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In this Korean name, the family name is Yoon.

His Excellency
Yoon Suk Yeol
윤석열
Head shot of Yoon in front of a gray background, wearing a dark suit jacket with a white shirt and a blue and pink patterned necktie.
Official portrait, 2022
President of South Korea
Incumbent
Assumed office
10 May 2022[1]
Powers and duties suspended
since 14 December 2024[a]
Prime Minister
Preceded byMoon Jae-in
Prosecutor General of South Korea
In office
25 July 2019 – 4 March 2021
PresidentMoon Jae-in
Preceded byMun Mu-il [ko]
Succeeded byKim Oh-soo
Personal details
Born (1960-12-18) 18 December 1960 (age 64)
Seoul, South Korea
Political partyPeople Power (since 2021)
Other political
affiliations		Independent (before 2021)
Spouse
​
(m. 2012)​
Parent
ResidencePresidential residence
EducationSeoul National University (LLB, LLM)
ProfessionLawyer
Signature
Korean name
Hangul
윤석열
Hanja
尹錫悅
Revised RomanizationYun Seokyeol
McCune–ReischauerYun Sŏgyŏl
IPA[junsʰʌ̹ŋɲ̟ʌ̹ɭ, -ɟʌ̹ɭ][b]
Yoon Suk Yeol's voice
Yoon Suk Yeol speaks on South Korea–United States relations
Recorded 27 April 2023

Yoon Suk Yeol[b] (Korean: 윤석열; born 18 December 1960) is a South Korean lawyer and politician who has served as the president of South Korea since 2022. A member of the People Power Party (PPP), Yoon previously served as the prosecutor general of South Korea from 2019 to 2021 under his presidential predecessor, Moon Jae-in. Since 14 December 2024, Yoon has been suspended from his presidential powers following his impeachment by the National Assembly of Korea.[3] The Constitutional Court of Korea is in the process of determining whether he is permanently removed or restored to office.

Yoon was born in Seoul and earned two degrees from Seoul National University. In his capacity as chief of the Seoul Central District Prosecutor's Office, he played a key role in convicting former presidents Park Geun-hye and Lee Myung-bak of abuse of power.[4][5][6] Then-president Moon appointed Yoon prosecutor general of South Korea in 2019. During Yoon's leadership, the Supreme Prosecutor's Office conducted embattled investigations into Cho Kuk, an influential figure in the Moon administration, that led to Cho's resignation as minister of justice.[7][8] Yoon's clashes with the Moon administration until he resigned as prosecutor general in March 2021 led to his rise as a potential presidential candidate among conservative voters.

In June 2021, Yoon announced his candidacy in the 2022 South Korean presidential election. He joined the right-wing PPP in July and won its nomination in November. Considered a conservative and economically liberal politician, Yoon ran on a platform promising economic deregulation and measures such as abolishing the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family. He narrowly defeated Democratic Party nominee Lee Jae-myung by less than a percentage point on 9 March 2022 and assumed office as president on 10 May, becoming the first elected president to be born after the end to fighting in the Korean War. During his presidency, Yoon's foreign policy has been described as hawkish toward North Korea and friendlier to Japan than that of previous South Korean presidents. His handling of the Seoul Halloween crowd crush in 2022[9] and the ongoing medical crisis has attracted criticism.[10] In the 2024 parliamentary midterm elections, Yoon's party suffered an electoral defeat, which weakened his political power.[11][12] Under Yoon's tenure, South Korea has undergone democratic backsliding and a shift towards authoritarianism. He has received mostly low approval ratings as president and has been described as a lame duck.[13]

On 3 December 2024, Yoon declared martial law in South Korea, the first time it had been declared since the military dictatorship of Chun Doo-hwan in 1980. He justified the action by accusing members of the National Assembly of being pro-North Korea; however, Yoon lifted it after the National Assembly passed an emergency motion nullifying the declaration several hours after Yoon's speech.[14] Amid widespread criticism over the declaration and mass protests, an impeachment motion was introduced against Yoon on 4 December in the National Assembly,[15] though it fell short of the 200 needed to pass.[16][17][18] He was successfully impeached in a second vote on 14 December 2024, with 204 voting in favor, including 12 members of his own party.

Early life and education

Yoon in 1976 at age 16

Yoon was born in Bomun-dong, Seongbuk District, Seoul, in 1960,[19] and raised in Yeonhui-dong, Seodaemun District.[20][21] His father, Yoon Ki-jung, was born in Nonsan,[22] and was a professor emeritus of economics at Yonsei University and a full member of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea.[20] His mother, Choi Seong-ja, was born in Gangneung, and was a lecturer at Ewha Womans University before leaving the position after getting married.[20]

This article is part of
a series about
Yoon Suk Yeol
Political career
Presidency
Elections

a. ^ Suspended since 14 December 2024

Yoon attended Daegwang Elementary School and Joongrang Middle School, transferring to Choongam Middle School after finishing eighth grade. After graduating from Choongam High School [ko],[23] he studied law at Seoul National University, where he earned a Bachelor of Laws in 1983 and a Master of Laws in 1988.[24] Shortly after the Gwangju Uprising, Yoon and his colleagues held a mock trial, where he acted as a prosecutor, demanding the death penalty for President Chun Doo-hwan.[20][25] Fearing imprisonment for his role in the mock trial, Yoon fled to Gangwon Province.[26][25]

Yoon was exempted in 1982 from national service due to anisometropia.[27] Yoon later added that he was unable to obtain a driver's license because of the condition.[27] After passing the first part of the bar exam in his fourth year of university, Yoon continued to attempt the second part over the next nine years.[20][25] He eventually passed the bar in 1991,[20][23][25][28][21] in the same graduating class as Democratic Party assemblyman and minister of justice Park Beom-kye.[20]

Prosecutorial career

Early career

Yoon started his career at Daegu Public Prosecutor's Office in 1994.[20][23][25][28][21] He headed the Special Branch and Central Investigation Department, both of which investigate corruption-related cases.[20] In 1999, he arrested Assistant Commissioner Park Hui-won, who was corrupt[29][21] despite strong objections from bureaucrats in the Kim Dae-jung cabinet.[20]

