Jump to content

Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram

Coordinates: 8°22′21″N 76°59′55″E / 8.37250°N 76.99861°E / 8.37250; 76.99861
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram
MSC Claude Girardet the largest vessel to berth in South Asia, berthed at Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram
Map
Native name
വിഴിഞ്ഞം അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര തുറമുഖം
തിരുവനന്തപുരം
Location
Country India
LocationVizhinjam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
Coordinates8°22′21″N 76°59′55″E / 8.37250°N 76.99861°E / 8.37250; 76.99861
UN/LOCODEIN NYY
Details
Opened
  • October 2023
    (Partially operational)[1]
  • July 2024 (Under Trial Run)
  • Sep 2024
    (Phase one completion expected)[2]
Operated byVizhinjam International Seaport Ltd (VISL) & Adani Vizhinjam Port Pvt Ltd (AVPL)
Owned byGovernment of Kerala
Type of harbourAll-Weather,[3]
Multipurpose,[3] Green[4],Deep-Draft, Deep-Water Mega Seaport
No. of berths2 (2024)[5]
Depth24 m (79 ft)+[6][7]
Statistics
Website
www.vizhinjamport.in

The Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram (English pronunciation: /vɪzɪnˈdʒam ˌɪntərˈnæʃənl ˈsiːpɔːt ˌtɪrʊvənənˈtɑːpʊrəm/ ⓘ, VIZH-in-jam in-ter-NASH-uh-nuhl SEE-port thir-uh-vuh-nuh-thuh-PUR-uhm) is India's first deep water container transshipment port,[8] located in the capital city Trivandrum, Kerala, the port is designed to be a multi-purpose, all-weather, green port located 15 kilometres (9.3 mi)[9] away from the Thiruvananthapuram International Airport.[10] It is poised to become India's first automated port[11] and holds a unique position as the only Indian port directly adjacent to an international shipping lane. The port's location offers a significant advantage: it lies just 10 nautical miles (19 km)[12] from the heavily trafficked east-west shipping channel connecting Europe, the Persian Gulf, Southeast Asia, and the Far East (Suez- Far East route and Far East - Middle East route). The port has a natural depth of 24 meters, which reduces the need for dredging, and possesses the capability to host many of the world's massive cargo ships, including those exceeding 24,000 TEU, such as vessels of the ULCS container ships like the MSC Irina. The cruise berth under construction along the breakwater will be able to handle large cruise ships such as the Icon of the seas. The Seaport's location offers an advantage as it is situated near an international shipping channel, facilitating connections to global trade routes. When fully commissioned, it is expected that the seaport may have the capacity to cater to 50 percent of the container transhipment needs of India that currently take place at Dubai, Colombo and Singapore.[13] The first phase of the project amounts to ₹8,867 crore (US$1.1 billion or €1.1 billion),[14] and the remaining phases cost ₹20,000 crore (US$2.4 billion or €2.5 billion)[15] making the total cost ₹28,867 crore (US$3.5 billion or €3.5 billion).

The port's location near the southern tip of the Indian coastline provides access to various other Indian ports on both the eastern and western coasts. The port's breakwater has a height of 7.5 meters above the waterline and extending 22 meters below. The current length of breakwater is 3.1 kilometers, and will be extended to 4.5 kilometers in the final phase.[16] The STS Super Post-Panamax crane has specifications that include an outreach of 72 meters, a back reach of 20 meters, a rail gauge of 35 meters, and a total lifting height of 74 meters.This is the tallest STS crane in India[17] A railway connection is planned for Vizhinjam Seaport, which will include the construction of what is projected to be the third longest railway tunnel in India. This development aims to enhance the port's connectivity with the national railway network, facilitating efficient cargo transportation.[18]

Each berth has the capacity to handle 24,000 TEU. The Port is located on the Arabian Sea – Laccadive Sea – Indian Ocean and the first phase is expected to be commissioned in Dec 2024. It is a state owned port, owned by the Government of Kerala and will be operated by the Adani Group for a period of 40 years.

