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List of halal and kosher fish

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This is a list of fish that are considered both halal, by Muslims according to sharia, and kosher, by Jews according to halakha.

Inclusion criteria

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Halal

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Sunni

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In Sunni Islam, there are two general schools of thought. Most Sunni Muslim schools of jurisprudence (Shafi'i, Hanbali, and Maliki) hold as a general rule that all "sea game" (animals of the sea) are permissible to eat with a few minor exceptions. Thus, for example, the local dish Laksa (which includes meats such as shrimp and squid with a soup base made from shrimp paste), is deemed permissible in the Shafi'i Sunni Muslim majority nations of Indonesia and Malaysia where it is commonly consumed.

Hanafi
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In the Hanafi school, one of the four Sunni schools, only "fish" (as opposed to all "sea game") are permissible, including eel, croaker and hagfish.

Any other sea (or water) creatures which are not fish, therefore, are also makruh (detestable/abominable, but not strictly forbidden) whether they breathe oxygen from water through gills (such as prawns, lobsters and crabs, which are crustaceans), molluscs such as clams, octopus, mussels and squid, especially if they breathe oxygen from air through lungs (such as sea turtles and sea snakes which are reptiles, dolphins and whales which are mammals, or semi-aquatic animals like penguins which are birds, saltwater crocodiles which are reptiles, seals which are mammals, and frogs which are amphibians).[1]

Shia

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Under the Ja'fari jurisprudence followed by most Shia Muslims (including most Twelvers and Ismailis, the largest extant Shia sects), only certain fish are considered permissible for consumption. Any fish without scales are haram (forbidden) but fish that do have scales are permissible.[2] Shia scholars tend to teach that no other aquatic creatures are halal, with the exception of certain edible aquatic crustaceans (e.g. shrimp but not crab),[3][4][5] which are also Halal like scaled fish.

The Ja'fari Shia Islam rules are approximately equivalent to kashrut rules. The two are generally the least inclusive:

  • Both traditions require true fish scales. Specifically, Jafari Shia Islam excludes octopus exoskeleton,[6][7] and Judaism requires visible scales.[8]
  • Judaism additionally requires fins, a rule that serves to limit the scope to true fish, and exclude animals with exoskeletons that may be interpreted as scales, such as shrimp.[8] All true fish with scales have fins, but the converse is not true.

All fish in this article have true (visible) fish scales, an endoskeleton, fins, and gills (as opposed to lungs). The requirement for gills is not part of any religious rule, but biologically it is an identifying characteristic of true fish. Any animal lacking any of the latter three features is not a fish, and is therefore not valid for this article.[9]: 343 

The rules are relaxed in some Islamic schools of thought, both Shia and Sunni. Some have looser definitions which include the exoskeleton of crustaceans as "scales", others yet include the softer exoskeletons of prawns as "scales" but exclude the harder exoskeletons of lobsters. They also differ in the definition of fish, some adopting a loose definition to include all water life ("sea game").

Kosher

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According to the chok or divine decrees of the Torah and the Talmud, for a fish to be declared kosher, it must have scales and fins.[8]

The definition of "scale" differs from the definitions presented in biology, in that the scales of a kosher fish must be visible to the eye, present in the adult form, and can be easily removed from the skin either by hand or scaling knife.[8]

Thus, a grass carp, mirror carp, and salmon are kosher, whereas a shark, whose "scales" are microscopic dermal denticles, a sturgeon, whose scutes cannot be easily removed without cutting them out of the body, and a swordfish, which loses all of its scales as an adult, are all not kosher.[8][10][11]

When a kosher fish is removed from the water, it is considered "slaughtered", and it is unnecessary to ritually kill it in the manner of kosher livestock. However, kosher law explicitly forbids the consumption of a fish while it is still alive.[8]

Fish with dairy

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Although Joseph Karo of Safed, in his 16th-century legal commentary the Beit Yosef, considers eating milk and fish together to be a health risk,[12] Karo does not mention a prohibition of eating dairy and fish together in the Shulchan Aruch.[13]

Most rabbinic authorities from that time onwards, including almost all Ashkenazi ones, have ruled that this was a scribal error, and there is neither Talmudic basis nor any other rabbinical precedent for prohibiting milk and fish, and thus permit such mixtures. Indeed, two passages in the Babylonian Talmud implicitly state that it is entirely permissible.[14]

Nevertheless, since Karo and other rabbis wrote that milk and fish should not be mixed, there are some Jewish communities whose practice is not to mix them.[15] The Chabad custom is not to eat fish together with actual milk, but to permit it where other dairy products are involved, so that adding a touch of butter or cream to the milk is sufficient to permit mixing it with fish.[16]

List of permitted fish

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References

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  1. ^ * Muhammad ibn Adam. "Sea Food in the Four Madhahib". Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  2. ^ "Is Shrimp Halal?". Halal Guidance. 6 July 2022. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021.
  3. ^ "List of Halal Seafood (Shrimp)". Halal Guidance. 7 July 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  4. ^ Al-Raad, Abdur Raqeeb (20 June 2022). "Is Crab Halal or Haram? (Truth Explained)". Halal Wisdom. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  5. ^ Al-Raad, Abdur Raqeeb (13 June 2021). "Is Shrimp Halal or Haram? (Truth Explained) | HalalWisdom". Halal Wisdom. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  6. ^ Common Halal and Non-Halal Sea Foods. Al-Islam.org. Retrieved on 25 April 2015
  7. ^ Food & Drink - Permitted & Prohibited - Islamic-laws.com. Retrieved on 25 April 2015.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Aryeh Citron, "All About Kosher Fish"
  9. ^ Margolese, Faranak (2005). Off the Derech: Why Observant Jews Leave Judaism : How to Respond to the Challenge. Createspace.
  10. ^ Many authorities deem swordfish kosher; see "It is a widespread custom among all Jews to eat swordfish".
  11. ^ "What Is a Dermal Denticle?". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  12. ^ "Beit Yosef, Yoreh Deah 87:5:1". Sefaria (in Hebrew). Retrieved 26 January 2023. ["Fish and locust are permissible to eat with dairy... In any case, one shouldn't eat them [fish or locust] with dairy because it is dangerous. In persian and Islamic traditional medicine it is the same, known as causing ' vitiligo' and other immunologic diseases.]
  13. ^ Jachter, Rabbi Haim (25 August 2016). "A Sephardi Refusing Bagels, Lox and Cream Cheese? Why?". jewishlinknj.com. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  14. ^ Chullin 76b, 111b
  15. ^ Brody, Shlomo (25 February 2011). "Ask the Rabbi: On eating fish with milk". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  16. ^ Posner, Menachem. "May Fish be Consumed with Dairy? Is Lox and Cream Cheese Kosher?". chabad.org.
  17. ^ "Common Kosher and Non Kosher Fish". The Kashrut Authority (Australia). (uses common names)
  18. ^ "Kosher Fish List". Chabad.org. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  19. ^ "List of Halal Fish - Halal Fish List Guide With Fish Names List". Hajj Guides. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
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