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Cabomba

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Cabomba
Cabomba furcata with flowers, floating leaves, and submerged leaves
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Order: Nymphaeales
Family: Cabombaceae
Genus: Cabomba
Aubl.
Type species
Cabomba aquatica Aublet[1]
Species

See text

Synonyms[2]
  • Nectris Schreb.
  • Villarsia Neck.

Cabomba is a genus of perennial, rhizomatous, aquatic herbs in the family Cabombaceae[3] native to tropical and subtropical America.[2] It has divided submerged leaves in the shape of a fan (hence the vernacular name fanwort) and is much favoured by aquarists as an ornamental and oxygenating plant for fish tanks. One species, Cabomba caroliniana, is a nationally declared weed in Australia, where it has choked up waterways after escaping from aquaria.

Cabomba aquatica growing sympatrically with Nymphaea rudgeana
Detail of peltate floating leaves and flower of Cabomba aquatica
Detail of peltate floating leaves and flower of Cabomba aquatica
Submerged leaf of Cabomba caroliniana A.Gray with scale bar (2 cm) on a white background
leaves and flowers of a Cabomba species in water
Cabomba aquatica Aubl.

Description

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Submerged stems of Cabomba furcata

Vegetative characteristics

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Cabomba are perennial, rhizomatous, aquatic[3] herbs[4] with short, brown rhizomes.[3] The roots, which are formed on the lower nodes of the stems,[5] are delicate, brown to white, and branched.[3] The long, cylindrical, flexible,[6] delicate, branched or unbranched stems[3] are 2–4 mm wide,[7] and up to 4 m long.[3] Both floating and submerged leaves are present, but only few floating leaves are produced,[8] and they may be absent entirely.[9][5] The submerged leaves are divided into 3–7[5][10] dichotomously or trichotomously branched parts.[11][10] The floating leaves are inconspicuous.[11]

Generative characteristics

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The solitary,[7] hermaphrodite, pedicellate,[3][7] chasmogamous, scentless, actinomorphic,[3] white, yellow, or purple,[9] trimerous or rarely di- and tetramerous flowers extend beyond the water surface.[7] The petals are oval-shaped, and are usually about 2.0 cm (0.79 in) across when fully developed. The petals are unlike the sepals in that the former have two yellow ear-shaped nectaries at the base. Petals may also have purplish edges. Flowers are protogynous, having primarily female sexual structures on the first day of appearance and then switching to male on the second and subsequent days. Flowers emerge and are designed to be pollinated above the waterline. Principal pollinators are flies and other small flying insects.[12]

Taxonomy

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It was published by Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet in 1775.[2] The type species is Cabomba aquatica Aubl.[1]

Species

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The genus Cabomba Aubl. consists of six extant species:[2]

And four fossil species:

Putative hybridisation

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It has been speculated, that Cabomba haynesii may be a result of a putative hybridisation event involving Cabomba palaeformis and Cabomba furcata.[17]

Etymology

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The generic name Cabomba may be derived from an aboriginal name of the plant in Guyana.[7]

Distribution

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It is native to tropical and subtropical America,[2] and the centre of diversity is Brazil.[3]

Ecology

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Pollination

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The flowers are pollinated by flies and bees.[18]

Habitat

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Cabomba occurs in ponds, floodplains, swamps, and creeks.[7]

Cabomba as an aquarium plant

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Cabomba species are popular aquarium plants.[19] Cabomba caroliniana is easily cultivated and is tolerant of various substrates and temperatures.[20][19] However, in dimly lit conditions the leaves grow small and the internodes of the stems elongate.[20] By contrast, Cabomba furcata is considered to be difficult to cultivate in the aquarium, as it requires soft, acid water and a high light intensity.[21][22][23]

Invasive species

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Use in the aquarium trade has led to some species being introduced to other parts of the world, such as Australia, where Cabomba caroliniana it is a nationally declared weed.[24] Having arrived in 1967, it spread rapidly in waterways and out-competed native plants, threatening water supplies, especially along the eastern side of the continent.[25] In Australia, Cabomba caroliniana has been targeted by both chemical,[26] and biological control.[27] Herbicide treatment is effective, yet also damages the remaining aquatic flora and fauna.[26] The cabomba weevil (Hydrotimetes natans) is introduced to waterways as a means of biological control of Cabomba caroliniana.[27][25] They consume the plant's tips and inflict significant harm when present in large quantities. Larvae burrow within the stems and result in substantial damage to the main stem due to tissue necrosis.[28]

Likewise, Cabomba furcata has become an invasive species in Kerala, India,[29][30] in the Kalutara district of Sri Lanka,[31] in Chini Lake, Malaysia,[32] and Taiwan.[33][34] Its presence leads to a decline of water quality and biodiversity.[35]

