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Religious houses in Scotland before the reign of Malcolm III of Scotland were unlike those in the rest of Western Europe. Monasticism in the Roman church was completely separate from the priesthood and was almost completely controlled by the Rule of St Benedict while that of Celtic Christianity embraced both the clergy and the episcopacy and was more ascetic and less stuctured.[1] Malcolm's wife, the English princess, Margaret of Wessex, was the stimulus for the re-shaping of the Scottish medieval church into accordance with religious life as practiced in the western church.[2]

The first historically attested monastic settlement in Scotland took place in 565 when St Columba and his followers established the monastery at Iona. Many more Columban settlements followed, among them were the island monastories in Tiree, Jura, Lismore, Eileach an Naoimh and Eigg and Cella Diuni on the shores of Loch Awe.[3] The Columban church converted Pictland and the Northern Isles to Christianity before expanding southwards to restore Chritianity to the kingdom of Northumbria.[4] By the middle of the eleventh century, Scotland had practically achieved political accord and was more responsive to other religious authority. This coincided with the Benedictine and then later, the Cisterician and Premonstratenian movements leading to the four main orders of friars and finally to the collegiate churches of the 15th century.[5]

Houses of the Benedictine (black) monks

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House Rank Location Diocese Latest foundation year Dedication Notes Image
Coldingham Priory Scottish Borders
55°53′19″N 02°09′06″W / 55.88861°N 2.15167°W / 55.88861; -2.15167
Glasgow 1139 Virgin Mary
(with Cuthbert)
Secularised 1606. Dependent on Durham. King Edgar granted the land c. 1098 to the monks of Durham. The exact date of the establishment of the priory is not known but a charter by King David I in 1139 mention the monks of Coldingham. The first prior, H., appears in c. 1147 (Dunf. Reg., No. 4)
Dunfermline Abbey Fife St Andrews 1128 Holy Trinity Queen Margaret is said by Thurgot, her biographer, to have founded the priory. A letter by her son David I probably written in 1128 shows that Dunfermline was a daughter-house of Christ Church, Canterbury. [6] Abbey in 1128 [7]
Iona Abbey Argyll and Bute Isles 1203 Columba Founded by Reginald, son of Somerled, Lord of the Isles. [8]First abbot was Cellach (1203 - 1204) [9]
May Priory Fife St Andrews 1153 Ethernan
("Adrian")
Gifted by David I to Reading Abbey and confirmed by Pope Alexander III (1159 – 81)[10]
Pluscarden Priory Moray Moray 1454 Andrew Was a Valliscaulian house until 1454, when it was united with Urquhart and turned into a Benedictine Priory dependent on Dunfermline Abbey.[11]
Rindalgros Priory Perth and Kinross St Andrews 1147 ? Short-lived priory built as a daughter house of Reading Abbey between 1143 and 1147. Monks transferred to May or elsewhere later in the century.[12] No visible remains
Urquhart Priory Moray Moray 1136 Holy Trinity See Pluscarden above No visible remains

