1924 United States presidential election in Virginia
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| Elections in Virginia |
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The 1924 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 4, 1924. Voters chose 12 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
The 1900s had seen Virginia, like all former Confederate States, almost completely disenfranchise its black and poor white populations through the use of a cumulative poll tax and literacy tests.[1] So severe was the disenfranchising effect of the new 1902 Constitution that the electorate for the 1904 presidential election was halved compared to that of previous elections, and it has been calculated that a third of those who voted were state employees and officeholders.[1]
This limited electorate meant Virginian politics was controlled by political machines based in Southside Virginia — firstly one led by Thomas Staples Martin and after he died the Byrd Organization. Progressive “antiorganization” factions were rendered impotent by the inability of almost all their potential electorate to vote.[2] Unlike the Deep South, historical fusion with the “Readjuster” Democrats,[3] defection of substantial proportions of the Northeast-aligned white electorate of the Shenandoah Valley and Southwest Virginia over free silver,[4] and an early move towards a “lily white” Jim Crow party[3] meant that in general elections the Republicans retained around one-third of the small statewide electorate,[5] with the majority of GOP support located in the western part of the state. However, in many areas — like in Tennessee during the same era — the parties avoided competition by an agreed division over local offices.[2]
Virginia was less affected than Oklahoma, Tennessee or North Carolina by the upheavals of World War I and the Nineteenth Amendment, although there was an unsuccessful challenge to lily-white control of the state's Republican Party in 1921.[3]
During the prolonged national convention, Virginia delegates supported favorite son Senator Carter Glass, who had virtually no support elsewhere.[6] Ultimately the nomination went to a compromise candidate in Wall Street lawyer and former United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom John W. Davis of West Virginia. Although West Virginia was a border state whose limited African-American population had not been disenfranchised,[7] Davis did share the extreme social conservatism of Southern Democrats of his era; he supported poll taxes and opposed women's suffrage.[8] In addition, Davis, like Coolidge, favored strictly limited government.[8][9] At the same time a progressive third-party run was predicted as early as winter 1923–24, and ultimately Wisconsin Senator Robert M. La Follette Sr. would be nominated by the “Committee for Progressive Political Action”.[10]
Neither Davis, La Follette, nor Republican nominee, incumbent President Calvin Coolidge campaigned in the state, which was always viewed as certain to go for Davis after having voted Democratic at every election since 1876. A Digest poll at the end of October, which included votes for some candidates not on the ballot, had Davis winning by 22.5 percentage points,[11] a figure which understated his final margin of 29.69 points or a 6.22-point improvement from James M. Cox in 1920. Progressive Party candidate La Follette would relegate Davis to third in twelve states and carry his home state of Wisconsin, but had very little appeal amongst Virginia's restricted electorate, reaching double digits in only four counties and six independent cities. Overall Virginia was La Follette's sixth-weakest state[a] after South Carolina, North Carolina, Mississippi, Tennessee and Rhode Island.
Until 2016, this was the last presidential election where a Democrat carried Virginia without winning the presidency, and was the last time that a Democrat who lost the popular vote has carried the state until 2024 (a hundred years later).