In January 2002, Yoon worked briefly as a lawyer at Bae, Kim & Lee but left because he felt he was not suited to the position.[21] Upon his return as a prosecutor, he prosecuted such pro-Roh Moo-hyun figures as Ahn Hee-jung and Kang Keum-won.[20] In 2006, he apprehended Chung Mong-koo for his complicity in a slush fund case at Hyundai Motor Company.[20][21] In 2008, he worked for the independent counsel team resolving the BBK incident related to President Lee Myung-bak.[20]

In 2013, Yoon led a special investigation team that looked into the National Intelligence Service (NIS)'s involvement in the 2012 NIS public opinion manipulation scandal. Yoon sought the prosecution of the former head of the NIS, Won Sei-hoon for violating the Public Official Election Act. He accused Justice Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn of influencing his investigation.[30] As a result, he was demoted from the Seoul prosecutors' office to the Daegu and Daejeon High Prosecutors' Office.[31][30]

Yoon later became head of investigations in the special prosecutor team of Park Young-soo, which investigated allegations of the 2016 Choi Soon-sil scandal involving Choi, Samsung vice-chairman Lee Jae-yong and then-president Park Geun-hye, which led to the impeachment of the president in December 2016.[31]

On 19 May 2017, the newly elected president Moon Jae-in appointed Yoon as chief of the Seoul Central District Prosecutors' Office.[28] The prosecution indicted two former presidents Lee Myung-bak and Park Geun-hye, three former NIS chiefs, former chief justice Yang Sung-tae and more than 100 other former officials and business executives under his tenure.[32] Yoon also led an investigation into accounting fraud at Samsung.[30]

Prosecutor general

Yoon as Prosecutor General, in 2019

On 17 June 2019, Yoon was nominated as prosecutor general, replacing Moon Moo-il.[25][21] His nomination was welcomed by the ruling Democratic Party and the Party for Democracy and Peace, but was opposed by the Liberty Korea Party and the Bareunmirae Party.[33] The minor party Justice Party remained neutral.[33] On 16 July, he was officially appointed as the new prosecutor general[34] and started his term nine days later.[35] President Moon ordered him to be neutral, adding that any kind of corruption must be strictly investigated though it is related to the government.[35]

During Yoon's leadership, the Supreme Prosecutor's Office launched investigations against Minister of Justice Cho Kuk, who was involved in various scandals.[36] His decision to investigate Cho was welcomed by the conservative opposition but was condemned by the Democratic Party and its supporters.[36][37][38]

After Choo Mi-ae was appointed the new minister of justice, she took an action against several prosecutors close to Yoon.[39][40] Choo attributed her decision to Yoon's failure to submit a reorganization plan for his department, which she requested, but this was seen as retaliation by the Blue House for Cho Kuk's prosecution.[41]

In April 2020, Democratic Party lawmakers again attacked Yoon and called on him to resign as the prosecution started investigations into election law violation cases involving both ruling and opposition politicians and also suspected election rigging of the Ulsan mayoral race for Mayor Song Cheol-ho in 2018 by senior secretaries at the Blue House.[42][43][44]

Opposition politicians accused Yoon of refusing to raid the Shincheonji Church of Jesus, accused of spreading COVID-19 in South Korea, after receiving advice from a shaman.[45]

Suspension and reinstatement

On 24 November 2022, Minister of Justice Choo Mi-ae suspended Yoon from his position, citing alleged ethical violations, abuse of power, and interference in investigations of his associates and family members.[46] Yoon filed an injunction against the minister's suspension order, which was approved by the Seoul Administrative Court on 1 December, temporarily halting the suspension.[47][48] On 16 December, the Ministry of Justice then imposed a two-month suspension on Yoon, accepting four of six major charges for disciplinary action. The decision was subsequently approved by President Moon.[49] However, on 24 December, following an injunction filed at the Seoul Administrative Court, the suspension was overturned as the court accepted Yoon's claim that the process to suspend him was unfair.[50]

2022 presidential election

Main article: 2022 South Korean presidential election

Yoon had been considered a potential presidential candidate for the 2022 presidential election since the aftermath of the Cho Kuk controversies, appearing as a significant candidate in general election opinion polls since at least January 2020.[51][52] In a January 2021 poll including all possible presidential candidates, Yoon led as the most favored with 30.4 percent of the vote, more than the individual supports for the ruling Democratic Party frontrunners Lee Jae-myung and Lee Nak-yon.[53]

On 4 March 2021, Yoon tendered his resignation as the prosecutor-general, which was accepted by President Moon.[54] On 29 June 2021, Yoon officially announced his candidacy in the 2022 presidential election.[55] On 12 July, he registered with the National Election Commission as an independent candidate.[56]

Yoon Suk Yeol leaving the People Power Party (PPP) headquarters shortly after joining the party on 30 July 2021

On 30 July 2021, Yoon officially joined the conservative People Power Party (PPP), which was the main opposition party in South Korea.[56] Prior to this, Yoon had been a political independent, although his popular support came primarily from conservatives. Yoon was welcomed into the PPP by Choi Jae-hyung, a fellow 2022 presidential candidate, in a small public ceremony at the PPP headquarters located in Yeouido, Seoul. Choi was the former head of the Board of Audit and Inspection and had also just recently joined the PPP, officially having become a member on 15 July. Yoon's welcoming ceremony into the People Power Party notably did not include recently elected party leader Lee Jun-seok, who had been outside of Seoul at the time.[56]

During the primary election period, Yoon came under criticism for several perceived gaffes and controversial statements. In July, Yoon advocated for a 120-hour work week while critiquing President Moon's policy of the 52-hour maximum work week.[57] Yoon advocated deregulating food safety standards because, in his opinion, "poor people should be allowed to eat substandard food for lower prices", citing economist Milton Friedman's 1980 book Free to Choose: A Personal Statement as the inspiration for the idea.[58][59] In August, Yoon stated that South Korea's recent feminist movement was a significant contributing factor to the issue of the nation's low birth rates.[58] Later that same week, Yoon claimed during an interview with Busan Ilbo that there was "basically no radiation leak" from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster because "the reactors themselves didn't collapse".[60]

