User:TheYearbookTeacher/Publications

A printing press can be used for the printing of creative works for publication.

To publish is to make content available to the general public. While specific use of the term may vary among countries, it is usually applied to text, images, or other audio-visual content, including paper (newspapers, magazines, catalogs, etc.). Publication means the act of publishing, and also any copies issued for public distribution.

Modern computing and industry-standard desktop publishing software, such as Adobe InDesign and QuarkXpress, have radically changed publication production since the early 2000s.

Data centers, such as this one located at CERN, are a key component of how digital versions of publications—ebooks, audiobooks, television and radio programs through streaming services, podcasts, etc.—are delivered to end users through the internet.

History

Ancient times to Gutenberg

The earliest forms of written communication included tablets with cuneiform in Mesopotamia around 3100 BCE. These early records documented administrative, religious, and legal matters and served educational purposes. Over time, the materials used to produce publications came to include papyrus scrolls in Egypt and parchment codices in the Greco-Roman world. There was little progress in publication reproduction technology beyond have a plant or animal based writing medium and manual (non-mechanical) reproduction by hand.

Gutenberg and the printing press

In mid-15th century Germany, Johannes Gutenberg invented the movable type printing press, which made the mass production of texts possible. The printing press existed, but with immovable type that was carved ahead of time for each page. Being able to typeset a page with individual pieces of type is significantly less expensive and quicker than previous methods. Gutenberg's Bible

Legal definition and copyright

Main articles: History of copyright, Copyright, and Copyright infringement

Publication is a technical term in legal contexts and especially important in copyright legislation. An author of a work generally is the initial owner of the copyright on the work. One of the copyrights granted to the author of a work is the exclusive right to publish the work

Linotype compositors in 1909 typesetting pages in preparation for printing an edition of the now-defunct New York World newspaper. Machines such as these were used up until the 1970s when computer composition became more economic and practical.

Types

Publications can be placed into one of three categories: periodicals, monographs, and serials.

Periodicals

Main article: Periodical literature

Periodicals are any type of media which are released on a ongoing basis with no predetermined end. They are composed of individual units, which have different names depending on their medium. Within periodicals, there are three types:

• Popular periodicals such as newspapers, general-interest magazines
• Trade periodicals
• Scholarly periodicals

Monographs

Main article: Monograph

Monographs are single-volume works that focus on a specific no subject or research area. They are commonly used in academic context to provide detailed analysis. Obvious general literary purposes include novels and other single volume works as well as anthology and.

• Book or codex: a medium for recording information in the form of writing or images, typically composed of many pages bound together and protected by a cover.
• Booklet: a leaflet of more than one sheet of paper, usually attached in the style of a book.
• Broadside: a large single sheet of paper printed on one side, designed to be plastered onto walls, produced from the 16th to 19th centuries, obsolete with the development of newspapers and cheap novels.
• Flyer or handbill: a small sheet of paper printed on one side, designed to be handed out free.
• Leaflet: a single sheet of paper printed on both sides and folded.
• Pamphlet: an unbound book.

Serial publications

Journal: a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published.

International standards

See also: BibTeX § Entry types, BIBFRAME § Specific formats, and ISO 690

ISO 690, a set of guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources, defines a publication as a "message or document offered for general distribution or sale and usually produced in multiple copies", and lists types of publications including monographs and their components and serials and their components. Common bibliographic software specifications such as BibTeX and Citation Style Language also list types of publications, as do various standards for library cataloging. For example, RDA, a cataloging standard adopted by the Library of Congress in 2013 and by some other national libraries, differentiates between content types, media types, and carrier types of information resources.

Unpublished works

A work that has not undergone publication, and thus is not generally available to the public, or for citation in scholarly or legal contexts, is called an unpublished work. In some cases unpublished works are widely cited, or circulated via informal means. An author who has not yet published a work may also be referred to as being unpublished.

The status of being unpublished has specific significance in the legal context, where it may refer to the non-publication of legal opinions in the United States.