Vizhinjam International Seaport is expected to have an impact on existing cargo movement to other ports and will cater to transshipment. The majority of containers originating from or destined for India are typically transshipped or subjected to double handling at international ports such as Colombo in Sri Lanka, Salalah in Oman, Port of Jebel Ali in Dubai and Singapore Port. Vizhinjam Seaport will primarily engage in competing with these international ports for container transshipment activities. The development of the port will be carried out in three phases, and the first phase is expected to get completed by September 2024. It is proposed to follow the landlord port model, with the intention of catering for passenger, container and other cargo shipping.[19]

Vizhinjam Seaport and Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram

[edit]
ULCV MSC Claude Girardet is the largest vessel to berth in South Asia.[20] It was seen near the beaches of Trivandrum prior to its arrival at Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram

Vizhinjam Seaport [21]and Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram [22]are two distinct facilities in Thiruvananthapuram. Vizhinjam Seaport (Port Location code: IN VZJ)[23] is managed by the Kerala Maritime Board and primarily supports maritime activities.Vizhinjam Seaport is located inside Vizhinjam harbour.The port features two berths, namely seaward and leeward.[24] Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram (Port Location code: IN NYY), managed by Vizhinjam International Seaport Limited (VISL),[22] is a designed for handling large container ships and supporting international trade. To avoid confusion between the two ports, the new port is often referred to as Thiruvananthapuram Port or Trivandrum Port.[25] Although these ports are close to each other, they serve different functions and are managed by different authorities under Kerala Government.

History

[edit]

Early history

[edit]

The history of maritime trade in the area can be traced back to the second century BCE.[26] When the Aay dynasty was defeated by the Pandyas in the 8th century A.D, it prompted their migration to Vizhinjam, located in Thiruvananthapuram. Several kings, including Chadayan Karunanthan (788 AD), Karunanthadakkkan "Srivallabha," and Vikramaditya "Varaguna" (who ruled around 884–911/920 AD), are known to have served as the Ay chiefs of Vizhinjam. A 2006 excavation unearthed the remnants of a fort in Vizhinjam, that probably belonged to the Ay chieftains and was believed to date back to the eight or ninth century AD.[27] As mentioned in Sangam literature, the fort is believed to have been destroyed in the 12th century during the invasion of Kolothunga Chola.[28] Vizhinjam was developed into a small port by Raja Kesava Das, who was the Dewan of Travancore during the reign of Dharma Raja Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma.


1940s

[edit]

The idea for a modern port at Vizhinjam was first mooted by C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, while he was the Diwan of erstwhile Travancore state.[29][30] A survey was carried out in the 1940s, but the initial foundations of the port were conceived about fifty years later. In the later stages, Eliyas John, along with Vizhinjam Mother Port Action Committee initiated a regular sensitization program aimed at both the public and government authorities to foster a better understanding of the imperative need for the establishment of this port. On royal orders, a British engineer arrived in Travancore to study the Vizhinjam sea and shore. There was an Airport Division under the Public Works Department at the time. Under that section, the Vizhinjam Harbour Special Section was founded in 1946.[31] All of the data acquired from the surveys conducted by survey team was forwarded to Britain and the then-government. By the time Travancore and Kochi merged, India had gained independence and the regal regime had given way to democracy. In Thiru-Kochi, the idea that there is no need for a new port to challenge the existing Kochi port gained traction and the Vizhinjam Port office was closed down.[32]

1991 to 2015

[edit]

In 1991, then-ports minister M. V. Raghavan laid the groundwork for the port project.[33] The initial preparations to start a port at Vizhinjam were undertaken in 1991 by the K Karunakaran government in Kerala.[34] E. K Nayanar government also took forward the project.[35] The A.K. Antony government, which came to power in Kerala, entered into tender proceedings. An MoU was signed by State government and Kumar Engineering Corporation for the development of the port.[36] The consortium that won the contract under Antony's tender process was denied critical security clearance by the central government.

In 2006, the V.S. Achuthanandan government addressed the existing issues related to the port and resubmitted the request for clearance to the central government. However, the central government rejected the application again, citing security reasons. Subsequently, an all-party meeting was convened, and new tender proceedings were initiated. As part of this process, an investors' meet was organized to attract investors for the port's construction. Various countries officially participated in this meet.

A company based in Andhra Pradesh, Lanco Group, submitted a bid (negative tender) offering continuous profit to the state at a lower amount than the government had set. This bid was accepted. However, some companies that participated in the tender process alleged that Lanco Kondapalli had connections with a Chinese company and approached the court, leading Lanco to withdraw from the tender. The initial project model was suggested as a Public Private Partnership (PPP)- Private Services model. Two rounds of bidding and tenders called under the PPP model failed because of the inherent possibility of the project's economic rationale. The first round was granted to a Chinese company that failed to get security clearance from the centre. The second round was first awarded to Lanco Group and was then challenged in the Kerala High Court by Zoom Developers, which led to the eventual withdrawal of Lanco Group.

The International Finance Corporation (IFC) acted as the transaction advisor to Vizhinjam International Seaport Limited (VISL). The IFC was appointed in November 2009 as the lead advisor to the port. The IFC undertook in 2009 - 2010 a series of studies and reports that recommended the state to undertake the project under the landlord model, under which the state would invest over US$1 billion to build the port, rather than the PPP model, under which the Private Partner would bear the cost of the port. Larsen & Toubro Infrastructure Engineering had undertaken the environmental impact assessment study of the container port.

