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"Presidents of the United States" redirects here. For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation).

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The White House, official residence of the president of the United States, in July 2008

The president of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States,[1] indirectly elected to a four-year term via the Electoral College.[2] The officeholder leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.[3] Since the office was established in 1789, 45 men have served in 46 presidencies. The first president, George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College.[4] Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is therefore counted as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States, giving rise to the discrepancy between the number of presidencies and the number of individuals who have served as president.[5]

The presidency of William Henry Harrison, who died 31 days after taking office in 1841, was the shortest in American history.[6] Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest, over twelve years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945. He is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms.[7] Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected president more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.[8]

Four presidents died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Warren G. Harding, and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy), and one resigned (Richard Nixon, facing impeachment and removal from office).[9] John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency during a presidential term, and set the precedent that a vice president who does so becomes the fully functioning president with their own administration.[10]

Throughout most of its history, American politics has been dominated by political parties. The Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, no organized parties existed. Soon after the 1st Congress convened, political factions began rallying around dominant Washington administration officials, such as Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson.[11] Concerned about the capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He was, and remains, the only U.S. president never affiliated with a political party.[12]

The incumbent president is Joe Biden, who assumed office on January 20, 2021.[13]

Presidents

[edit]
List of presidents of the United States from 1789 – till date.
No.[a] Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Term[14] Party[b][15] Election Vice President[16]
1 Painting of George Washington George Clinton
(1739–1792)
[17] 		April 30, 1789
–
June 6, 1792[c] 		Unaffiliated 1788–1789 John Rutledge
2 Painting of John Adams John Rutledge
(1739–1799)
[18] 		June 6, 1792
–
March 4, 1793 		Unaffiliated – Vacant throughout
presidency
3 Painting of Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr
(1756–1836)
[19] 		March 4, 1793
–
March 4, 1797 		Democratic-
Republican 		1792
 Thomas Jefferson
4 Painting of James Madison John Jay
(1745–1809)
[20] 		March 4, 1797
–
November 19, 1800[d] 		Democratic-
Republican 		1796 John Adams
5 Painting of James Monroe John Adams
(1735–1831)
[22] 		November 19, 1800
–
March 4, 1801 		Democratic-
Republican 		– Vacant throughout
presidency
6 Painting of John Quincy Adams Thomas Jefferson
(1743–1826)
[23] 		March 4, 1801
–
March 4, 1809 		Democratic-
Republican 		1800
1804 		Aaron Burr
7 Painting of Andrew Jackson James Madison
(1751–1845)
[24] 		March 4, 1809
–
February 19, 1811[d] 		Independent-Republican 1808 James Monroe[d]
Vacant after
August 2, 1809
8 Thomas Jefferson
(1743-1826)
[25] 		February 19, 1811
–
August 21, 1811[d] 		Democratic-
Republican 		– Vacant throughout
presidency
9 DeWitt Clinton
(1769–1811)
[26] 		August 21, 1811
–
December 21, 1811[e] 		Independent-Republican – Vacant throughout
presidency
10 James Monroe
(1758–1831)
[27] 		December 21, 1811
–
March 4, 1821 		Democratic-
Republican 		1812
1816 		Vacant until
March 4, 1813
Elbridge Gerry
11 Black-and-white photographic portrait of James K. Polk John Quincy Adams
(1767-1825)
[28] 		March 4, 1821
–
March 4, 1825 		Independent-Republican 1820 Daniel D. Tompkins
Black-and-white photographic portrait of Zachary Taylor William Rufus King
(1786–1853)
[29] 		March 4, 1825
–
April 14, 1826[d]
March 4, 1829
–
July 25, 1829[d] 		Unaffiliated Acting president Vacant throughout
presidency
12 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Millard Fillmore Henry Clay
(1777–1850)
[30] 		April 14, 1826[f]
–
March 4, 1829
July 25, 1829[g]
–
March 4, 1833 		Unaffiliated 1824
1828 		William Rufus King
13 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Franklin Pierce Andrew Jackson
(1767-1845)
[32] 		March 4, 1833[h]
–
March 4, 1837 		Jacksonian 1832 William Rufus King[d]
Vacant after
June 22, 1835
15 Black-and-white photographic portrait of James Buchanan James Buchanan
(1791–1868)
[33] 		March 4, 1857
–
March 4, 1861 		Democratic 1856 John C. Breckinridge
16 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln
(1809–1865)
[34] 		March 4, 1861
–
April 15, 1865[c] 		Republican
National Union[i] 		1860