Houses of the Augustinian canons

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House Rank Location Diocese Latest foundation year Dedication Notes Image
Abernethy Priory Perth and Kinross Dunblane 1273 Brigid of Kildare A Céli Dé monastic establishment ruled by a secular abbot until in either 1272 or 1273 its priests adopted the Augustinian code. It became a collegiate church in the 14th-century.[13] No visible remains
Blantyre Priory South Lanarkshire Glasgow 1249 Holy Cross According to one source it was founded by Patrick II, Earl of Dunbar and his wife Euphemia, and to another, King Alexander II of Scotland]]; the foundation occurred between 1238 and 1249. Its mother house, the source of its founding monks, was Holyrood Abbey, which shares its dedication, though it came under the authority of Jedburgh Abbey. It became a secular lordship for the Stewarts of Minto, going into the hands Walter Stewart of Minto, who on July 10 1606 was made Lord Blantyre.[14]
Canonbie Priory Dumfries and Galloway Glasgow 1170 House was an annex and dependency of Jedburgh Abbey. Its foundation lay in a grant by an local landlord, Turgis de Rosdale, to the abbey of Jedburgh, confirmed by William the Lion between 1165 and 1170. No visible remains
Holyrood Abbey Abbey Edinburgh St Andrews 1128 Holy Cross NOTES
Inchaffray Abbey Perth and Kinross Dunblane 1221 John the Evangelist NOTES
Inchcolm Abbey Fife Dunkeld 1153 Columba NOTES
Inchmahome Priory Stirling Dunblane 1238 Virgin Mary
(with Colmaig)
NOTES
Jedburgh Abbey Scottish Borders Glasgow 1138 Virgin Mary NOTES
Loch Leven Priory Fife St Andrews 1150 Serf NOTES
Monymusk Priory Aberdeenshire Aberdeen 1245 Virgin Mary NOTES
Oronsay Priory Argyll and Bute Argyll 1353 Columba NOTES
Pittenweem Priory Fife St Andrews 1318 Ethernan
("Adrian")
The Priory of May, a dependent of the Benedictine Reading Abbey, was transferred into the hands of the Augustinian Prior of St Andrews during the Wars of Scottish Independence. May had possessed lands at Pittenweem since David I had granted the monks of May land there in May, 1143, and they later relocated there.[15] No visible remains
Restenneth Priory Angus St Andrews 1153 Peter NOTES
St Andrews Priory Fife St Andrews 1140 Andrew NOTES
Scone Abbey St Andrews 1120 Holy Trinity & Archangel Michael NOTES
Trail Priory Dumfries and Galloway Galloway 1173 Virgin Mary NOTES No visible remains
Strath Fillan Priory Stirling Dunkeld 1318 Fillan NOTES

Houses of the Cistercian monks

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House Rank Location Diocese Latest foundation year Dedication Notes Image
Balmerino Abbey Fife St Andrews 1227 Virgin Mary
(with Saint Edward)
Also called "Abbey of Saint Edward", though all Cistercian abbeys were dedicated to the Virgin Mary.[16]
Coupar Abbey Perth and Kinross St Andrews 1161 Virgin Mary NOTES
Culross Abbey Fife St Andrews 1218 Virgin Mary NOTES
Deer Abbey Aberdeenshire Aberdeen 1219 Virgin Mary NOTES
Dundrennan Abbey Dumfries and Galloway Galloway 1142 Virgin Mary NOTES
Glenluce Abbey Dumfries and Galloway Galloway 1150 Virgin Mary NOTES
Kinloss Abbey Moray Moray 1150 Virgin Mary NOTES
Melrose Abbey Scottish Borders Glasgow 1136 Virgin Mary NOTES
Newbattle Abbey Midlothian Glasgow 1140 Virgin Mary NOTES
Saddell Abbey Argyll and Bute Argyll 1207 Virgin Mary NOTES
Soulseat Abbey Dumfries and Galloway Galloway 1148 Virgin Mary There is some evidence that Soulseat Abbey is the Viride Stagnum ("green loch"), the Cistercian monastery founded by St Malachy somewhere in Galloway in 1148. If so it did not remain as a Cistercian house, instead becoming a Premonstratensian house, by 1161 at the latest.[17]
Sweetheart Abbey Dumfries and Galloway Glasgow 1273 Virgin Mary NOTES

Houses of the Carthusian monks

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House Rank Location Diocese Latest foundation year Dedication Notes Image
Perth Priory Perth and Kinross St Andrews 1429 Virgin Mary & John the Baptist The Carthusian Order was the most ascetic monastic order in medieval Europe. The monastery at Perth was founded in 1429 by King James I of Scotland. This was the only Carthusian house ever to have been founded in Scotland. Until c. 1456 these monks were part of the Carthusian province of Picardy, between 1456 and 1460 attached to England, before in 1460 being placed under Geneva. [18] No visible remains