Results
[edit]| 1924 United States presidential election in Virginia[12] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes | |
| Democratic | John W. Davis | 139,797 | 62.49% | 12 | |
| Republican | Calvin Coolidge (inc.) | 73,359 | 32.79% | 0 | |
| Progressive | Robert M. La Follette | 10,379 | 4.64% | 0 | |
| Socialist Labor | Frank T. Johns | 191 | 0.09% | 0 | |
| Totals | 223,726 | 100.00% | 12 | ||
Results by county
[edit]| 1924 United States presidential election in Virginia by counties and independent cities[13][14] | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| County or Independent City | John William Davis Democratic |
John Calvin Coolidge Republican |
Robert M. La Follette Sr. Progressive |
Frank Tetes Johns Socialist Labor |
Margin | Total votes cast | |||||
| # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
| Accomack County | 2,087 | 85.92% | 307 | 12.64% | 32 | 1.32% | 3 | 0.12% | 1,780 | 73.28% | 2,429 |
| Albemarle County | 1,383 | 76.75% | 366 | 20.31% | 52 | 2.89% | 1 | 0.06% | 1,017 | 56.44% | 1,802 |
| Alleghany County | 589 | 36.11% | 856 | 52.48% | 183 | 11.22% | 3 | 0.18% | -267 | -16.37% | 1,631 |
| Amelia County | 372 | 68.89% | 153 | 28.33% | 15 | 2.78% | 0 | 0.00% | 219 | 40.56% | 540 |
| Amherst County | 1,092 | 82.29% | 129 | 9.72% | 105 | 7.91% | 1 | 0.08% | 963 | 72.57% | 1,327 |
| Appomattox County | 952 | 88.72% | 101 | 9.41% | 18 | 1.68% | 2 | 0.19% | 851 | 79.31% | 1,073 |
| Arlington County | 1,209 | 41.39% | 1,307 | 44.74% | 405 | 13.87% | 0 | 0.00% | -98 | -3.36% | 2,921 |
| Augusta County | 1,920 | 58.81% | 1,265 | 38.74% | 78 | 2.39% | 2 | 0.06% | 655 | 20.06% | 3,265 |
| Bath County | 404 | 48.38% | 407 | 48.74% | 24 | 2.87% | 0 | 0.00% | -3 | -0.36% | 835 |
| Bedford County | 1,811 | 79.64% | 432 | 19.00% | 31 | 1.36% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,379 | 60.64% | 2,274 |
| Bland County | 604 | 49.55% | 609 | 49.96% | 4 | 0.33% | 2 | 0.16% | -5 | -0.41% | 1,219 |
| Botetourt County | 1,427 | 51.82% | 1,264 | 45.90% | 61 | 2.21% | 2 | 0.07% | 163 | 5.92% | 2,754 |
| Brunswick County | 887 | 90.33% | 65 | 6.62% | 30 | 3.05% | 0 | 0.00% | 822 | 83.71% | 982 |
| Buchanan County | 870 | 44.25% | 1,080 | 54.93% | 14 | 0.71% | 2 | 0.10% | -210 | -10.68% | 1,966 |
| Buckingham County | 623 | 73.21% | 213 | 25.03% | 15 | 1.76% | 0 | 0.00% | 410 | 48.18% | 851 |
| Campbell County | 1,468 | 74.03% | 372 | 18.76% | 142 | 7.16% | 1 | 0.05% | 1,096 | 55.27% | 1,983 |
| Caroline County | 840 | 77.56% | 223 | 20.59% | 20 | 1.85% | 0 | 0.00% | 617 | 56.97% | 1,083 |
| Carroll County | 1,257 | 41.68% | 1,743 | 57.79% | 14 | 0.46% | 2 | 0.07% | -486 | -16.11% | 3,016 |
| Charles City County | 141 | 60.78% | 82 | 35.34% | 8 | 3.45% | 1 | 0.43% | 59 | 25.43% | 232 |
| Charlotte County | 1,006 | 80.87% | 154 | 12.38% | 84 | 6.75% | 0 | 0.00% | 852 | 68.49% | 1,244 |
| Chesterfield County | 967 | 73.04% | 282 | 21.30% | 75 | 5.66% | 0 | 0.00% | 685 | 51.74% | 1,324 |
| Clarke County | 687 | 88.19% | 76 | 9.76% | 15 | 1.93% | 1 | 0.13% | 611 | 78.43% | 779 |