On 2 September 2021, news website Newsverse reported that during his time as prosecutor general, Yoon had allegedly ordered a senior prosecutor Son Jun-sung and politician Kim Woong to file politically motivated criminal complaints against Democratic Party politicians ahead of the 2020 legislative elections in an attempt to sway the elections.[61][62] In response to the allegations, an internal investigatory probe was launched by the Supreme Prosecutor's Office, and an investigation was launched by the recently formed Corruption Investigation Office for High-ranking Officials (CIO).[61][63] Yoon denied the allegations and reported informant Cho Sung-eun and Director of the National Intelligence Service Park Jie-won to the CIO.[62]

In early September, support for PPP primary contender Hong Joon-pyo, who had been the nominee for PPP predecessor Liberty Korea Party in the 2017 presidential election, rose sharply in polls, which made Hong the most significant contender to Yoon since the beginning of the campaign cycle. A 6 September poll of contenders across all parties showed support for Hong at 13.6%, up from 4.2% a week earlier, behind Yoon who had support at 26.4%.[64]

Yoon with then-Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly Chung Jin-suk in November 2021

During primary debates amongst PPP presidential candidates, Yoon appeared to have the hanja character for "king" written on his left palm, a shamanist talisman for good luck.[65][66][67] Yoon's primary opponents, including Hong Joon-pyo and Yoo Seong-min, criticized Yoon for using shamanist practices and made comparisons to the Choi Soon-sil scandal.[66] In response to the criticism, Yoon stated that "a supporter drew that as a message of support, encouraging me to be confident like a 'king' during the debate", and that he had forgotten to wash the mark off.[68]

In October 2021, Yoon made complimentary remarks about the former authoritarian military dictator of South Korea Chun Doo-hwan. The remarks came during a meeting with People Power Party officials in Busan, during which Yoon said that "many people still consider Chun as having done well in politics, except the military coup and the Gwangju Uprising", later adding that he believed even people in Honam, the geographic area including Gwangju, felt the same way.[69] Chun Doo-hwan, a widely maligned figure in South Korea, was responsible for numerous human rights abuses, including the torture and killings of innocent civilians. Yoon apologized for these remarks.[70] However, news media and members of the Democratic Party speculated that a picture he posted on Instagram and later deleted indicated that the apology was insincere. The photo was of him feeding an apple to his dog, where the Korean words for "apple" and "apology" (사과) are homonyms. Yoon later denied the alleged symbolism of the photo.[71] Yoon again apologized for his remarks when he visited the May 18th National Cemetery in Gwangju on 10 November, although his visit was met by protesters.[72][73]

On 5 November 2021, Yoon officially won the nomination of the People Power Party for the 2022 presidential election.[74][75] The win came after Yoon fought off a surge in support for rival candidate Hong Joon-pyo in the latter weeks of the primary. The nomination resulted from a four-day period of voting by party members and the general public. Yoon Suk Yeol won 47.85% of the votes, a total of 347,963 votes, and of the remaining candidates Hong Joon-pyo won 41.50% of the votes, Yoo Seong-min won 7.47% of the votes, and Won Hee-ryong won 3.17% of the votes.[76]

On 7 November 2021, Yoon stated that if elected president he would pardon former presidents Lee Myung-bak and Park Geun-hye, both of whom were serving lengthy prison sentences for corruption (Park Geun-hye was later pardoned by President Moon Jae-in on 24 December of that same year).[77][78]

Yoon narrowly won the 2022 presidential election that took place on 9 March 2022. Democratic Party candidate Lee Jae-myung conceded defeat in the early hours of the following day.[79][80][81] Yoon won 48.56% of the votes, while Lee Jae-Myung won 47.83% of the vote.[82] Yoon's presidential election victory was by the closest margin in South Korean history.[83]

Presidency (2022–present)

See also: Cabinet of Yoon Suk Yeol

Domestic policy

Relocation of presidential office

Yoon takes the presidential oath of office outside the National Assembly, 10 May 2022.

On 20 March 2022, Yoon announced that he would establish his presidential office in the Ministry of National Defense building in Yongsan District, Seoul, instead of the Blue House, which opened to the public as a park on 10 May 2022.[84][85] He would take office that day.[85] This marked the end of the Blue House as the official presidential office and residence after 74 years.

Economic policy

In 2023, Yoon attempted to raise South Korea's maximum weekly working hours from 52 to 69. However, widespread backlash, especially from the youth, led him to order government agencies to reconsider the plan.[86]

The minimum wage for 2025 was set at 10,030 won per hour. Some labor representatives walked out in protest, saying the increase rate was too low, but most management and public interest representatives voted to adopt the minimum wage at 10,030 won.[87]

Energy policy

Responding to widespread public concerns after the Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan, President Moon Jae-in decided to gradually phase out nuclear power in South Korea. However, the nuclear policy was again reversed in 2023 by President Yoon Suk Yeol, resuming construction of nuclear reactors and expanding nuclear output to 34.6% share of South Korea's electricity generation by 2036.[88] Yoon pledged to boost nuclear energy use and reduce carbon emissions by 40% from 2018 levels by 2030.[89]

On 17 July 2024, the Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power won the tender for the construction of two new units at Dukovany in the Czech Republic.[90] Yoon said: "We will use the Czech nuclear project as a stepping stone to further expand export opportunities for our nuclear industry."[91]

Gender equality policy

Further information: Women in South Korea

Yoon has been accused of exploiting anti-feminist sentiment for political gain.[92] Yoon has claimed that structural sexism no longer exists in South Korea.[93] He entered office with a pledge to abolish the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family.[94][95] Political conflict related to issues of gender was intense in South Korea in 2022. He announced that the new government would not address gender as a collective issue, but rather focus on and respond to specific individual issues.[94]