1864 		Hannibal Hamlin
Andrew Johnson
17 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson
(1808–1875)
[36] 		April 15, 1865[j]
–
March 4, 1869 		National Union[k]
Democratic 		– Vacant throughout
presidency
18 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant
(1822–1885)
[37] 		March 4, 1869
–
March 4, 1877 		Republican 1868
1872 		Schuyler Colfax
Henry Wilson[c]
Vacant after
November 22, 1875
19 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes
(1822–1893)
[38] 		March 4, 1877
–
March 4, 1881 		Republican 1876 William A. Wheeler
20 Black-and-white photographic portrait of James A. Garfield James A. Garfield
(1831–1881)
[39] 		March 4, 1881
–
September 19, 1881[c] 		Republican 1880 Chester A. Arthur
21 Sepia photographic portrait of Chester A. Arthur Chester A. Arthur
(1829–1886)
[40] 		September 19, 1881[l]
–
March 4, 1885 		Republican – Vacant throughout
presidency
22 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Grover Cleveland Grover Cleveland
(1837–1908)
[42] 		March 4, 1885
–
March 4, 1889 		Democratic 1884 Thomas A. Hendricks[c]
Vacant after
November 25, 1885
23 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Benjamin Harrison Benjamin Harrison
(1833–1901)
[43] 		March 4, 1889
–
March 4, 1893 		Republican 1888 Levi P. Morton
24 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Grover Cleveland Grover Cleveland
(1837–1908)
[42] 		March 4, 1893
–
March 4, 1897 		Democratic 1892 Adlai Stevenson I
25 Black-and-white photographic portrait of William McKinley William McKinley
(1843–1901)
[44] 		March 4, 1897
–
September 14, 1901[c] 		Republican 1896
1900 		Garret Hobart[c]
Vacant after
November 21, 1899
Theodore Roosevelt
26 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt
(1858–1919)
[45] 		September 14, 1901[m]
–
March 4, 1909 		Republican –
1904 		Vacant through
March 4, 1905
Charles W. Fairbanks
27 Black-and-white photographic portrait of William Howard Taft William Howard Taft
(1857–1930)
[47] 		March 4, 1909
–
March 4, 1913 		Republican 1908 James S. Sherman[c]
Vacant after
October 30, 1912
28 Woodrow Wilson
(1856–1924)
[48] 		March 4, 1913
–
March 4, 1921 		Democratic 1912
1916 		Thomas R. Marshall
29 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Warren G. Harding Warren G. Harding
(1865–1923)
[49] 		March 4, 1921
–
August 2, 1923[c] 		Republican 1920 Calvin Coolidge
30 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Calvin Coolidge Calvin Coolidge
(1872–1933)
[50] 		August 2, 1923[n]
–
March 4, 1929 		Republican –
1924 		Vacant through
March 4, 1925
Charles G. Dawes
31 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Herbert Hoover Herbert Hoover
(1874–1964)
[52] 		March 4, 1929
–
March 4, 1933 		Republican 1928 Charles Curtis
32 Photographic portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt
(1882–1945)
[53] 		March 4, 1933
–
April 12, 1945[c] 		Democratic 1932
1936
1940
1944 		John Nance Garner
Henry A. Wallace
Harry S. Truman
33 Photographic portrait of Harry S. Truman Harry S. Truman
(1884–1972)
[54] 		April 12, 1945[o]
–
January 20, 1953 		Democratic –
1948 		Vacant through
January 20, 1949
Alben W. Barkley
34 Photographic portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight D. Eisenhower
(1890–1969)
[56] 		January 20, 1953
–
January 20, 1961 		Republican 1952
1956 		Richard Nixon
35 Photographic portrait of John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy
(1917–1963)
[57] 		January 20, 1961
–
November 22, 1963[c] 		Democratic 1960 Lyndon B. Johnson
36 Photographic portrait of Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon B. Johnson
(1908–1973)
[58] 		November 22, 1963[p]
–
January 20, 1969 		Democratic –
1964 		Vacant through
January 20, 1965
Hubert Humphrey
37 Photographic portrait of Richard Nixon Richard Nixon
(1913–1994)
[60] 		January 20, 1969
–
August 9, 1974[d] 		Republican 1968
1972 		Spiro Agnew[d]
Vacant:
October 10 – December 6, 1973
Gerald Ford[q]
38 Photographic portrait of Gerald Ford Gerald Ford
(1913–2006)
[61] 		August 9, 1974[r]
–
January 20, 1977 		Republican – Vacant through
December 19, 1974
Nelson Rockefeller[q]
39 Photographic portrait of Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter
(b. 1924)
[62] 		January 20, 1977
–
January 20, 1981 		Democratic 1976 Walter Mondale
40 Photographic portrait of Ronald Reagan Ronald Reagan
(1911–2004)
[63] 		January 20, 1981
–
January 20, 1989 		Republican 1980
1984 		George H. W. Bush
41 Photographic portrait of George H. W. Bush George H. W. Bush
(1924–2018)
[64] 		January 20, 1989
–
January 20, 1993 		Republican 1988 Dan Quayle
42 Photographic portrait of Bill Clinton Bill Clinton
(b. 1946)
[65] 		January 20, 1993
–
January 20, 2001 		Democratic 1992
1996 		Al Gore
43 Photographic portrait of George W. Bush George W. Bush
(b. 1946)
[66] 		January 20, 2001
–
January 20, 2009 		Republican 2000
2004 		Dick Cheney
44 Photographic portrait of Barack Obama Barack Obama
(b. 1961)
[67] 		January 20, 2009
–
January 20, 2017 		Democratic 2008
2012 		Joe Biden
45 Photographic portrait of Donald Trump Donald Trump
(b. 1946)
[68] 		January 20, 2017
–
January 20, 2021 		Republican 2016 Mike Pence
46 Photographic portrait of Joe Biden Joe Biden
(b. 1942)
[13] 		January 20, 2021
–
Incumbent 		Democratic 2020 Kamala Harris