After the landlord model was accepted by the state government, a bidding round concluded. A consortium led by Welspun was the sole eligible company for the port operator role. The Welspun Group requested a grant of about ₹480 crore (equivalent to ₹905 crore or US$110 million in 2023) in terms of Net Present Value over 16 years. In negotiations between the state government and the Welspun Group, Welspun agreed to reduce the grant to 400 Crores. Kerala State Government rejected this offer because the terms of the PPP saw no economic rationale for the State Government.[37]

An Expert Appraisal Committee of the Ministry of Environment recommended clearance for the project on 3 December 2013. Tenders for construction of a breakwater, fish landing center, and port operator began the next day. The Adani Ports and SEZ emerged as the sole bidder for the project and the project was awarded to Adani Ports and SEZ by Kerala Government Under Chief Minister Oommen Chandy in 2015.[38][39] Steps for Land acquisition were taken by Oommen Chandy government.[40]

2015 to present

[edit]

When the construction works began on 5 December 2015, Adani group CEO Gautam Adani stated that the first ship would berth at the port on 1 September 2018, in fewer than 1,000 days. In 2017, Cyclone Okchi wreaked havoc on the region, damaging a piece of the completed breakwater. Since then, a paucity of limestone, the project's most critical raw material, has caused another delay. The port also faced constant resistance from surrounding fishing communities and Church groups, who claimed that the construction and debris hampered their ability to find fish and, as a result, their livelihoods. It was also affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in India. Adani group regularly invoked the force majeure clause to explain why the project was not completed in time.[41]

When the first phase was nearing completion, the first general cargo ship from China arrived at the Vizhinjam port on 12 October 2023. The ship Zhen-Hua 15 left China in August and arrived at the Mundra Port in Gujarat few weeks earlier. It carried one quay crane and two-yard cranes that would be installed at the port.[42]

On 11 July 2024 the port welcomed its first mothership the container carrier "San Frenando".[43][44]

Infrastructure and characteristics

[edit]

Vizhinjam, about 14 km (8.7 mi) from Kerala's capital city of Thiruvananthapuram, is only about 10 nautical miles (19 kilometres) from the international east–west shipping route connecting Western Asia, Europe, Africa and the far eastern areas of the world. It is India's first Deep Water Transshipment Terminal, and is being developed in three distinct phases. Vizhinjam has neglibible littoral sedimentation. By having a natural depth of 24 m (79 ft),[45][46] the construction requires minimal dredging. Due to close proximity to international shipping routes and the utilization of advanced port facilities further shortens the vessel's turn around time (VTT).[47]

Once phase 1 is completed, Vizhinjam port is expected to accommodate 1 million TEUs (20-foot equivalent container units), with succeeding phases adding another 6.2 million TEUs, accounting for more than 70% of India's transshipment as of 2023.[48][49][50] The seaport will be connected by the third-longest railway tunnel in India, presently under planning phase and due for completion in 2028.[51] The STS Super Post-Panamax crane has an outreach of 72 meters, a back reach of 20 meters, a rail gauge of 35 meters, and a total lifting height of 74 meters.[52]

MSC Ship arriving at Vizhinjam international seaport Thiruvananthapuram

The port would include two breakwaters, as well as a harbor basin and wharfs. In phase 1, breakwater of total length 3,180 m (10,430 ft) (main breakwater 3,040 m (9,970 ft) with 140 m (460 ft) extension for fish landing harbor) will be developed. There would be approximately 10+ (2000m length overall) berths, the majority of which would be capable of accommodating mother ships. A dedicated 500 m (1,600 ft) multipurpose berth has been designed for berthing luxury cruise ships. It has a container berth with a length of 800 m (2,600 ft) capable of handling up to the current largest 18,000 TEU container vessels and a container yard behind the quay length with a depth of up to 500 m (1,600 ft). There is a fish landing center with a total berth length of 500 m (1,600 ft) along with port craft berth of 100 m (330 ft) and Coast Guard berth of 120 m (390 ft). There are berthing and storage/operation facilities for Indian Navy with a berth 500 m (1,600 ft) long.[53]

Cruise Terminal

[edit]

Vizhinjam's location provides access to various beaches, historical sites, and cultural attractions in Kerala, including Kovalam, Varkala, Thiruvananthapuram, and the Padmanabhaswamy Temple. The port is set to feature a Cruise Terminal with a dedicated cruise berths which is 600 meters (2,000 feet) long,[54] and a multipurpose berth that is 620 meters (2,030 feet),[55] which can also serve as an additional cruise berth. This configuration will enable the terminal to accommodate two large ships, such as the Icon of the Seas, each requiring 400 meters, or up to four smaller cruise ships, each needing 300 meters. The completion of the berths will occur in phases, with the first berth expected to be finished in the second phase and the second berth in the third phase. By 2026, the terminal's berths are projected to be capable of accommodating the largest cruise ships in the world.