| Craig County | 512 | 61.46% | 300 | 36.01% | 19 | 2.28% | 2 | 0.24% | 212 | 25.45% | 833 |
| Culpeper County | 876 | 79.06% | 190 | 17.15% | 42 | 3.79% | 0 | 0.00% | 686 | 61.91% | 1,108 |
| Cumberland County | 398 | 81.72% | 61 | 12.53% | 28 | 5.75% | 0 | 0.00% | 337 | 69.20% | 487 |
| Dickenson County | 1,618 | 53.10% | 1,294 | 42.47% | 119 | 3.91% | 16 | 0.53% | 324 | 10.63% | 3,047 |
| Dinwiddie County | 685 | 82.53% | 122 | 14.70% | 23 | 2.77% | 0 | 0.00% | 563 | 67.83% | 830 |
| Elizabeth City County | 698 | 63.22% | 312 | 28.26% | 88 | 7.97% | 6 | 0.54% | 386 | 34.96% | 1,104 |
| Essex County | 315 | 82.03% | 60 | 15.63% | 9 | 2.34% | 0 | 0.00% | 255 | 66.41% | 384 |
| Fairfax County | 1,586 | 62.20% | 765 | 30.00% | 195 | 7.65% | 4 | 0.16% | 821 | 32.20% | 2,550 |
| Fauquier County | 1,277 | 74.55% | 345 | 20.14% | 89 | 5.20% | 2 | 0.12% | 932 | 54.41% | 1,713 |
| Floyd County | 515 | 34.04% | 984 | 65.04% | 13 | 0.86% | 1 | 0.07% | -469 | -31.00% | 1,513 |
| Fluvanna County | 452 | 73.26% | 136 | 22.04% | 27 | 4.38% | 2 | 0.32% | 316 | 51.22% | 617 |
| Franklin County | 1,902 | 63.55% | 1,077 | 35.98% | 13 | 0.43% | 1 | 0.03% | 825 | 27.56% | 2,993 |
| Frederick County | 1,314 | 71.92% | 484 | 26.49% | 29 | 1.59% | 0 | 0.00% | 830 | 45.43% | 1,827 |
| Giles County | 1,319 | 59.15% | 852 | 38.21% | 58 | 2.60% | 1 | 0.04% | 467 | 20.94% | 2,230 |
| Gloucester County | 616 | 84.38% | 109 | 14.93% | 5 | 0.68% | 0 | 0.00% | 507 | 69.45% | 730 |
| Goochland County | 394 | 65.89% | 164 | 27.42% | 40 | 6.69% | 0 | 0.00% | 230 | 38.46% | 598 |
| Grayson County | 1,611 | 52.37% | 1,442 | 46.88% | 20 | 0.65% | 3 | 0.10% | 169 | 5.49% | 3,076 |
| Greene County | 285 | 53.27% | 240 | 44.86% | 8 | 1.50% | 2 | 0.37% | 45 | 8.41% | 535 |
| Greensville County | 417 | 72.77% | 132 | 23.04% | 23 | 4.01% | 1 | 0.17% | 285 | 49.74% | 573 |
| Halifax County | 2,245 | 84.24% | 374 | 14.03% | 45 | 1.69% | 1 | 0.04% | 1,871 | 70.21% | 2,665 |
| Hanover County | 732 | 80.88% | 135 | 14.92% | 38 | 4.20% | 0 | 0.00% | 597 | 65.97% | 905 |
| Henrico County | 1,052 | 65.55% | 416 | 25.92% | 132 | 8.22% | 5 | 0.31% | 636 | 39.63% | 1,605 |
| Henry County | 1,097 | 64.64% | 565 | 33.29% | 35 | 2.06% | 0 | 0.00% | 532 | 31.35% | 1,697 |
| Highland County | 508 | 52.26% | 454 | 46.71% | 10 | 1.03% | 0 | 0.00% | 54 | 5.56% | 972 |
| Isle of Wight County | 631 | 76.30% | 190 | 22.97% | 6 | 0.73% | 0 | 0.00% | 441 | 53.33% | 827 |
| James City County | 173 | 72.08% | 54 | 22.50% | 13 | 5.42% | 0 | 0.00% | 119 | 49.58% | 240 |
| King and Queen County | 314 | 69.47% | 134 | 29.65% | 4 | 0.88% | 0 | 0.00% | 180 | 39.82% | 452 |
| King George County | 280 | 55.67% | 206 | 40.95% | 16 | 3.18% | 1 | 0.20% | 74 | 14.71% | 503 |
| King William County | 372 | 69.79% | 148 | 27.77% | 13 | 2.44% | 0 | 0.00% | 224 | 42.03% | 533 |
| Lancaster County | 564 | 84.43% | 90 | 13.47% | 14 | 2.10% | 0 | 0.00% | 474 | 70.96% | 668 |
| Lee County | 2,376 | 48.04% | 2,456 | 49.66% | 112 | 2.26% | 2 | 0.04% | -80 | -1.62% | 4,946 |
| Loudoun County | 1,794 | 88.33% | 152 | 7.48% | 82 | 4.04% | 3 | 0.15% | 1,642 | 80.85% | 2,031 |