As of May 2022, there were only three women among the State Councilors of the Yoon Suk Yeol government and only two women among the vice-ministerial level officials. This was criticized as a lack of women's representation in the government.[96] In response to these criticisms, Yoon appointed Park Soon-ae as the Minister of Education and Kim Seung-hee as the Minister of Welfare, increasing the ratio of female-to-male ministers in the cabinet to 30%.[97] However, Park Soon-ae resigned on 5 August, just 34 days into her tenure; Yoon's approval rating had fallen from 30% to 24%, largely due to public backlash against Park's school reform plans.[98]

2022 police bureau proposal

In late July 2022, Yoon proposed the creation of a "police bureau", in order to ensure greater government oversight of the police force. In response, several police officers protested, claiming the measure was a dictatorial measure to compromise the political neutrality of the police.[99]

In response to the protests, Lee Sang-min, Yoon's Interior Minister, compared them to the 1979 Coup d'état of December Twelfth, though he later walked back the remarks. Yoon himself also criticized the protests, saying, "Like many, I am also deeply concerned about the collective protest of the police chiefs", and calling it a "serious breach" of police discipline.[99]

Following the protests, the presidential office threatened to punish police officers. Additional remarks by Yoon Hee-keun, President Yoon's choice as Commissioner General of the National Police Agency, suggesting that police should focus on wages rather than the establishment of a police bureau, further inflamed tensions.[100]

2022 Seoul crowd crush

See also: Seoul Halloween crowd crush

On 29 October 2022, at least 158 people were crushed to death when a crowd surged in an alleyway during Halloween festivities in Seoul's Itaewon district. Yoon declared a state of official national mourning.[101]

Medical crisis

See also: 2024 South Korean medical crisis

On 6 February 2024, Yoon announced that the enrollment quota for medical students would be increased from 3,058 to 5,058 students per academic year from 2025 onward.[102] The quota was last fixed in 2006.[102] The announcement was met with opposition from the medical community, with the Korea Medical Association and Korea Intern Resident Association organizing intern and resident doctor strikes and resignations since 20 February 2024.[103] They argued that the planned increase would not resolve the issues of inadequate manpower in rural areas but would increase the inequality of medical care between rural and urban areas.[104]

Yoon gave an hour-long nation address to reaffirm the quota increase and appealed to the public.[105] The government labeled the collective criticism and social advocacy of medical students, residents, and doctors as "doctors' illegal collective actions", declaring a national healthcare crisis of the highest risk level. The "Central Disaster and Safety Countermeasures Headquarters for Doctors' Collective Actions," led by the Prime Minister, was established. The Emergency Response Headquarters conducted daily public briefings, marking an unprecedentedly swift governmental response. Pro-government advertisements featured the President's commitment and included promotional videos in movie theater displays on public buses and subways. Screens inside apartment elevators criticized "emergency room ping-pong" and "pediatric clinic open run". Doctors and the medical community were villainized as a self-serving cartel, a characterization cemented by the President in a national address. This was confrontational not collaborative in healthcare reform, undermining the trust in the doctor-patient relationship.[106][107]

2024 parliamentary elections

The opposition's landslide victory in the 2024 parliamentary elections put Yoon in an even weaker position. The PPP obtained 108 seats, 36% of the National Assembly; the main opposition party, the DPK, won 175 seats in total. The remaining 17 seats are held by the other members of the 22nd Assembly.[108]

Some speak of him as a "lame duck" following this major defeat.[11][12][13] He is the first president to see an assembly unfavorable to him during a whole presidency and especially an opposition that is growing in relation to the first part of the mandate. The Chairman of the PPP Emergency Committee; Han Dong-hoon[109] resigned following the defeat and several other major government figures presented their resignation, including Yoon's Prime Minister Han Duk-soo.[110]

Yoon boycotted the opening of the inaugural session of the new National Assembly on 2 September, making him the first South Korean leader not to attend the ceremony since the restoration of democracy in 1988. His office said that he did not attend saying that the chamber "overissues demands for special prosecutor investigations and impeachments".[111]

Foreign policy

Main articles: Foreign policy of the Yoon Suk Yeol government and List of international presidential trips made by Yoon Suk Yeol
See also: Foreign relations of South Korea and Indo-Pacific Strategy of South Korea
Yoon at the 2023 NATO summit in Vilnius, Lithuania

In December 2022, Yoon administration announced the Indo-Pacific Strategy, a comprehensive strategy that encompasses the economic and security spheres of Indo-Pacific countries. "We (South Korea) will work [towards] a regional order that enables a different set of countries to cooperate and procedures together."[112] On 25 July 2023, he visited Ukraine after visiting Lithuania and Poland for the NATO summit. He visited Bucha and Irpin, cities near the capital city of Kyiv.[113] He also held the 2023 South Korea-Pacific Islands Summit and the 2024 South Korea-Africa Summit for the first time, and is also promoting the Korea-Central Asia Summit.[114]

Yoon has visited the United States, and has considered sending weapons to Ukraine following the invasion by Russia.[115]

Yoon at the seventh Global Fund meeting in New York City

In October 2023, Yoon condemned the Hamas-led attack on Israel.[116] He sought to strengthen relations with Saudi Arabia and supported the participation of South Korean companies in Saudi Arabia's Neom smart city project.[117] In February 2024, South Korea and Saudi Arabia signed a memorandum of understanding to expand defense cooperation.[118]

As of December 2023, during his tenure so far, Yoon has made trips to twenty-six countries. He has met with fellow leaders, such as during the NATO Summit Madrid 2022, APEC Summit, G20 and G7.[119]

Yoon later attended the NATO summit in Lithuania the following year.[120] He also attended the UN General Assembly and Global Fund's Seventh Replenishment Conference in New York City; he met with US President Joe Biden.[121]

G7

President Yoon attended the G7 in May 2023.