Crew Change

[edit]

Vizhinjam Seaport in Thiruvananthapuram is expected to serve as a convenient point for vessels navigating the Indian Ocean region to carry out crew change operations. Its proximity to Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, located just 16 km (9.9 mi) from the seaport, further facilitates ease of crew changes. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, the port supported crew change operations for 736 mother vessels,[56] enabling the embarkation and disembarkation of crew members. The first crew change during the trial run took place in August 2024.[57]

Bunkering

[edit]

Upon its commissioning, the port is expected to become an important destination for bunkering[58] and a significant port of call due to its location, approximately 10 nautical miles from a major international east–west shipping route. The port's master plan includes provisions for a bunkering capacity with a Liquid Storage Area for Bunkering Tank Farm and associated utilities during the initial phase.[59]

Proximity

[edit]

Suez to Singapore/Far East route

[edit]

The Vizhinjam International Seaport in Thiruvananthapuram is located approximately 11 nautical miles[60]from the busy Suez to Singapore/Far East route, a key maritime corridor that connects Europe to Asia via the Suez Canal. This route begins in the Mediterranean Sea, where ships transit the Suez Canal into the Red Sea, navigate the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, and continue through the Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea.[61] It then crosses the Indian Ocean, often passing through the Strait of Malacca, before reaching Singapore and other major ports in the Far East. The corridor experiences significant traffic and is frequently used for the transportation of goods between Europe and Asia.[62]

Gulf to Singapore/Far East route

[edit]

The Gulf to Singapore/Far East route is a maritime corridor connecting the Persian Gulf to Asia.[62] The route begins in the Persian Gulf, with ships navigating through the Strait of Hormuz into the Gulf of Oman, and then proceeding into the Arabian Sea. It continues across the Indian Ocean, often passing through the Strait of Malacca, before reaching Singapore and other major ports in the Far East. The Vizhinjam International Seaport in Thiruvananthapuram is located approximately 11 nautical miles[63]from this route, which is used for the transportation of oil, liquefied natural gas (LNG), and other goods from the Gulf region to Asia.

Draft depth and distance of ports from international shipping channel

[edit]
Name Natural Depth in Meters Dredged Depth in Meters Distance from International Shipping Channel Suez to Singapore/Far East Distance from Port to Nearby Airport Average Turnaround Time
Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram (Port of Thiruvananthapuram) 23 +[64][65] - 19 km (10 nmi)[66] 16 kilometres (9.9 mi)[67] from Thiruvananthapuram International Airport less than 24 hrs[68]
Colombo Port - 18 [69][70] 51 km (28 nmi)[71][72] 34 kilometres (21 mi) [73] from Colombo International Airport 38 hrs[74]
Cochin Port (ICTT Terminal Vallarpardam) - 14.5 [75][76] 74 km (40 nmi)[77] 34 kilometres (21 mi)[78] from cochin International Airport 45. 87 hrs[79]

Administration

[edit]

Vizhinjam port is a special purpose government company, fully owned by the Government of Kerala, that would act as an implementing agency for its development. In 2015, the Adani Vizhinjam Port Private Limited signed a 40-year agreement with the state government to build and maintain the port. Under this private public partnership deal, the Adani group would design, develop, finance, operate the port valued at 7,525 crore. According to the signed deal, Adani Group will have the only right to operate the port under licence for the first 40 years, and then for an additional 20 years if they builds the second phase of the project at its own expense during the first 30 years.[80]

Connectivity

[edit]

Road connectivity

[edit]

Vizhinjam Seaport is strategically connected through a robust transportation network. National Highway NH 66, located approximately 8 kilometers from the port, runs parallel to the coastline and links key destinations including Salem, Kanyakumari, and Thiruvananthapuram. NH 66 also connects to Cochin Port via NH 66A[81] .The NH 47 is also nearby. As Kanyakumari is a neighboring area to Vizhinjam, vehicles can access National Highway NH 44, the longest highway in India, within a few hours' drive from Vizhinjam.[82] This highway extends from Srinagar in the north to Kanyakumari in the south, traversing several states including Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. The Thiruvananthapuram Bypass, a 4-lane Greenfield corridor nearing completion, provides seamless connectivity between major tourist destinations and includes a dedicated 2 km approach road from the port. Additionally, a six-lane Outer Ring Road (ORR) is planned to connect Vizhinjam to Mangalapuram and Navaikulam, creating a ring around Thiruvananthapuram which is Thiruvananthapuram Outer Area Growth Corridor and further enhancing access to the port.[83] This extensive network supports both regional and long-distance transportation.

