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Geological formation in Egypt
The Birket Qarun Formation is an Eocene aged formation in Egypt. It is part of the famous Wadi al Hitan .[ 2] Basilosaurus Dorudon Eotheroides Eosiren sharks and reptiles . The area was likely a mix of both marine and freshwater area with many freshwater deposits being found alongside a marine influence from the Tethys Sea .[ 3] Dorudon and it seems that this area would have also been the site of active predation from Basilosaurus as it attacked the newly born Dorudon calves. [ 4]
Birds
Genus
Species
Member
Locality
Material
Notes
Images
Eopelecanus aegyptiacus
An early species of pelican
Squamates
Several supposed rizholiths and rizhomes have been re-interpreted as burrows made by burrowing bivalves.[ 8] [ 9]
Isolated Dicotyledon woods are know.[ 10] [ 9]
Genus
Species
Member
Locality
Material
Notes
Images
Avicennia [ 9] [ 10] marina?
Middle Member
Minqar El-Hut
Sandouk El-Borneta
Wadi Hitan
Type-1 rhizoliths
Mangrove plant (Avicenniaceae )
Extant representatives of the genus
Cymodocea [ 5] sp.
Temple Member
Qasr Qarun
Foliar remains
Type-3 rhizoliths
A marine Angiosperm (Cymodoceaceae )
Extant representatives of the genus
Nypa [ 10] sp.
Middle Member
Wadi Hitan
Rhizome casts
Leaf impression
Mangrove Palm (Arecaceae )
Extant representatives of the genus
Rhizophora [ 9] sp.
Middle Member
Minqar El-Hut
Sandouk El-Borneta
Wadi Hitan
Type-2 rhizoliths
Mangrove plant (Rhizophoraceae )
Extant representatives of the genus
Thalassodendron [ 5] sp.
Middle Member
Temple Member
Foliar remains
Type-3 rhizoliths
A marine Angiosperm (Cymodoceaceae )
Extant representatives of the genus
^ a b Seiffert, Erik R.; Bown, Thomas M.; Clyde, William C.; Simons, Elwyn (2008), Fleagle, John G.; Gilbert, Christopher C. (eds.), "Geology, Paleoenvironment, and Age of Birket Qarun Locality 2 (BQ-2), Fayum Depression, Egypt" , Elwyn Simons: A Search for Origins , New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 71– 86, doi :10.1007/978-0-387-73896-3_8 , ISBN 978-0-387-73895-6 , retrieved 2024-09-16 ^ "Birket Qarun Formation" . PBDB.org .^ Murray, Alison M.; Cook, Todd D.; Attia, Yousry S.; Chatrath, Prithijit; Simons, Elwyn L. (2010-05-18). "A freshwater ichthyofauna from the late Eocene Birket Qarun Formation, Fayum, Egypt" . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 30 (3): 665– 680. doi :10.1080/02724631003758060 . ISSN 0272-4634 . ^ Naturkunde~julia.fahlke@mfn-berlin.de, Julia M. Fahlke~Museum für (2012-11-15). "Bite marks revisited – evidence for middle-to-late Eocene Basilosaurus isis predation on Dorudon atrox (both Cetacea, Basilosauridae)" . Palaeontologia Electronica . Retrieved 2024-09-16 . ^ a b c Zalmout, Iyad S.; Gingerich, Philip D. "Late Eocene sea cows (Mammalia, Sirenia) from Wadi al Hitan in the western desert of Fayum, Egypt" . University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology . 37 (1): 1– 158. ^ Gunnell, Gregg F.; Simons, Elwyn L.; Seiffert, Erik R. (2008-03-12). "New bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from the late Eocene and early Oligocene, Fayum Depression, Egypt" . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 28 (1): 1– 11. doi :10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[1:NBMCFT]2.0.CO;2 . ISSN 0272-4634 . ^ Underwood, Charlie J.; Ward, David J.; King, Christopher; Antar, Sameh M.; Zalmout, Iyad S.; Gingerich, Philip D. (2011-01-01). "Shark and ray faunas in the Middle and Late Eocene of the Fayum Area, Egypt" . Proceedings of the Geologists' Association . Environmental Change in sub-Saharan Africa. 122 (1): 47– 66. doi :10.1016/j.pgeola.2010.09.004 . ISSN 0016-7878 . ^ Gee, Carole T.; Sander, P. Martin; Peters, Shanan E.; El-Hennawy, Mohamed Talaat; Antar, Mohammed Sameh M.; Zalmout, Iyad S.; Gingerich, Philip D. (2019-06-01). "Fossil burrow assemblage, not mangrove roots: reinterpretation of the main whale-bearing layer in the late Eocene of Wadi Al-Hitan, Egypt" . Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments . 99 (2): 143– 158. doi :10.1007/s12549-018-0337-0 . ISSN 1867-1608 . ^ a b c d Abdel-Fattah, Zaki A.; Gingras, Murray K. (2020-12-15). "Origin of compound biogenic sedimentary structures in Eocene strata of Wadi El-Hitan universal heritage area, Fayum, Egypt: Mangrove roots or not?" . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology . 560 : 110048. doi :10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.110048 . ISSN 0031-0182 . ^ a b c ElSaadawi, Wagieh; Osman, Rifaat; ElFaramawi, Marwa; Bkhat, Husein; ElDin, Marwah; Ziada, Nermeen (2018). "On the Eocene mangroves of Wadi Al-Hitan World Heritage site, Fayum, Egypt" . The Egyptian Journal of Experimental Biology (Botany) . 14 (2): 197. doi :10.5455/egyjebb.20180515093213 . ISSN 1687-7497 .
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