| Louisa County | 707 | 67.59% | 282 | 26.96% | 57 | 5.45% | 0 | 0.00% | 425 | 40.63% | 1,046 |
| Lunenburg County | 686 | 66.22% | 130 | 12.55% | 219 | 21.14% | 1 | 0.10% | 467[b] | 45.08% | 1,036 |
| Madison County | 589 | 60.66% | 347 | 35.74% | 35 | 3.60% | 0 | 0.00% | 242 | 24.92% | 971 |
| Mathews County | 678 | 76.78% | 195 | 22.08% | 10 | 1.13% | 0 | 0.00% | 483 | 54.70% | 883 |
| Mecklenburg County | 1,649 | 84.30% | 286 | 14.62% | 20 | 1.02% | 1 | 0.05% | 1,363 | 69.68% | 1,956 |
| Middlesex County | 438 | 83.75% | 78 | 14.91% | 7 | 1.34% | 0 | 0.00% | 360 | 68.83% | 523 |
| Montgomery County | 1,142 | 52.65% | 964 | 44.44% | 63 | 2.90% | 0 | 0.00% | 178 | 8.21% | 2,169 |
| Nansemond County | 539 | 82.67% | 99 | 15.18% | 13 | 1.99% | 1 | 0.15% | 440 | 67.48% | 652 |
| Nelson County | 1,042 | 72.82% | 350 | 24.46% | 36 | 2.52% | 3 | 0.21% | 692 | 48.36% | 1,431 |
| New Kent County | 178 | 63.80% | 86 | 30.82% | 15 | 5.38% | 0 | 0.00% | 92 | 32.97% | 279 |
| Norfolk County | 1,000 | 73.05% | 289 | 21.11% | 77 | 5.62% | 3 | 0.22% | 711 | 51.94% | 1,369 |
| Northampton County | 941 | 81.19% | 180 | 15.53% | 38 | 3.28% | 0 | 0.00% | 761 | 65.66% | 1,159 |
| Northumberland County | 589 | 80.80% | 130 | 17.83% | 10 | 1.37% | 0 | 0.00% | 459 | 62.96% | 729 |
| Nottoway County | 840 | 72.35% | 181 | 15.59% | 140 | 12.06% | 0 | 0.00% | 659 | 56.76% | 1,161 |
| Orange County | 834 | 78.09% | 181 | 16.95% | 53 | 4.96% | 0 | 0.00% | 653 | 61.14% | 1,068 |
| Page County | 1,015 | 49.34% | 885 | 43.02% | 155 | 7.54% | 2 | 0.10% | 130 | 6.32% | 2,057 |
| Patrick County | 1,138 | 58.90% | 783 | 40.53% | 11 | 0.57% | 0 | 0.00% | 355 | 18.37% | 1,932 |
| Pittsylvania County | 2,563 | 72.08% | 880 | 24.75% | 113 | 3.18% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,683 | 47.33% | 3,556 |
| Powhatan County | 247 | 67.12% | 110 | 29.89% | 11 | 2.99% | 0 | 0.00% | 137 | 37.23% | 368 |
| Prince Edward County | 714 | 82.73% | 140 | 16.22% | 9 | 1.04% | 0 | 0.00% | 574 | 66.51% | 863 |
| Prince George County | 279 | 73.23% | 90 | 23.62% | 12 | 3.15% | 0 | 0.00% | 189 | 49.61% | 381 |
| Prince William County | 847 | 72.39% | 269 | 22.99% | 52 | 4.44% | 2 | 0.17% | 578 | 49.40% | 1,170 |
| Princess Anne County | 690 | 80.42% | 137 | 15.97% | 31 | 3.61% | 0 | 0.00% | 553 | 64.45% | 858 |
| Pulaski County | 1,767 | 53.84% | 1,422 | 43.33% | 90 | 2.74% | 3 | 0.09% | 345 | 10.51% | 3,282 |
| Rappahannock County | 395 | 78.22% | 89 | 17.62% | 21 | 4.16% | 0 | 0.00% | 306 | 60.59% | 505 |
| Richmond County | 340 | 72.19% | 125 | 26.54% | 6 | 1.27% | 0 | 0.00% | 215 | 45.65% | 471 |
| Roanoke County | 1,078 | 57.04% | 695 | 36.77% | 115 | 6.08% | 2 | 0.11% | 383 | 20.26% | 1,890 |
| Rockbridge County | 1,394 | 65.38% | 680 | 31.89% | 58 | 2.72% | 0 | 0.00% | 714 | 33.49% | 2,132 |
| Rockingham County | 2,041 | 49.38% | 1,982 | 47.96% | 100 | 2.42% | 10 | 0.24% | 59 | 1.43% | 4,133 |
| Russell County | 2,554 | 57.03% | 1,848 | 41.27% | 73 | 1.63% | 3 | 0.07% | 706 | 15.77% | 4,478 |
| Scott County | 2,177 | 44.32% | 2,666 | 54.28% | 67 | 1.36% | 2 | 0.04% | -489 | -9.96% | 4,912 |