Rail connectivity

[edit]

The third longest railway tunnel in India,[18] which is under various initial approval phase at Vizhinjam will link the Vizhinjam international Seaport Thiruvananthapuram with the southern railway mainline[84] situated in Balaramapuram, Thiruvananthapuram. The construction of this tunnel employs the New Austrian tunneling method (NATM)[85].This tunnel spans an 9.02 kilometers in length and reaches a depth of 25–30 meters beneath the ground's surface. Upon its completion, cargo trains departing from the Vizhinjam Seaport will traverse the tunnel in a mere 36 minutes, maintaining an average speed of 15-30 kilometers per hour (km/h). The integration of Vizhinjam Seaport into the Indian Railways network facilitates easy container transportation across India. The main line provides connectivity to major cities in Kerala and beyond. The Konkan Railway route opens up access to the western states. The southern coastal route ensures efficient rail connectivity to Tamil Nadu and various other regions, thereby contributing significantly to the nation's transportation infrastructure. The project received environment clearance[86]

Air Connectivity

[edit]

Trivandrum International Airport is situated within 15 kilometers[87] from Vizhinjam Seaport Thiruvananthapuram, the geographical proximity facilitates efficient passenger and air cargo transportation. The airport[88] and seaport are both managed by the Adani Group, providing a unified administrative authority. This shared management is anticipated to improve coordination between the seaport and airport, enhancing operational efficiency and connectivity.

Protest by fishing community

[edit]

The local fishing communities had been protesting against the port which intensified in August, 2022 when hundreds of fishermen besieged the main entrance of the Vizhinjam project site. The fishing community, led by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Trivandrum representing the Latin Catholic fishermen, has taken a leading role in the agitation, saying that the project has caused severe sea erosion, which has adversely affected their livelihoods and homes which numbers some 56,000.[89] Archdiocese Vicar-General Fr. Eugine H. Pereira expressed concerns that the project would be harmful to fishermen in southern Kerala. He stated that fishermen are now fighting for their survival and accused both the ruling and opposition parties of having questionable dealings with the Adani group.[90][91] The biggest demand of the protesters is that the construction of the port should be arrested and a proper environmental impact study should be conducted.[92] Rehabilitation of families who lost their homes to sea erosion, effective steps to mitigate coastal erosion, financial assistance to fisherfolk on days weather warnings are issued, compensation to families of those who lose their lives in fishing accidents, subsidised kerosene, and a mechanism to dredge the Muthalappozhi fishing harbour in Anchuthengu in Thiruvananthapuram district were the demands put forward by the community. The locals claim that more than 100 families lost their homes to coastal erosion last year, but there is no official data on the relocated families except for some parochial records. Scientific studies concluded that the port construction has no impact on the coastal erosion.[93] Around 300 families were living in schools and camps, and many others were staying in rented accommodation or with relatives from the time of Cyclone Ockhi.[94][95][96]

On 27 November 2022 night, A group of fisher man attacked Vizhinjam police station, After FIR Against Latin Catholic Priests. Police reported that the mob was allegedly led by the Latin Catholic church. 30 Police were injured during the attack.[97] Attackers were demanding the release of five protesters who had been detained the previous day.[98] On 6 December 2022, the protests were called-off after a series of talks held between the protesters and the government.[99][100]

[edit]

