lau, Susupe, Chalan Kanoa, San Antonio, Koblerville, Dandan, and San Vicente.[60] The tin roof of the gymnasium of Northern Marianas College was blown away, as the institution was littered with debris. Many cars had their windshield and windows shattered by debris. Powerful winds dragged a container near the Bureau of Motor Vehicles, crashing it into two police cars behind the Department of Public Safety building in Susepe. Additionally, many trees were uprooted.[65] The majority of homes on Tinian were severely damaged or destroyed. Some concrete structures sustained significant damage, with a few completely destroyed, and residents reported that those buildings shook during the typhoon. Storm shutters were torn from windows, leaving the interior of structures exposed to wind and water damage. In one instance, a door was ripped from a building and hurled 30 m (100 ft) into a pigsty.[49] The island's only health center sustained major damage; however, no patients were being treated at the time.[41] Tinian International Airport suffered significant damage.[63] 70 homes were destroyed and 113 were severely damaged across the villages of San Jose, the House of Taga, Carolinas, Marpo Valley and Marpo Heights.[60]

Yutu brought typhoon-force winds over Rota, causing property and crop damage of $1 million each.[66] The island was without power, and 13 homes were destroyed and 38 were damaged across Songsong and Sinapalo.[60] Guam endured tropical storm winds of 48–64 km/h (30–40 mph).[67] On October 25, Anderson Air Force Base recorded a gust of 93 km/h (58 mph), while the NWS office recorded a peak gust of 85 km/h (53 mph). The highest recorded rainfall from Yutu was recorded in Dededo at 1 in (25 mm). Yutu caused property damage of $500,000, while crop damage was estimated at $250,000.[68] The Guam Power Authority reported power outages over some parts of the island,[69] and no major damage or injuries from Yutu were reported.[70] As such, Guam was placed in COR 4 on the same day.[71]

Philippines

[edit]

Elsewhere

[edit]

Aftermath

[edit]

Retirement

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Warning and Summary 200000 (Report). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Meteorological Agency. October 20, 2018. Retrieved August 26, 2024 – via Iowa Environmental Mesonet.
  2. ^ Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (202130 October 2018) (Report). Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 20, 2019. Retrieved August 26, 2024 – via Iowa Environmental Mesonet.
  3. ^ a b c d e Annual Report on the Activities of the RSMC Tokyo - Typhoon Center 2018 (PDF) (Report). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
  4. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 31W (Thirty-one) Warning No. 1 (Report). Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 20, 2018. Retrieved August 26, 2024 – via Iowa Environmental Mesonet.
  5. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 31W (Thirty-one) Warning No. 2 (Report). Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 21, 2018. Retrieved August 27, 2024 – via Iowa Environmental Mesonet.
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  35. ^ "BREAKING NEWS: NMC on Saipan, Tinian closed today". Saipan Tribune. October 23, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2024.
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