Although South Korea is not a member of the G7, it is being considered as a potential next member if the G7 expands. And the government has been promoting the G7 Plus initiative.[122] At the G7 summit in May 2023, Yoon met with the leaders of the Quad nations. He called for addressing regional challenges and providing infrastructure and development assistance. In a speech to G7 members, Yoon stressed South Korea's continued commitment to maintaining the international rule of law and the need to protect Ukraine's freedom and peace.[123]

United States

See also: South Korea-United States relations
Yoon with President Biden in the Oval Office, April 2023

During US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi's visit to South Korea, part of a larger tour of Asia, on 4 August 2022, Yoon snubbed a meeting with her, stating that he wanted to enjoy his vacation.[124][125][126]

In April 2023, Yoon and First Lady Kim Keon-hee were invited to the U.S. by politicians Kevin McCarthy and Chuck Schumer.[127] On 25 April, Yoon and Kim arrived in Washington D.C. to mark 70 years of the alliance between the Republic of Korea and the United States.[128] In a speech to the U.S. Congress on 27 April, Yoon proclaimed "we know that no matter where you sit, you stand with Korea", adding that the South Korea-U.S. relationship is "stronger than ever".[129]

Yoon with Vice President Kamala Harris and Secretary of State Antony Blinken on 27 April 2023

According to a Yonhap article published on 7 November 2024, Yoon had a twelve-minute phone call with the 45th president and the 47th president-elect of the U.S., Donald Trump, where they talked about trilateral cooperation with the US and Japan and the North Korean situation involving Ukraine.[130]

Despite U.S. President-elect Donald Trump's declaration that he will end the war in Ukraine, one analyst argued that President Yoon is making a mistake by leaving open the possibility of providing defense weapons to Ukraine. There is an opinion that, if the United States completely stops supporting Ukraine, South Korea could be left alone in the war in Ukraine with Russia as its enemy. In addition, there is an opinion that if Donald Trump sets out to improve relations with North Korea, the South Korean government's position could be extremely limited in a situation where inter-Korea relations have weakened to the point where North Korea declared two hostile countries.[131]

Japan

See also: South Korea-Japan relations
Yoon met with Prime Minister Fumio Kishida of Japan on 16 March 2023.

Yoon has been accused of having a pro-Japanese stance on historical issues and colonialism by liberals and some conservative[132][133] politicians in South Korea. Yoon Suk Yeol government has a close relationship with the "far-right"[134] Japanophilic New Right movement.[135][136][137]

Yoon Suk Yeol's government does not seek direct compensation or apology from the Japanese government and companies for victims of forced labor, a war crime committed by the Empire of Japan government and Japanese companies during World War II, but instead expresses its stance to receive voluntary donations from South Korean companies through the foundation as a solution to the 2018 South Korean Supreme Court ruling, which demanded compensation from companies and the Japanese government for past war crimes against victims who were forcibly recruited by the Japanese Empire during World War II. The DPK criticized this, saying, "It tramples on the victims and represents Japan's companies interests".[138] The Justice Party (JP) also joined DPK in 'declarations of the state of affairs' (시국선언) to criticize the Yoon Suk Yeol government.[139] As of March 2023, 11 of the 15 surviving victims opposed the Yoon Suk Yeol government's solution and demanded direct compensation from the Japanese government and companies.[140]

Yoon, Fumio Kishida and Chinese Premier Li Qiang at the 2024 China-Japan-South Korea trilateral summit on 27 May 2024

Yoon's remarks at a commemorative event related to the Samiljeol [ko] (3.1 절 or 삼일절), 1 March 2023 caused a great controversy in South Korea. Samiljeol is a national holiday that celebrates Koreans' spirit of resistance to regain their identity from colonial Japan. Yoon said, "Korea lost its national sovereignty and suffered because it was not properly prepared for historical changes in the world at the time, and we should reflect on this past." The remarks drew criticism from the opposition parties in the South Korea as "Chinil" (친일),[141] "colonialist historical perspective" (식민사관),[142] and "pro-Japanese highly submissive diplomacy" (친일 굴종외교), and he was compared to Lee Wan-yong.[143] The DPK and the JP also strongly criticized his remarks.[144]

On 16 March 2023, Prime Minister Fumio Kishida held a summit with Yoon in Tokyo to settle wartime labor disputes, among other issues.[145][146] Yoon also met with Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDP) leader Kenta Izumi, who discussed several bilateral disputes between the countries with Yoon including the Statue of Peace, which Izumi asked Yoon to remove.[147]

Yoon with Joe Biden and Japanese Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba in November 2024

On 7 May 2023, Kishida visited Seoul in a historic trip, to further deepen ties.[148] Yoon emphasized that historical issues had to be "completely settled".[149] Kishida also expressed sympathy to Korean victims of colonial Japan.[150] However, Kishida was criticized by many South Korean media because he did not "apologize" for forced labor victims during World War II and did not mention Japan's responsibility for war crimes.[151][unreliable source?][152] Some South Korean politicians also expressed strong dissatisfaction that Kishida did not apologize.[153]

Yoon and Kishida met with Biden on 18 August 2023 at Camp David in the United States. The three announced the Camp David Principles, a set of strategies to counter the influence of China, North Korea, and Russia as well as limit the risk of economic disruptions in the future.[154]

Some sources criticized the compromise between the Japanese LDP and Yoon governments to list Sado mine as a World Heritage Site, which distorted history by removing direct references to "forced labor" by Koreans.[155][156]

Ukraine

Main article: 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine
See also: Russian invasion of Ukraine and South Korea–Ukraine relations
Yoon and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy at the 2024 NATO Summit in Washington, D.C., 11 July 2024

In a Reuters interview on 19 April 2023, Yoon hinted at supplying lethal aid to Ukraine, stating, "If there is a situation the international community cannot condone, such as any large-scale attack on civilians, massacre or serious violation of the laws of war, it might be difficult for us to insist only on humanitarian or financial support." Previously, South Korea had only provided humanitarian and economic aid to Ukraine. Yoon linked the struggle in Ukraine to the Korean War when the international community supported South Korea. He added, "I believe there won't be limitations to the extent of the support to defend and restore a country that's been illegally invaded both under international and domestic law. However, considering our relationship with the parties engaged in the war and developments in the battlefield, we will take the most appropriate measures."