Houses of the Tironensian monks

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House Rank Location Diocese Latest foundation year Dedication Notes Image
Arbroath Abbey Angus St Andrews 1178 Thomas Becket NOTES
Fogo Priory Scottish Borders St Andrews 1297 Nicholas
Fyvie Priory Aberdeenshire Aberdeen 1285 Virgin Mary
Kelso Abbey Scottish Borders St Andrews 1127 Virgin Mary At its foundation in 1113 by David, Prince of the Cumbrians (c. 1113–1124) it was located at Selkirk. It was moved to Kelso by David (then King of Scots, 1124–1153) and John, Bishop of Glasgow in 1127.[19]
Kilwinning Abbey North Ayrshire Glasgow 1169 Virgin Mary & "Winnin"
Lesmahagow Abbey South Lanarkshire Glasgow 1144 Virgin Mary & Machutas
Lindores Abbey Fife St Andrews 1191 Virgin Mary & Andrew Founded in either 1190 or 1191 by David, Lord of Garioch. The abbot possessed a mitre from 1395 onwards, following a grant from the pope. The abbey retained abbots of its monastic order longer than most Scottish abbeys. Its last pre-Reformation abbot, John Philp, resigned it to John Lesley, later Bishop of Ross, in 1566. The abbey became a secular lordship for Patrick Leslie when he was created Lord Lindores in 1600.[20]
Selkirk Abbey Scottish Borders Glasgow 1113 Virgin Mary See notes for Jedburgh Abbey. No visible remains

Houses of Cluniac monks

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House Rank Location Diocese Latest foundation year Dedication Notes Image
Crossraguel Abbey South Ayrshire Glasgow 1270 [[ | ]]
Paisley Abbey Renfrewshire Glasgow 1169 [[ | ]]
Renfrew Priory Renfrewshire Glasgow 1165 Virgin Mary & James Máel Coluim IV, in a charter dating between 1163 and 1165, confirmed lands to the priory of Renfrew previously granted by Walter fitz Alan. It was a daughter-house of Wenlock Abbey in Shropshire. Circa 1169, it was relocated to Paisley.[21] No visible remains

Houses of the Premonstratensian monks

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House Rank Location Diocese Latest foundation year Dedication Notes Image
Dercongal Abbey Dumfries and Galloway Glasgow 1225 Congall? NOTES
Dryburgh Abbey Scottish Borders St Andrews 1150 Virgin Mary NOTES
Fearn Abbey Highland Ross 1236 Virgin Mary & Ninian NOTES
Soulseat Abbey Dumfries and Galloway Galloway 1161 Virgin Mary & John the Evangelist NOTES
Tongland Abbey Dumfries and Galloway Galloway 1218 - NOTES
Whithorn Priory Dumfries and Galloway Galloway 1178 Martin & Ninian

Houses of the Valliscaulian monks

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House Rank Location Diocese Latest foundation year Dedication Notes Image
Ardchattan Priory Argyll and Bute Argyll 1231 Virgin Mary & John the Baptist Founded in either 1230 or 1231 by Donnchadh of Argyll. As a de facto cell of Beauly, on April 16 1510 it probably transferred to the Cistercian Order along with Beauly.[22]
Beauly Priory Highland Moray 1230 [[ | ]] Founded c. 1230 by John Bisset de le Aird, a French-speaking Lord of the Aird. Became Cistercian on April 16 1510.[23]
Pluscarden Priory Moray Moray 1231 Andrew Founded by King Alexander II of Scotland 1230x1231, it was united with Urquhart Priory in 1454, together becoming a dependency of the Benedictine Abbey of Dunfermline.[24]

Houses of the Trinitarian monks

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Also known as the Red Friars.