References

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  1. ^ a b Cabomba | International Plant Names Index. (n.d.). Retrieved August 13, 2023, from https://www.ipni.org/n/328528-2
  2. ^ a b c d e "Cabomba Aubl". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Pellegrini, M. O. O. & Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. (n.d.). Cabomba Aubl. Flora E Funga Do Brasil. Retrieved February 5, 2025, from https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB6610
  4. ^ Cabomba Aublet - Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). (n.d.). https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/924
  5. ^ a b c T.D. Stanley & A.E. Orchard. Cabomba, in P.G. Kodela (ed.), Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Cabomba [Date Accessed: 06 February 2025]
  6. ^ Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research. (n.d.). Cabomba Aubl. Flora of New Zealand. Retrieved February 5, 2025, from https://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/taxon/Cabomba.html
  7. ^ a b c d e f Ørgaard, M. (1991). The genus Cabomba (Cabombaceae)–a taxonomic study. Nordic Journal of Botany, 11(2), 179-203.
  8. ^ Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. (n.d.). Cabomba. VicFlora Flora of Victoria. Retrieved February 5, 2025, from https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/14a740cd-b533-4c51-a0e4-0175fcc33499
  9. ^ a b Fassett, N. C. (1953). A Monograph of Cabomba. Castanea, 18(4), 116–128. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4031558
  10. ^ a b Cabomba in Flora of North America @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved February 5, 2025, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=104954
  11. ^ a b Cabomba in Flora of China @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved February 5, 2025, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=104954
  12. ^ Klaus Kubitzki; Jens G. Rohwer; Volker Bittrich (28 July 1993). Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons: Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 159. ISBN 978-3-540-55509-4.
  13. ^ Cabomba gracilis Newb. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved February 18, 2025, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=F77FCE1B-5F22-4EA3-A22E-BE7DED077EBF
  14. ^ Cabomba grandis Newb. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved February 18, 2025, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=63C5D164-498E-4160-B964-A5A2295D89AB
  15. ^ Cabomba inermis (Newb.) Hollick in Newb. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved February 18, 2025, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=E756C876-9AA1-44E0-BC16-97E187BFCABA
  16. ^ Cabomba pitonii L. Laurent, Marty in L. Piton. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved February 18, 2025, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=30D7B8D6-3F0D-C3C7-9E11-A5448E2A3995
  17. ^ Wilson, Claire E; Darbyshire, Stephen J; Jones, Rosita (1 July 2007). "The Biology of Invasive Alien Plants in Canada. 7. Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 87 (3): 615–638. doi:10.4141/P06-068. ISSN 0008-4220.
  18. ^ Matias, L. Q., & Nascimento, H. P. D. (2021). Flora of Ceará, Brazil: Cabombaceae. Rodriguésia, 72, e00592019.
  19. ^ a b Zernecke, E. (1897). Leitfaden für Aquarien- und Terrarienfreunde: Im Auftrage des "Triton" Verein für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde zu Berlin (in German). G. Schmidt.
  20. ^ a b Bade, Ernst (1896). Das Süsswasser-Aquarium: Geschichte, Flora und Fauna des Süsswasser-Aquariums, seine Anlage und Pflege (in German). F. Pfenningstorff.
  21. ^ "Die Gegabelte Haarnixe - Cabomba furcata". Aquarium Ratgeber (in German). Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  22. ^ "Cabomba furcata - Red Cabomba". Flowgrow. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  23. ^ "How to grow Cabomba furcata". The 2Hr Aquarist. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  24. ^ "Cabomba (Cabomba caroliniana)". NSW WeedWise. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  25. ^ a b Nichols, Jennifer (10 July 2023). "Cabomba weevil unleashed on weed-infesting Australian waterways". ABC News (Australia). Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  26. ^ a b Day, C., Petroeschevsky, A., Pellow, B., Bevan, J., O’Dwyer, T., St Lawrence, A., & Smith, G. (2014). Managing a priority outlier infestation of Cabomba caroliniana in a natural wetland in the Blue Mountains, NSW, Australia–could this be eradication. In Draft paper to 19th Australasian Weeds Conference, Hobart, Australia.
  27. ^ a b Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. (2023, May 9). Hydrotimetes natans for the biological control of Cabomba caroliniana. Retrieved October 2, 2023, from https://www.agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity-trade/policy/risk-analysis/biological-control-agents/risk-analyses/completed-risk-analyses/ra-release-hydrotimetes-natans
  28. ^ Kumaran, N., Vance, T. J., Comben, D., Dell, Q., Oleiro, M. I., Goñalons, C. M., ... & Raghu, S. (2022). "Hydrotimetes natans as a suitable biological control agent for the invasive weed Cabomba caroliniana." Biological Control, 169, 104894.
  29. ^ "'Bloom of pink' spotted on lake in Kerala turns out to be major threat to aquatic system". The New Indian Express. 4 December 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  30. ^ Shaji, K. A. (15 December 2020). "Kerala's 'pink phenomenon' can choke water bodies and drains, warn scientists". Down To Earth. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  31. ^ Yakandawala, D. M. D., Yakandawala, K., Madola, I., & Herath, H. M. L. K. (2022). Would history repeat? Detection of Cabomba furcata, a potential invasive plant in natural ecosystems of Sri Lanka. Ceylon Journal of Science, 51(2), 155-163.
  32. ^ Yunoh, S. M. M. (2011, December 28). Cabomba furcata (Cabombaceae). Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS). https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/130
  33. ^ "Cabomba piauhyensis 紅花穗蓴". 台灣植物資訊整合查詢系統 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  34. ^ Wu, S. H., Yang, T. A., Teng, Y. C., Chang, C. Y., Yang, K. C., & Hsieh, C. F. (2010). Insights of the latest naturalized flora of Taiwan: change in the past eight years. Taiwania, 55(2), 139-159.
  35. ^ Rao, G. P., & Rani, K. S. A report on the biological invasion of alien plant species red Cabomba in the Kozhikode district of Kerala state and its impact on agro-ecosystem. Issues in Biodiversity Conservation and Management, 103.
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