In response, former Russian President Dmitry Medvedev suggested that Russia could supply North Korea on a "...quid pro quo" basis.[157][158] The DPK,[159] JP,[160][161] and Progressive Party,[162] along with other liberal and progressive parties, opposed the Yoon Suk Yeol administration's policy toward Ukraine, fearing that his pro-Ukraine diplomacy would lead to Russia supporting North Korea's weapons and South Korean companies being penalized by Russia's economic sanctions.[159][160]

In July 2023, Yoon visited Ukraine after visiting Lithuania and Poland for the NATO summit. He visited Bucha and Irpin.[113] In August 2023, Yoon announced that South Korea would provide $394 million in financial aid to Ukraine for 2024, an eightfold increase from 2023.[163]

Africa

See also: Africa-South Korea relations and 2024 South Korea–Africa Summit

In his welcoming speech to the "Africa Night" held in Seoul in November 2022, President Yoon said, "Africa is a land of new opportunity", indicating his intention to strengthen cooperation with Africa. The event was attended by African ambassadors and nominees from 31 countries, and President William Ruto of Kenya.[164]

Yoon also held summit with the leaders of the Central African Republic, Nigeria, Gabon and Kenya in 2022. To accelerate the push for a South Korea-Africa FTA, Yoon said he will invite African leaders to a special summit in South Korea in 2024. "The existing ministerial-level Korea-Africa Forum will be upgraded to the head of state", he added.[165]

North Korea

See also: South Korea–North Korea relations

In November 2023, Yoon's government suspended South Korea's participation in the Comprehensive Agreement Pact – a pact aimed at lowering tensions between South and North Korea – after North Korea launched a satellite into space.[166]

Since Yoon's inauguration in 2022, Yoon's administration has continued to make strong statements and take hard-line policies against North Korea. Therefore, there is criticism directed at both the regime of South Korea and the regime of North Korea that the Korean Peninsula is facing the greatest war crisis since the Korean War.[167]

Controversies

MBC lawsuit

MBC CI

Yoon's People Power Party sued four senior executives of local broadcaster Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation, including MBC TV head Park Sung-je, on grounds of defamation after news outlets initially reported that he insulted the US Congress.[168][169] On 21 September 2022, after chatting with US President Joe Biden outside the seventh Global Fund meeting in New York City, Yoon was filmed telling his aides and top diplomats, "Wouldn't [inaudible] lose face if these saekki do not pass it in the legislature?"[170] Although the audio is hard to discern, MBC, who broke the story on air, determined in its subtitles that he said "Biden" in an apparent reference to the latter's bid to increase the American contribution to the Global Fund by $6 billion, an act that would require congressional approval. Yoon's office denies that he was talking about Biden or the US Congress. Instead, it claims that he was expressing concern that his country's opposition-controlled parliament would reject his plans for a $100 million contribution to the same fund, and his press secretary Kim Eun-hye suggested that the word he uttered was not "Biden", but "nallimyeon", a similar-sounding word that means "to blow or waste".[171] The video swiftly went viral, having been viewed repeatedly by millions. The controversy has also brought press freedom in South Korea to the public eye over the PPP's civil conduct involving MBC,[172] with some press freedom groups, including the International Federation of Journalists,[173] criticizing the lawsuit as politically motivated. A poll of 1,002 adult Koreans found his approval rating falling to 27.7 percent, a 3.7 percent drop from three weeks before, and that the majority (61.2 percent) believed Yoon said "Biden" compared to the 26.9 percent who thought he said "nallimyeon", and another poll of 1,000 adult Koreans found an even greater majority (70.8 percent) who said that he should directly apologize for his profanity versus the 27.9 percent who said he did not need to apologize.[174] The Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs sued MBC 'to restore trust in diplomacy'. This has been likened to the oppression of journalists by the Lee Myung-bak government in the past.[175]

R&D budget cut

The decision by the Yoon administration to reduce South Korea's research and development (R&D) budget by 15% for 2024 compared to the previous year has caused significant uproar among researchers. There are growing concerns that this cutback might undermine South Korea's competitiveness in the global technology sector.[176]

The move faced strong opposition, highlighted by an event at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST). A student protested the budget reduction during a graduation ceremony while President Yoon Suk-yeol was giving his speech, but was immediately restrained by bodyguards who were disguised as students.[176]

Soldier deaths

Yoon was accused of covering up for senior military officials over the deaths of one South Korean marine in 2023 and two more soldiers in 2024 by blocking bills seeking to investigate the matter. His exercise of veto power, one of the highest among South Korean presidents, led to increased confrontation with the opposition in the parliament.[177][178][179]

Allegations of favoring the New Right

Yoon has appointed people affiliated with the controversial South Korean New Right movement to prominent positions in government and public life. According to a report by Kyunghyang Shinmun, at least 21 New Right figures were holding 25 key positions in eight public institutions and committees related to Korean history under Yoon's administration.[180]

The New Right reportedly has more favorable views of the 1910–1945 Japanese colonial period. In 2024, Yoon's administration appointed people described as New Right members to the positions of director and chairman of the Independence Hall of Korea: an organization that commemorates the liberation of Korea from Japanese colonial rule. The Korea Liberation Association, an organization commemorating Korean independence, protested these decisions.[181][182] In November 2024, an event by the Korea Liberation Association was scheduled to be held at Seoul National Cemetery, but the Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs blocked the event from being held. Critics alleged that the Yoon administration was retaliating against the association for criticising the administration's New Right tendencies.[183]

First Lady political scandal

Main articles: Myung Tae-kyun and Kim Keon-hee

Yoon vetoed a special prosecutor bill on investigating allegations of corruption related to himself and his wife Kim Keon-hee. He has received criticism for this.[184]

Queen Elizabeth II's funeral

While in London for the funeral of Queen Elizabeth II, Yoon's opponents accused him of disrespect when he missed the chance to view the queen's coffin lying in state – which he blamed on traffic.[168]

Democratic backsliding and media suppression

In 2024, the Swedish V-Dem Institute reported that, under Yoon's administration, South Korea was dropping in its liberal democracy index (LDI). They described Yoon as "South Korea's Donald Trump".[185] They wrote of Yoon:[186]

[The 2021 elections] brought the right-wing and conservative Yoon Suk-yeol to power. His recent professional history already showed abuse of power. The change of president set South Korea back on a downward slope. President Yoon Suk-yeol's coercive measures to punish members of the former Moon administration, along with attacks on gender equality, set South Korea to decrease its LDI levels, forming a bell-turn. Although South Korea remains a liberal democracy at the end of 2023, Moon's efforts have been virtually neutralized.