House Rank Location Diocese Latest foundation year Dedication Notes Image
Aberdeen City of Aberdeen Diocese of Aberdeen bef. 1274 [[ | ]] The exact foundation date is not known nor is the founder. Secularised in 1561.[25]
Berwick Berwick-upon-Tweed (borough) Diocese of Glasgow bef. 1240 – 8 [[ | ]] House dissolved in favour of the Trinitarian house in Peebles. [26]
Dirleton East Lothian Diocese of St Andrews 15 c.(?) [[ | ]] Annexed to Scotlandswell. Secularised bef. 1588.[27]
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Houses of the Dominican (black) friars

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House Rank Location Diocese Latest foundation year Dedication Notes Image
Aberdeen Friary City of Aberdeen Aberdeen 1230 x 1249 John the Baptist Alexander II is said to have been the founder. The house contained a prior and thirteen friars in 1503 but was destroyed at the [[Scottish Reformation|Reformation on 4 January 1560. George, earl Marischal was granted the house's possessions in 1587 and conferred them, as an endowment, to Marischall College.[28]
Ayr Friary South Ayrshire Glasgow c.1242 Katherine Foundation by King Alexander II before August 1242. Eight friars occupied the house in 1557. The house and properties were secularised by a lease to the crown in 1565 which in turn were granted to the town of Ayr in 1567 by a charter of Queen Mary. Demolition of the buildings took place after the Reformation[29]
Berwick Friary Berwick-upon-Tweed (borough) Glasgow c.1240 Peter the Martyr In 1285 the pope instructed the Bishop of St Andrews to sell the former accommodation of the Friars of Penitence to the Friars Preachers. Four then six friars are recorded as being in the house in December 1299. Although under English control the Scottish Exchequer continued to fund the monastery from 1329–33. In 1333, King Edward III of England ordered that the Scottish friars be sent to friaries south of the River Trent and be replaced by English friars. Edward issued occasional orders up to 1343 that the friary should continue to be maintained by the Scottish crown. In 1336, there were 20 friars in residence but there is no evidence that the house continued through to the Reformation[30]
Cupar Friary Fife St Andrews 1348 Katherine Founded by Duncan, earl of Fife. Dissolved in 1519 after union with the St Andrews house. In 1572, the lands of the friary given to the burgh of Cupar by King James VI[31]
Dundee Friary Dundee City St Andrews 1521 ? NOTES
Edinburgh Friary City of Edinburgh St Andrews 1230? Assumption of the Blessed Virgin NOTES
Elgin Friary Moray Moray 1233 x 1234 James NOTES
Glasgow Friary City of Glasgow Glasgow 1471 John the Evangelist NOTES
Haddington Friary East Lothian St Andrews 1471(?) Unknown NOTES
Inverness Friary Highland Moray bef. 1240 Bartholomew NOTES
Montrose Friary Angus Brechin bef. 1275 Virgin Mary NOTES
Perth Friary Perth and Kinross St Andrews bef. 1240 Andrew NOTES
St Andrews Friary Fife St Andrews bef. 1464 x 1477 Virgin Mary NOTES
St Monans Friary Fife St Andrews 1471 Monan NOTES
Stirling Friary Stirling Dunblane bef. 1249 Laurence NOTES
Wigtown Friary Dumfries and Galloway Galloway bef. 1287 Virgin Mary NOTES [[]]

Houses of the Franciscan (grey) friars

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Friars minor conventual

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Observants

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House Rank Location Diocese Latest foundation year Dedication Notes Image
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Houses of the Carmelite (white) friars

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House Rank Location Diocese Latest foundation year Dedication Notes Image
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Houses of the Augustinian friars

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House Rank Location Diocese Latest foundation year Dedication Notes Image
Berwick Friary Berwick Glasgow bef. 1299 Austin The house is unlikely to have survived to the suppression of the English friaries[32]

Houses of the Friars of the Sack

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House Rank Location Diocese Latest foundation year Dedication Notes Image
Berwick Friary Berwick Glasgow 1267
Also known as the Friars of the Penance of Jesus Christ. Suppressed in 1274 and desolved by 1285[33]