The government of Kerala and the Adani group have been embroiled in a legal dispute over the delay in completion of the project. The project was delayed after the private partner - Adani repeatedly kept on invoking the force majeure clause to explain the delay in completing the project. Later, the parties agreed to enter into an arbitration to resolve the dispute.[101]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ M.K, Nidheesh (18 October 2023). "Vizhinjam: The port that almost wasn't built". mint.
  2. ^ "Vizhinjam Port to be fully commissioned at May 2024". India Times.
  3. ^ a b "First vessel docks at Vizhinjam port: Exploring its characteristics and history". English.Mathrubhumi. 15 October 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  4. ^ "Vizhinjam beckons world's biggest container ships". Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  5. ^ "Kerala: Vizinjam port to be officially known as 'Trivandrum International Sea Port'". Asianet News. 10 April 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  6. ^ https://www.vizhinjamport.org/index.php/cms/vizhinjam
  7. ^ https://kmb.kerala.gov.in/en/ports/vizhinjam-port
  8. ^ "Union Minister Shri Sarbananda Sonowal receives First Mother Ship at Vizhinjam- India's first deep water Container Transhipment Port". pib.gov.in.
  9. ^ "DPR" (PDF). Adani Ports. Adani Ports and SEZ. 31 March 2023. p. 45. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  10. ^ "Draft EIA Report for Vizhinjam Port (Phase III)" (PDF). Vizhinjam Port Official Website. L&T, VISL, Government of Kerala. 15 June 2021. p. 36. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  11. ^ "Shipment of Quay Cranes for the Adani Vizhinjam Port Project in India-Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries Co., Ltd". www.zpmc.com.
  12. ^ "Environment compliance Report" (PDF). Adani Ports. VISIL, Government of Kerala. 15 June 2021. p. 45. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  13. ^ "Explainer: Vizhinjam port in Kerala and its potential in India's maritime trade". Hindustan Times. 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  14. ^ "Adani, Kerala to fast track Vizhinjam port completion with ₹20,000 crore investment". www.fortuneindia.com. 3 July 2024.
  15. ^ "Adani Group to invest Rs 20,000 crore in Vizhinjam port's remaining phases - ET EnergyWorld".
  16. ^ "Integrated Port Master Plan Report" (PDF). vizhinjam port official website. AECOM for Government of Kerala. 15 June 2021. p. 7. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  17. ^ Network, Maritime News (13 November 2023). "Second Project Vessel with India's Biggest STS Crane Berths at Vizhinjam Port".
  18. ^ a b Kallungal, Dhinesh (12 July 2023). "Vizhinjam railway tunnel, third longest tunnel in country, to adopt Austrian tunnelling method". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com.
  19. ^ Manoj, P. (2 September 2016). "Move to landlord port model means privatizing state-run cargo berths". mint. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  20. ^ https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ultra-large-container-vessel-msc-claude-girardet-on-its-way-to-vizhinajm/article68626973.ece
  21. ^ "Kerala Maritime Board".
  22. ^ a b "Home - Vizhinjam International Seaport".
  23. ^ "Port of Vizhinjam (India) - Arrivals, Departures, Expected vessels - VesselFinder". www.vesselfinder.com.
  24. ^ The port featurestwo berths, namely seaward and leeward
  25. ^ https://motherportnews.in/vizhinjam-seaport-vs-vizhinjam-international-seaport-thiruvananthapuram-the-disctinction/
  26. ^ "Excavations at Vizhinjam | Department of Archaeology, University of Kerala". Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  27. ^ "Vizhinjam: Once a port, always a port". The Hindu. 9 August 2013. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  28. ^ "Shedding light on Vizhinjam's golden past". The Hindu. 6 May 2014. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  29. ^ "A Big Dream that Sir CP Couldn't Realise". The New Indian Express. 19 August 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  30. ^ "വിഴിഞ്ഞം തുറമുഖം: ഉറപ്പുകളൊക്കെ കടലെടുത്തു; പദ്ധതി വൈകുന്നതിൻറെ നേട്ടംകൊയ്യാൻ ചൈന". Mathrubhumi. 26 September 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  31. ^ "The visionary who foresaw the potential of Vizhinjam to turn 100". The Hindu. 22 June 2022. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  32. ^ "GG Menon visits Vizhinjam International Transshipment Port". Motherport News. 31 December 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  33. ^ "Vizhinjam as Major Port Fascinated MVR". The New Indian Express. 10 November 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
  34. ^ "Vizhinjam port deal not in favour of Kerala: CAG". The Economic Times. 23 May 2017. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 17 July 2024. Vizhinjam port development was a dream project of the state for a long period as it was first proposed in 1991 when late Congress leader K Karunakaran was the Chief Minister.
  35. ^ Raghunath, Arjun. "Is the Kerala Chief Minister trying to hijack credit over Vizhinjam port?". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 17 July 2024. Both the CPM-led Left Democratic Front and Congress-led United Democratic Front governments that came to power later on took forward the project.