| Shenandoah County | 2,186 | 48.18% | 2,214 | 48.80% | 134 | 2.95% | 3 | 0.07% | -28 | -0.62% | 4,537 |
| Smyth County | 1,907 | 45.71% | 2,232 | 53.50% | 31 | 0.74% | 2 | 0.05% | -325 | -7.79% | 4,172 |
| Southampton County | 1,119 | 79.70% | 203 | 14.46% | 82 | 5.84% | 0 | 0.00% | 916 | 65.24% | 1,404 |
| Spotsylvania County | 448 | 60.87% | 255 | 34.65% | 32 | 4.35% | 1 | 0.14% | 193 | 26.22% | 736 |
| Stafford County | 450 | 48.44% | 433 | 46.61% | 43 | 4.63% | 3 | 0.32% | 17 | 1.83% | 929 |
| Surry County | 388 | 77.29% | 72 | 14.34% | 42 | 8.37% | 0 | 0.00% | 316 | 62.95% | 502 |
| Sussex County | 607 | 81.26% | 132 | 17.67% | 8 | 1.07% | 0 | 0.00% | 475 | 63.59% | 747 |
| Tazewell County | 2,568 | 46.89% | 2,631 | 48.04% | 272 | 4.97% | 6 | 0.11% | -63 | -1.15% | 5,477 |
| Warren County | 699 | 78.72% | 150 | 16.89% | 38 | 4.28% | 1 | 0.11% | 549 | 61.82% | 888 |
| Warwick County | 248 | 76.78% | 58 | 17.96% | 16 | 4.95% | 1 | 0.31% | 190 | 58.82% | 323 |
| Washington County | 3,083 | 51.20% | 2,848 | 47.30% | 83 | 1.38% | 7 | 0.12% | 235 | 3.90% | 6,021 |
| Westmoreland County | 484 | 73.89% | 157 | 23.97% | 14 | 2.14% | 0 | 0.00% | 327 | 49.92% | 655 |
| Wise County | 4,157 | 50.55% | 3,322 | 40.39% | 736 | 8.95% | 9 | 0.11% | 835 | 10.15% | 8,224 |
| Wythe County | 1,899 | 48.12% | 1,996 | 50.58% | 49 | 1.24% | 2 | 0.05% | -97 | -2.46% | 3,946 |
| York County | 305 | 77.22% | 75 | 18.99% | 15 | 3.80% | 0 | 0.00% | 230 | 58.23% | 395 |
| Alexandria City | 1,136 | 57.96% | 556 | 28.37% | 266 | 13.57% | 2 | 0.10% | 580 | 29.59% | 1,960 |
| Bristol City | 1,036 | 68.79% | 440 | 29.22% | 29 | 1.93% | 1 | 0.07% | 596 | 39.58% | 1,506 |
| Buena Vista City | 235 | 59.95% | 149 | 38.01% | 8 | 2.04% | 0 | 0.00% | 86 | 21.94% | 392 |
| Charlottesville City | 831 | 71.64% | 218 | 18.79% | 108 | 9.31% | 3 | 0.26% | 613 | 52.84% | 1,160 |
| Clifton Forge City | 447 | 46.90% | 225 | 23.61% | 281 | 29.49% | 0 | 0.00% | 166[b] | 17.42% | 953 |
| Danville City | 1,577 | 70.37% | 473 | 21.11% | 187 | 8.34% | 4 | 0.18% | 1,104 | 49.26% | 2,241 |
| Fredericksburg City | 558 | 68.97% | 223 | 27.56% | 27 | 3.34% | 1 | 0.12% | 335 | 41.41% | 809 |
| Hampton City | 471 | 76.59% | 129 | 20.98% | 15 | 2.44% | 0 | 0.00% | 342 | 55.61% | 615 |
| Harrisonburg City | 624 | 49.13% | 631 | 49.69% | 15 | 1.18% | 0 | 0.00% | -7 | -0.55% | 1,270 |
| Hopewell City | 277 | 56.42% | 206 | 41.96% | 8 | 1.63% | 0 | 0.00% | 71 | 14.46% | 491 |
| Lynchburg City | 2,086 | 74.08% | 602 | 21.38% | 128 | 4.55% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,484 | 52.70% | 2,816 |
| Newport News City | 1,574 | 56.56% | 917 | 32.95% | 289 | 10.38% | 3 | 0.11% | 657 | 23.61% | 2,783 |
| Norfolk City | 5,061 | 63.87% | 2,447 | 30.88% | 411 | 5.19% | 5 | 0.06% | 2,614 | 32.99% | 7,924 |
| Petersburg City | 1,331 | 83.45% | 228 | 14.29% | 32 | 2.01% | 4 | 0.25% | 1,103 | 69.15% | 1,595 |
| Portsmouth City | 2,206 | 64.26% | 624 | 18.18% | 595 | 17.33% | 8 | 0.23% | 1,582 | 46.08% | 3,433 |
| Radford City | 394 | 48.82% | 314 | 38.91% | 99 | 12.27% | 0 | 0.00% | 80 | 9.91% | 807 |