South Korea's ranking in the World Press Freedom Index by Reporters Without Borders dropped from 47th place to 62nd place from 2023 to May 2024. This was reportedly influenced by the Yoon administration's excessive use of sanctions against media outlets and journalists that were critical of the government, such as MBC.[187] A hot mic incident reported on by an MBC journalist resulted in a police raid on the journalist's home and a retaliatory banning of MBC from access to Yoon. Other similar raids on the homes of journalists have been conducted, with the justification of criminal defamation against Yoon. Outlets that have aligned with Yoon have reportedly received preferential treatment.[95]

An MBC report alleged that Yoon was influencing investigations conducted by the police. Critics alleged that the police, under Yoon, were quick to investigate labour unions and the media, but cautious when investigating issues related to Yoon. For example, an order related to First Lady Kim Keon-hee that was issued by the National Assembly was blocked by the police.[188] In November 2024, critics alleged that police, under orders of the Yoon administration, were being used to suppress anti-government protests. According to MBC, police unsuccessfully applied for four arrest warrants for protestors.[189] Some argued that these actions contradicted a 2021 Supreme Court of Korea ruling.[190]

The frequency of government officials not attending National Assembly sessions has increased under Yoon's administration. Over a period of 1 year and 4 months from May 2022 to August 2023, there were 29 non-attendances by heads of government departments, vice ministers, and heads of affiliated organisations.[191] President Yoon has been heavily criticised for overusing the right to veto bills.[192]

In November 2024, over 3,000 professors and researchers at various universities signed a declaration asking Yoon to resign.[193][194] One interviewer speculated that the declaration was the largest such action from academics since protests during the Park Geun-hye administration.[193] On 28 November, 1,466 South Korean Catholic priests called for Yoon to be impeached. They issued a declaration titled "How can a person be like this" (어째서 사람이 이 모양인가).[195]

2024 martial law

Main article: 2024 South Korean martial law
Yoon declaring emergency martial law

On 3 December 2024, Yoon declared martial law[196] and vowed to "rebuild a democratic and free Korea" after accusing other South Korean politicians of being "communist".[197] The decree was soon declared invalid by the National Assembly in a unanimous vote of 190–0;[198][199] however, the military command stated that it would remain in place until the president lifted it.[200] Hours after the National Assembly voted to rescind martial law, Yoon complied and lifted the declaration after his cabinet convened.[201][14]

On 7 December 2024, Yoon issued an apology in a televised address following widespread criticism over his declaration of martial law. He expressed regret for the decision and assured the public that such actions would not be repeated. The incident has led to political turmoil, with opposition leaders and some ruling party members calling for his resignation.[202]

On 9 December 2024, the Ministry of Justice issued an overseas travel ban against Yoon following an investigation into allegations of rebellion linked to his brief imposition of martial law. A senior officer from the National Police Agency stated that Yoon could have faced detention if specific conditions were met. Although sitting South Korean presidents are generally immune from prosecution while in office, this immunity does not extend to accusations of rebellion or treason, leaving Yoon vulnerable to legal action over these serious charges.[203]

On 11 December 2024, South Korean police attempted to search Yoon's office as part of an investigation into his controversial declaration of martial law. The search was blocked as investigators failed to reach an agreement with the presidential security service.[204]

Calls for resignation

On the morning of 4 December 2024, following the end of martial law, a large number of Yoon's staff immediately resigned, including his Chief of Staff, Jeong Jin-seok, his Defence Minister Kim Yong-hyun, and many other presidential secretaries. Additional staff also offered to resign.[205][206] On 8 December 2024, PPP leader Han Dong-hoon stated that Yoon would resign as early as February 2025 if he remains in office.[18] A PPP special task force proposed that Yoon leave office in February or March 2025 and called for elections to replace him to be held in April or May.[207] However, on 12 December, Yoon issued a statement vowing to "fight to the end", resisting the push for his resignation,[208] and claiming the martial law declaration was a legitimate "act of governance" against "forces and criminal groups that have been responsible for paralysing the country's government".[209]

Impeachment

Main article: Impeachment of Yoon Suk Yeol

On 4 December, approximately 190 members of the National Assembly across six opposition parties submitted a motion for impeachment, with the intent to discuss it in the Assembly the following day and vote on the motion on 7 December.[210] Police opened an investigation after cases of treason were also filed against Yoon for his declaration of martial law.[211] The Democratic Party also proposed appointing a permanent special counsel to investigate Yoon for treason.[212]

On 7 December, Yoon apologized for declaring martial law, describing it as a "desperate decision made by me, the president, as the final authority responsible for state affairs" and saying that it would not be repeated.[213] He also pledged to delegate his political functions to the PPP.[214] Later that day, the impeachment vote failed after only 195 lawmakers present of the 200 needed to impeach attended the National Assembly following a boycott by all but three MPs from the PPP.[215][216]

On 9 December, the Ministry of Justice legally barred Yoon from travelling abroad.[217]

On 14 December, a second impeachment motion filed against him passed in the National Assembly after 204 lawmakers, including 12 from the PPP, voted in favor. His powers and duties were suspended and taken over temporarily by Prime Minister Han Duck-soo pending a final decision by the Constitutional Court of Korea.[218]