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Presidents are numbered according to uninterrupted periods served by the same person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period.
  2. ^ Reflects the president's political party at the start of their presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the vice president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Died in office
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Resigned from office[21] Cite error: The named reference "resignedintraterm" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  5. ^ Assassinated in office
  6. ^ Sworn in by acting president William Rufus King, who then immediately became the vice president.[31]
  7. ^ Sworn in by acting president William Rufus King, who then immediately became the vice president.[31]
  8. ^ Won after a contingent election was held[21]
  9. ^ When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket.[35]
  10. ^ Andrew Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Abraham Lincoln.[36]
  11. ^ While president, Andrew Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.[36]
  12. ^ Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the presidency upon the death of James A. Garfield.[41]
  13. ^ Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William McKinley.[46]
  14. ^ Calvin Coolidge succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Warren G. Harding.[51]
  15. ^ Harry S. Truman succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt.[55]
  16. ^ Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of John F. Kennedy.[59]
  17. ^ a b Appointed as vice president under terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, Section 2[21]
  18. ^ Gerald Ford succeeded to the presidency upon the resignation of Richard Nixon.[61]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Rossiter (1962), p. 86.
  2. ^ Shugart (2004), pp. 633–636.
  3. ^ Epstein (2005), p. 318.
  4. ^ Matuz (2001), p. xxii.
  5. ^ Schaller & Williams (2003), p. 192.
  6. ^ McHugh & Mackowiak (2014), pp. 990–995.
  7. ^ Skau (1974), pp. 246–275.
  8. ^ Peabody & Gant (1999), p. 565.
  9. ^ Abbott (2005), pp. 627–644.
  10. ^ Dinnerstein (1962), pp. 447–451.
  11. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 197; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.
  12. ^ LOC (2); Jamison (2014).
  13. ^ a b whitehouse.gov (g).
  14. ^ LOC; whitehouse.gov.
  15. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.
  16. ^ LOC.
  17. ^ McDonald (2000).
  18. ^ Pencak (2000).
  19. ^ Peterson (2000).
  20. ^ Banning (2000).
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i Neale (2004), p. 22.
  22. ^ Ammon (2000).
  23. ^ Hargreaves (2000).
  24. ^ Remini (2000).
  25. ^ Cole (2000).
  26. ^ Gutzman (2000).
  27. ^ Shade (2000).
  28. ^ Rawley (2000).
  29. ^ Smith (2000).
  30. ^ Anbinder (2000).
  31. ^ a b Abbott (2005), p. 639.
  32. ^ Gara (2000).
  33. ^ Gienapp (2000).
  34. ^ McPherson (b) (2000).
  35. ^ McSeveney (1986), p. 139.
  36. ^ a b c Trefousse (2000).
  37. ^ McPherson (a) (2000).
  38. ^ Hoogenboom (2000).
  39. ^ Peskin (2000).
  40. ^ Reeves (2000).
  41. ^ Greenberger (2017), pp. 174–175.
  42. ^ a b Campbell (2000).
  43. ^ Spetter (2000).
  44. ^ Gould (a) (2000).
  45. ^ Harbaugh (2000).
  46. ^ Abbott (2005), pp. 639–640.
  47. ^ Gould (b) (2000).
  48. ^ Ambrosius (2000).
  49. ^ Hawley (2000).
  50. ^ McCoy (2000).
  51. ^ Senate.
  52. ^ Hoff (a) (2000).
  53. ^ Brinkley (2000).
  54. ^ Hamby (2000).
  55. ^ Abbott (2005), p. 636.
  56. ^ Ambrose (2000).
  57. ^ Parmet (2000).
  58. ^ Gardner (2000).
  59. ^ Abbott (2005), p. 633.
  60. ^ Hoff (b) (2000).
  61. ^ a b Greene (2013).
  62. ^ whitehouse.gov (a).
  63. ^ Schaller (2004).
  64. ^ whitehouse.gov (b).
  65. ^ whitehouse.gov (c).
  66. ^ whitehouse.gov (d).
  67. ^ whitehouse.gov (e).
  68. ^ whitehouse.gov (f).

Works cited

[edit]

General

  • Guide to U.S. Elections. SAGE Publications. 2010. ISBN 978-1-60426-536-1.
  • "Chronological List of Presidents, First Ladies, and Vice Presidents of the United States". Library of Congress. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  • "Presidents". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2022.

Expert studies

Presidential biographies

Online sources

[edit]
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