Houses of Benedictine nuns

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House Rank Location Diocese Latest foundation year Dedication Notes Image
Lincluden Priory [[ | ]] [[ | ]] bef. 1174 May have been founded by Uchtred, son of Fergus, lord of Galloway who died in 1174, but an earlier foundation during the reign of Malcolm IV (1153 – 65) may also have been possible. Suppressed in 1389.[34]

Houses of Cistercian nuns

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House Rank Location Diocese Latest foundation year Dedication Notes Image
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North Berwick Priory East Lothian St Andrews 1150 St Mary NOTES
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Houses of Dominican nuns

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House Rank Location Diocese Latest foundation year Dedication Notes Image
Edinburgh Sciennes Priory City of Edinburgh St Andrews 1517 St Catherine of Siena ?

Houses of Franciscan nuns

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House Rank Location Diocese Latest foundation year Dedication Notes Image
Priory [[ | ]] [[ | ]] ?


Houses of Augustinian canonesses

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House Rank Location Diocese Latest foundation year Dedication Notes Image
Priory [[ | ]] [[ | ]] ?

Houses of the Knights Templar

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Houses of the Knights Hospitaller

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Hospitals

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Cathedrals

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Secular collegiate churches

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Houses, p. ix
  2. ^ Barrow,Kingdom, p. 151
  3. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Houses, p. 1
  4. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Houses, p. 1
  5. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Houses, p. x
  6. ^ Barrow, Kingdom, p.  152
  7. ^ Cowan, Religious Houses, p. 55
  8. ^ Cowan, Religious Houses, p. 59
  9. ^ Watt, Heads of Religious Houses, p. 111
  10. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 60
  11. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 61.
  12. ^ See Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 61; Duncan, "Documents Relating to the Priory of the Isle of May", pp. 53–5.
  13. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, pp. 89, 215.
  14. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 61.
  15. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 94.
  16. ^ Bartlett, England, p. 431; Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, pp. 72–3.
  17. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, pp. 78, 102.
  18. ^ Bartlett, England, p. 433–4; Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, pp. 86–7.
  19. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, pp. 68, 70.
  20. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, pp. 70.
  21. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 65.
  22. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, pp. 83–4; Watt & Shead, Heads of Religious Houses, p. 10.
  23. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 84; Watt & Shead, Heads of Religious Houses, p. 15.
  24. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, pp. 84–5; Watt & Shead, Heads of Religious Houses, p. 178.
  25. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 108.
  26. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 108.
  27. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 108.
  28. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 116.
  29. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 116
  30. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, pp. 116 117
  31. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 117
  32. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, pp. 140, 141.
  33. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 142.
  34. ^ Cowan & Easson, Medieval Religious Houses, p. 143.

References

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  • Barrow, G. W. S. (1960), The Acts of Malcolm IV, 1153–1165, Together with Scottish Royal Acts Prior to 1153 Not Included in Sir Archibald Lawrie's 'Early Scottish Charters', Regesta Regum Scottorum, vol. 1, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0852241410
  • Barrow, G. W. S. (1971), The Acts of William I, 1165–1214, Regesta Regum Scottorum, vol. 2, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0852241429
  • Barrow, G. W. S. (2003), The Kingdom of the Scots, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0748618023
  • Bartlett, Robert (2000), England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225, New Oxford History of England, Oxford: Clarendon Press, ISBN 0-19-925101-0
  • Cowan, Ian B.; Easson, David E. (1976), Medieval Religious Houses: Scotland With an Appendix on the Houses in the Isle of Man (2nd ed.), London and New York: Longman, ISBN 0-582-12069-1
  • Duncan, A. A. M. (1956–7), "Documents Relating to the Priory of the Isle of May, c. 1140–1313" (PDF), Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 90, Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland: 52–80 {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  • Watt, D. E. R.; Shead, N. F., eds. (2001), The Heads of Religious Houses in Scotland from Twelfth to Sixteenth Centuries, The Scottish Record Society, New Series, Volume 24 (Revised ed.), Edinburgh: The Scottish Record Society, ISBN 0-902054-18-X