  36. ^ "Vizhinjam: Kerala is no longer day dreaming". OnManorama. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  37. ^ "Conceived 3 decades ago, Kerala's Vizhinjam port to be a reality by 2023". Hindustan Times. 13 February 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  38. ^ "Kerala in pact with Adani for Rs 7,525-crore Vizhinjam port project". The Economic Times. PTI. 17 August 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  39. ^ "Adani Vizhiňňam Port: Phase 1 to come up by 2020". The Financial Express. 15 February 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  40. ^ Raghunath, Arjun. "Is the Kerala Chief Minister trying to hijack credit over Vizhinjam port?". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 17 July 2024. But the key developments like steps for land acquisition in the sensitive coastal belt and finalising Adani Ports as the private partner for building and operating the port took place during the term of the Chandy-led Congress government from 2011-2016.
  41. ^ Kallungal, Dhinesh (17 June 2023). "Only 55% of Vizhinjam port work completed; commissioning in May unlikely". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  42. ^ "Zhen Hua from China to be first cargo vessel to dock at Vizhinjam port". Moneycontrol. 11 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  43. ^ "Video: Adani Ports' Vizhinjam International Seaport welcomes first container ship 'San Fernando'". gulfnews.com. 11 July 2024. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
  44. ^ "Vizhinjam Port: Kerala CM Pinarayi Vijayan inaugurates trial run of first container ship". Onmanorama. Retrieved 15 July 2024. The total investment for the Vizhinjam port came up to Rs 8,867 crore. Out of this, the state government and the central government have allocated Rs 5,595 crore and Rs 818 crore respectively.
  45. ^ https://www.vizhinjamport.org/index.php/cms/why_vizhinjam
  46. ^ https://village.kerala.gov.in/Office_websites/about_village.php?nm=971VizhinjamVillageOffice
  47. ^ Paul, Jose (29 December 2022). "Vizhinjam will make a good port". BusinessLine. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  48. ^ "Vizhinjam Port". Adani Ports. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  49. ^ "'Potential to compete with Singapore': How Adani Group's Vizhinjam Port is a maritime game changer for India". Business Today. 17 October 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  50. ^ "Adani's new mega port can lure world's biggest ships to India". Bloomberg. Deccan Herald. 15 October 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  51. ^ Kallungal, Dhinesh (12 July 2023). "Vizhinjam railway tunnel, third longest tunnel in country, to adopt Austrian tunnelling method". The Hindu. Retrieved 10 January 2024 – via www.thehindu.com.
  52. ^ "Shipment of Quay Cranes for the Adani Vizhinjam Port Project in India-Shanghai Zhenhua Heavy Industries Co., Ltd".
  53. ^ "About Vizhinjam : Vizhinjam Port Project". www.vizhinjamport.org. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  54. ^ "EIA Report" (PDF). Kerala State Pollution Control Board. L&T, VISIL, Government Of Kerala. 15 June 2021. p. 48. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  55. ^ "EIA Report" (PDF). Kerala State Pollution Control Board. L&T,VISIL,Government Of kerala. 15 June 2021. p. 48. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  56. ^ "Shipping experts urge reviving crew changes at Vizhinjam port to boost revenue, jobs". Onmanorama.
  57. ^ "First crew change conducted at Vizhinjam International Port". English.Mathrubhumi. 10 August 2024.
  58. ^ "EIA Report" (PDF). Kerala Pollution control Board. L&T,VISIL,Government Of kerala. 15 June 2021. p. 209. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  59. ^ "DPR" (PDF). vizhinjam port official website. AECOM,VISIL,Government Of kerala. 15 June 2021. p. 83. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  60. ^ "Draft Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Vizhinjam Port (Phase II/III)" (PDF). Adani Ports. AECOM, VISIL, Government of Kerala. 15 June 2021. p. 45. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  61. ^ "Main Routing Alternatives between East Asia and Northern Europe | Port Economics, Management and Policy". 27 December 2019.
  62. ^ a b "Vizhinjam, India's first trans-shipment port, berths first mother vessel". 4 July 2024.
  63. ^ "Draft Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Vizhinjam Port (Phase II/III)" (PDF). Adani ports. AECOM, VISIL, Government of Kerala. 15 June 2021. p. 45. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  64. ^ "VizhinjamPort.org". Vizhinjam port official website. Government of Kerala. 15 June 2021. p. 1. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  65. ^ "Kerala Maritime Board". Kerala Maritime Board official website. Kerala Maritime Board. 15 June 2021. p. 1. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  66. ^ "DPR" (PDF). Vizhinjam port official website. AECOM, VISIL, Government of Kerala. 15 June 2021. p. 132. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  67. ^ https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/explainer-vizhinjam-port-in-kerala-and-its-potential-in-india-s-maritime-trade-101697094213942.html