| Richmond City | 9,904 | 73.79% | 2,600 | 19.37% | 907 | 6.76% | 10 | 0.07% | 7,304 | 54.42% | 13,421 |
| Roanoke City | 3,930 | 61.07% | 1,747 | 27.15% | 755 | 11.73% | 3 | 0.05% | 2,183 | 33.92% | 6,435 |
| South Norfolk City | 281 | 64.01% | 134 | 30.52% | 24 | 5.47% | 0 | 0.00% | 147 | 33.49% | 439 |
| Staunton City | 1,022 | 63.52% | 549 | 34.12% | 38 | 2.36% | 0 | 0.00% | 473 | 29.40% | 1,609 |
| Suffolk City | 557 | 73.29% | 179 | 23.55% | 24 | 3.16% | 0 | 0.00% | 378 | 49.74% | 760 |
| Williamsburg City | 196 | 85.96% | 31 | 13.60% | 0 | 0.00% | 1 | 0.44% | 165 | 72.37% | 228 |
| Winchester City | 820 | 65.18% | 420 | 33.39% | 18 | 1.43% | 0 | 0.00% | 400 | 31.80% | 1,258 |
| Totals | 139,717 | 62.48% | 73,328 | 32.79% | 10,369 | 4.64% | 189 | 0.08% | 66,389 | 29.69% | 223,603 |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ This excludes Louisiana where La Follette was not on the ballot at all, though he received an undocumented number of votes as a write-in candidate.
- ^ a b In this county or city where La Follette ran second ahead of Coolidge, the margin given is that between Davis and La Follette
References
[edit]- ^ a b Kousser, J. Morgan (1974). The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910. Yale University Press. pp. 178–181. ISBN 0-300-01696-4.
- ^ a b Key, Valdimer Orlando (1949). Southern Politics in State and Nation. pp. 20–25.
- ^ a b c Heersink, Boris; Jenkins, Jeffrey A. (March 19, 2020). Republican Party Politics and the American South, 1865-1968. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–221. ISBN 978-1107158436.
- ^ Moger, Allen. "The Rift in Virginia Democracy in 1896". The Journal of Southern History. 4 (3): 295–317. doi:10.2307/2191291. JSTOR 2191291.
- ^ Phillips, Kevin P.; The Emerging Republican Majority, pp. 210, 242 ISBN 978-0-691-16324-6
- ^ "How the States Voted in Convention". York Daily Record. York, Pennsylvania. July 7, 1924. p. 10.
- ^ Ranney, Joseph A. (October 30, 2006). In the Wake of Slavery: Civil War, Civil Rights, and the Reconstruction of Southern Law. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 141. ISBN 0275989720.
- ^ a b Newman, Roger K. (January 2009). The Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law. Yale University Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0300113006.
- ^ "The humility of 1924 presidential nominees offers path to more optimistic future". Carolina Journal. Retrieved February 1, 2022.
- ^ Richardson, Danny G. (2008). Others: "Fighting Bob" La Follette and the Progressive Movement: Third-Party Politics in the 1920s. iUniverse. pp. 180–183. ISBN 978-0595481262.
- ^ "Total on Digest Poll Gives Coolidge Victory: Concession of All States Where Straw Vote Was Close Still Leaves Him 327 Electors". Boston Daily Globe. Boston. October 31, 1924. p. 13.
- ^ "Statistics of the Congressional and Presidential Election of November 4, 1924" (PDF). Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. p. 21.
- ^ Robinson, Edgar Eugene; The Presidential Vote 1896-1932, pp. 354-361 ISBN 9780804716963
- ^ "Popular Vote for Robert LaFollette". Géoelections. (.xlsx file for €15)