Public approval

See also: Opinion polling on the Yoon Suk Yeol presidency
LOESS curve of the opinion polling

Less than three months into his presidency, Yoon's approval rating dropped to less than 30 percent amidst the 2021–2023 inflation, a controversial education policy rollout (including a proposal to lower the starting elementary school age from six to five), controversies over nepotism in personnel appointments, the police bureau proposal, and conflicts within Yoon's People Power Party.[219][220] His popularity fell further to 19% in August.[221] In December, Yoon's approval rating rose back to above 40% for the first time in five months.[222] By April 2023, this has dropped back to 30%, largely due to widespread disapproval of Yoon's Japanese policy.[223] In May 2024, Yoon recorded the lowest approval rating since he took office at a rate of 21%, with his economic and foreign policy, as well as his lack of communication being cited as the main reasons for the low approval rating.[224]

In June and July 2024, over a million people signed a petition calling for Yoon to be impeached.[179][225]

Following his brief attempt to declare martial law, a poll by Gallup held from 3 to 5 December 2024 found that Yoon's approval rating had fallen to 13% in part due to the declaration of martial law.[226] A week later, Gallup found that his approval rating fell further to 11%.[227]

Political positions

Further information: Conservatism in South Korea
Yoon Suk Yeol (left) with PPP party leader Lee Jun-seok (right)
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Yoon identifies himself as "conservative".[228] Chung Doo-un, a former conservative member of parliament, has considered Yoon a conservative.[229] Political commentator Chin Jung-kwon called his political inclination "libertarianism" (자유지상주의).[230][231] He has also been described as a social conservative.[232] His critical attitude toward feminism, nationalist nature, and hostile attitude toward the opposition and the liberal media, have led the media and experts to call him and his policies "K-Trumpism" (한국판 트럼프 or K-트럼프) and "far-right" (극우), allegations denied by him and his supporters.[233][234][235]

Economics

Further information: Economy of South Korea

Yoon opposes economic interventionism by the government and is generally regarded as pro-business,[86] and as a fiscal conservative.[236] He has cited economist Milton Friedman and Friedman's 1980 book Free to Choose: A Personal Statement as a major influence on his belief in economic liberalism.[237] According to the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Yoon will attempt to reduce dependence on China and promote supply chain resilience.[238]

Military

Yoon has expressed active support for the possibility of South Korea having indigenous nuclear weapons. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace referred to his policy as "nuclear populism". Some research shows that nationalist attitudes and anti-American sentiment are prevalent among supporters of an indigenous nuclear arsenal.[239]

On 22 September 2021, Yoon stated that he would ask that the United States redeploy tactical nuclear weapons in South Korea if there is a threat from North Korea.[240] Nuclear weapons have not been deployed by the US in South Korea since the early 1990s, after an agreement with Russia and in an effort to ease tensions between North and South Korea.[241] Speaking for the United States, US Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Japan and Korea Mark Lambert rejected Yoon's call for the re-nuclearization of South Korea and said the proposal was against US policy.[241]

On 12 November 2021, Yoon indicated that he would be open to more US THAAD missile deployments in South Korea.[242]

Electoral history

2022 South Korean presidential election People Power Primary
Party Candidate Votes %
People Power Yoon Suk Yeol 347,963 47.85
People Power Hong Jun-pyo 301,786 41.50
People Power Yoo Seong-min 54,304 7.47
People Power Won Hee-ryong 23,085 3.17
Total votes 727,138 100.00
2022 South Korean presidential election
Party Candidate Votes %
People Power Yoon Suk Yeol 16,394,815 48.56
Democratic Lee Jae-myung 16,147,738 47.83
Justice Sim Sang-jung 803,358 2.38
National Revolutionary Huh Kyung-young 281,481 0.83
Progressive Kim Jae-yeon 37,366 0.11
Our Republican Cho Won-jin 25,972 0.08
Basic Income Oh Jun-ho 18,105 0.05
Korean Wave Alliance Kim Min-chan 17,305 0.05
Korean Unification Lee Gyeong-hee 11,708 0.03
Labor Lee Baek-yun 9,176 0.03
New Liberal Democratic Union Kim Gyeong-jae 8,317 0.02
Saenuri Ok Un-ho 4,970 0.01
Total votes 33,760,311 100.00
People Power gain from Democratic

Personal life

Yoon has been married to Kim Keon-hee since 2012.[243] His wife said that she prefers the term "first spouse" instead of the "first lady".[244][245]

Kim is the president of Covana Contents, a company that focuses on art exhibitions.[246] Kim has faced an investigation that alleged she had taken kickbacks for hosting art exhibitions, in addition to reports that circulated in the South Korean media that she inflated her resume with connections to New York University Stern School of Business. She responded by offering a public apology.[247]

Yoon is the fourth South Korean president who is a Catholic, after Moon Jae-in, Roh Moo-hyun (a lapsed Catholic), Kim Dae-jung, and Roh Tae-woo.[248] He was baptized with the Christian name "Ambrose".[248][249] Yoon and his wife were accused of having a close relationship with Korean shamans who allegedly advised them on administrative decisions.[250]

Honours

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Impeached by the National Assembly on 14 December 2024. Han Duck-soo has assumed his powers and duties as Acting President.
  2. ^ a b According to regular Korean reading rules, Yoon's given name should be pronounced Seogyeol (서결, [sʰʌ̹gɟʌ̹ɭ]). However, he prefers to pronounce his name as Seongnyeol (성녈, [sʰʌ̹ŋɲ̟ʌ̹ɭ]), as if it was written Seogryeol (석렬) or Seognyeol (석녈).[2]

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Legal offices
Preceded by
Moon Moo-il
 Prosecutor General of South Korea
25 July 2019 – 4 March 2021 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
New political party People Power nominee for President of South Korea
2022 		Most recent
Political offices
Preceded by President of South Korea
10 May 2022 – present
(Suspended) 14 December 2024 – present 		Succeeded by
Han Duck-soo (acting)
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