User:XG310bc/Hemp protein
Hemp protein is a plant-derived protein from the cannabis plant and is isolated from hempseeds (a type of nut). 25% of hempseed composition is protein[1] which is made up of two highly digestible globular types of proteins, edestin (60–80%) and 2S albumin, with edestin also being rich in the essential amino acids. Table 2 shows the values of the amino acids found in hemp protein isolate (HPI)[1].
Dehulled hemp seeds (also known as hemp nuts, hemp kernels or hemp hearts) have a PDCAAS score of 0.66 (the limiting amino acid being lysine, with a digestibility of 92.1%). Observations of limiting enzymatic hydrolysis elicited by trypsin in a controlled environment have shown an increase in hemp protein isolate (HPI) solubility at various pH and a notable decrease in the recorded emulsifying activity index.
| Essential Amino
Acid |
Content,
g/100g |
AAS | FAO/WHO
for Adults |
Satisfaction of
Daily requirement, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isoleucine+
Leucine |
5.21 | 47.00 | 3.20 | 141.60 |
| Lysine | 2.88 | 52.00 | 1.60 | 156.60 |
| Methionine+
Cysteine |
5.49 | 157.00 | 1.70 | 280.70 |
| Phenylalanine+
Tyrosine |
9.63 | 161.00 | 1.90 | 440.30 |
| Threonine | 3.79 | 95.00 | 0.90 | 365.80 |
| Tryptophan | 0.26 | 26.00 | 0.50 | 44.40 |
| Arginine | 15.52 | 0.46 | ||
| Valine | 4.53 | 91.00 | 1.80 | 218.70 |
| Total of essential
amino acids |
31.79 | |||
| Non-essential amino acids | ||||
| Arginine | 15.51 | 0.46 | ||
| Histidine | 3.20 | 1.60 | ||
| Proline | 3.44 | 0.61 | ||
| Serine | 4.05 | 0.53 | ||
| Alanine | 3.85 | 0.26 | ||
| Glycine | 3.70 | 0.20 | ||
| Glutamic acid+
glutamine |
3.91 | 1.75 | ||
| Asparagine+
aspartic acid |
12.53 | 0.88 | ||
| AAS= Amino acid score
Table 2[1] | ||||
Applications in Health
[edit]Hemp protein hydrolysates have been found to inhibit enzymes responsible for hypertension.
Hemp Protein Extraction
[edit]There are two common practices for the isolation of plant protein, isoelectric precipitation (alkaline extraction), and micellization[2][3]
Isoelectric precipitation extraction starts at an alkaline pH that is later adjusted to the isoelectric point (point where pH is zero) where the protein is precipitated and isolated.[4] This produces a higher protein yield compared to the other methods, however, because it is precipitated at the the isoelectric point it co-extracts phenols that give the protein a green-color and an unpleasant flavor.[2] Despite this process being inexpensive, sample preparation requires a defatting process involving large amounts of water and organic solvents leading to waste water and toxic reactive species impacting the environment.[4]
Micellization does not require organic solvents in the defatting process but instead uses surfactants and hydrophobic micelles to dissolve the hempseeds.
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[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c El-Sohaimy, Sobhy Ahmed; Vladimirovna Androsova, Natalia; Djabarovich Toshev, Abduvali; El Enshasy, Hesham Ali. "Nutritional Quality, Chemical, and Functional Characteristics of Hemp (Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa) Protein Isolate". National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b Hadnađev, Miroslav; Dapčević-Hadnađev, Tamara; Lazaridou, Athina; Moschakis, Thomas; Michaelidou, Alexandra - M.; Popović, Senka; Biliaderis, Costas G. (2018-06-01). "Hempseed meal protein isolates prepared by different isolation techniques. Part I. physicochemical properties". Food Hydrocolloids. 79: 526–533. doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.12.015. ISSN 0268-005X.
- ^ Fang, Baochen; Chang, Liuyi; Ohm, Jae-Bom; Chen, Bingcan; Rao, Jiajia (2023-03-30). "Structural, functional properties, and volatile profile of hemp protein isolate as affected by extraction method: Alkaline extraction–isoelectric precipitation vs salt extraction". Food Chemistry. 405: 135001. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135001. ISSN 0308-8146.
- ^ a b Cruz-Solis, Irma; Ibarra-Herrera, Celeste C.; Rocha-Pizaña, María del Refugio; Luna-Vital, Diego (2023), Hernández-Álvarez, Alan Javier; Mondor, Martin; Nosworthy, Matthew G. (eds.), "Alkaline Extraction–Isoelectric Precipitation of Plant Proteins", Green Protein Processing Technologies from Plants: Novel Extraction and Purification Methods for Product Development, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–29, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-16968-7_1#:~:text=alkaline%20extraction%E2%80%93isoelectric%20precipitation%20is,solutions%20and%20their%20isoelectric%20point., ISBN 978-3-031-16968-7, retrieved 2023-11-29
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