  68. ^ Kallungal, Dhinesh (10 July 2024). "Vizhinjam hopeful of setting new benchmark in turnaround time". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 17 July 2024. According to sources close to Vizhinjam port, the turnaround time would be less than one day in Vizhinjam. However, the exact details would be available only after the successful start of commercial operations, they said.
  69. ^ "Port of Colombo, Sri Lanka". www.findaport.com.
  70. ^ "Sri Lanka: Dredging Allows Colombo Port to Dock Bigger Ships". 8 August 2013.
  71. ^ "Adani Vizhinjam port: The game changer - Maritime Gateway - South Asia's Premier Shipping and Logistics News Portal". 6 April 2022.
  72. ^ തീരക്കടലില് 20 മീറ്ററിലേറെ ആഴം, ഡ്രഡ്ജിങ് കൂടാതെ ഈ ആഴം നിലനിര്ത്താമെന്ന പ്രത്യേകത | Vizhinjam Port (YouTube). 24 News. 15 October 2023. Event occurs at 20:22. Retrieved 17 August 2024.
  73. ^ https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Port-of-Colombo/Colombo-Airport-CMB#:~:text=The%20distance%20between%20Port%20of,road%20distance%20is%2035.1%20km.&text=How%20do%20I%20travel%20from,min%20and%20costs%20%243%20%2D%20%244.
  74. ^ Rupasinghe, S.; Sigera, I.; Cahoon, Stephen (1 January 2015). "The analysis of vessel turnaround time at Port of Colombo" – via figshare.utas.edu.au.
  75. ^ "International Container Transhipment Terminal (ICTT) | Cochin Port Authority".
  76. ^ Kallungal, Dhinesh (7 January 2023). "Kochi Port tops in maintenance dredging among major ports in country". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com.
  77. ^ "Advantage of Cochin Port". www.cochinport.gov.in.
  78. ^ https://www.rome2rio.com/map/Vallarpadam-Island/Kochi-Airport-COK#trips
  79. ^ "Average Performance (Cummulative) from April to March 2022" (PDF). www.cochinport.gov.in.
  80. ^ "Vizhinjam Port: വിഴിഞ്ഞം തുറമുഖത്തേക്ക് ആദ്യ കപ്പൽ ഒക്ടോബർ 15ന് എത്തും; സ്വീകരിക്കാനൊരുങ്ങി സംസ്ഥാന സർക്കാർ". India Today Malayalam (in Malayalam). Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  81. ^ "DPR" (PDF). Vizhinjam Port Official Website. AECOM, VISIL, Government of Kerala. 15 June 2021. p. 72. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  82. ^ "𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐰𝐚𝐲 𝟒𝟒 - Longest Highway in India (Earlier NH 7)".
  83. ^ Service, Express News (13 December 2022). "Outer Ring Road project: Land acquisition proceedings start". The New Indian Express.
  84. ^ "DPR" (PDF). Vizhinjam port official website. AECOM, VISIL, Government of Kerala. 15 June 2021. p. 74. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  85. ^ "Vizhinjam railway tunnel to be constructed using low-cost Austrian tunnelling method, DPR approved".
  86. ^ "DPR" (PDF). Vizhinjam Port official website. Government of India. 15 June 2021. p. 1. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  87. ^ "DPR" (PDF). Vizhinjam Port official website. L&T, VISIL, Government of Kerala. 15 June 2021. p. 36. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  88. ^ "Adani Group takes over operation of Thiruvananthapuram International Airport".
  89. ^ "Insight: Indian tycoon Adani's mega port hangs in the balance as a fishing community protests". Reuters. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  90. ^ "Rs 7,500-crore Vizhinjam seaport: Wary of losing livelihood, dwelling area, fishermen begin sit-in at Adani project site". The Indian Express. 16 August 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  91. ^ "Explained: Why fisherfolk in Kerala are protesting Adani's under-construction Vizhinjam port". 23 August 2022.
  92. ^ Vengattil, Munsif; Chaturvedi, Arpan; Kalra, Aditya; Vengattil, Munsif; Kalra, Aditya (23 November 2022). "Insight: Indian tycoon Adani's mega port hangs in the balance as a fishing community protests". Reuters. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  93. ^ Kallungal, Dhinesh (20 September 2022). "Study finds no correlation between coast erosion and Vizhinjam port project". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
  94. ^ "As parties hedge, Church backs fishermen's protest against Adani port project". 22 August 2022.
  95. ^ "Vizhinjam stir to be scaled up; KCBC backs plan".
  96. ^ "Vizhinjam protest resulted from our helplessness: Eugine H Pereira". 26 August 2022.
  97. ^ "Vizhinjam police station attack: Police book 3000 people, FIR cites damages worth Rs 85 lakh". English.Mathrubhumi. 28 November 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  98. ^ "Vizhinjam police station violence: Kerala HC dismisses plea seeking NIA probe". The News Minute. 6 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  99. ^ "Protest against Vizhinjam sea port called for now". The Economic Times. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  100. ^ "വിഴിഞ്ഞം സമരം പിൻവലിച്ചു; തീരുമാനം മുഖ്യമന്ത്രിയുമായി നടത്തിയ ചർച്ചയിൽ" [Vizhinjam port protest called-off after meeting with Chief Minister]. Mathrubhumi (in Malayalam). 6 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  101. ^ Saikiran, KP (22 February 2021). "Vizhinjam port: Govt appoints Kurian Joseph as arbitrator". The Times of India.

Sources

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "http://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Vizhinjam_International_Seaport_Thiruvananthapuram&oldid=1263120506"