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Santiagueño Quechua
Runa Simi
Pronunciation	['ɾuna 'simi]
Region	Santiago del Estero, Argentina
Native speakers	60,000 (2000)
Language family	Quechuan Quechua II Southern Quechua Santiagueño Quechua
Standard forms	Santiagueño Quechua
Writing system	Latin script (Santiagueño Quechua alphabet)
Official status
Official language in	Santiago del Estero
Language codes
ISO 639-3	qus
Glottolog	sant1432
Approximate extension in Santiago del Estero (in blue).

Santiago del Estero Quichua or Santiagueño Quechua (Santiagen Quichua) is a vulnerable dialect of Southern Quechua spoken by approximately 60,000 people in Argentina. It is primarily spoken in the Santiago del Estero province, but long-standing internal migration has also increased its presence in different provinces of northeastern Argentina (particularly Chaco and Salta) and in the Buenos Aires province. Its speakers are known as quichuistas, and as of 2000 there were no known monolinguals, meaning every speaker was bilingual.

It is 81% similar to other Quechuan languages. It is the seventh-most widely spoken language in Argentina behind Spanish, Italian, Levantine Arabic, South Bolivian Quechua, Standard German, and Mapudungun. It is the third most widely spoken indigenous language in the region.

There is a chair at the National University of Santiago del Estero dedicated to its study and preservation. There are radio programs to promote it, and it is currently taught at some Santiagueño schools and by various language institutes throughout Argentina.

The first modern descriptive grammar was published in 2001 by Jorge Alderetes. Its study dates from colonial times

http://www.language-archives.org/language/qus

Origins and history

Quechua was an official language of Santiago del Estero, Catamarca, and La Rioja during the colonial era (16th-early 19th centuries). Most scholars agree that the it was imported from the Inca Empire, but disagree when it comes to determining how. Lizondo Borda postulated that in the late 16th century Catholic missionaries and priests began to teach Quechua as a lingua franca to the indigenous populations, whose native language was probably Lule/Tonocoté. http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/LaBrasaLizondoBorda.html Another competing hypothesis is that the Inca Empire extended as far south as the current territory of Santiago del Estero.

There was once another dialect of Southern Quechua in Argentina, that of Catamarca and La Rioja, but it has since gone extinct.

Classification

Quechuan, Peripheral Quechua, Chinchay

Typology

20 consonants and 5 vowels.

Writing

Latin script https://www.ethnologue.com/language/qus

People

The indigenous people of Santiago del Estero were referred to as the "tonocoté". They faced much racism and discrimination from the rest of the Argentinian population which led to the diminishing of their language and culture as a whole. The government even went so far as to release flyers describing what these indigenous people looked like, including red skin and the use of feathers in their clothing. For this reason, they were singled out among the rest of the Hispanic population. Instead of learning their maternal language of Santiagueño Quechua at school, indigenous children were looked over and forced to learItalic textn the official Spanish language, which is a contributing factor as to why this language became endangered.

Religion

Most quichua speakers are Christians, and Catholic in particular. The word 'Pachamama' is part of the vocabulary but has no religious meaning. http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/vocab3.htm#P In 1990 parts of the Bible were translated to Santiagueño Quichua.

Grammar

Santiagueño Quechua has a SOV (subject-object-verb) word order. Example: Nocka mishita ckaani (I cat see). It has no article.

Noun and adjective inflection

Santiagueño Quechua nouns and adjectives inflect by six cases (nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, ablative and dative) and two numbers (singular and plural). Although the language has no grammatical gender, in the biological realm differentiates between male and female. Example: chuspi orcko (fly male), chuspi china (fly female).

Adjective classification

There three kinds of adjectives: descriptive, determinative and numeral. In normative Santiagueño Quechua the adjective always precedes the noun, but because of Spanish influence sometimes is placed before and others after the noun. Citar a bravo.

Verb inflection

Corregir de acuerdo con Alderetes.

Present tense

Pronoun	Root	Suffix
Nocka	muna	ni
Ckam	muna	nki
Pay	muna	n
Nockanchis	muna	nchis
Nockaycu	muna	yku
Ckamcuna	muna	nkichis
Paycuna	muna	nku

Past tense

Pronoun	Root	"ra"	Suffix
Nocka	muna	ra	ni
Ckam	muna	ra	nki
Pay	muna	ra	n
Nockanchis	muna	ra	nchis
Nockaycu	muna	ra	yku
Ckamcuna	muna	ra	nkichis
Paycuna	muna	ra	nku

Future tense

Pronoun	Root	Suffix
Nocka	muna	saq
Ckam	muna	nki
Pay	muna	nqa
Nockanchis	muna	sunchis
Nockayku	muna	saqku
Ckamcuna	muna	nkichis
Paycuna	muna	nqanku

The verb of movement "to go" has been extensively studied and compared to other dialects of Quechua. It was found that while in other dialects, this verb is used to represent physical movement, in Santiagueño Quechua, it represents a future action. This can be compared to the modern Spanish phrase "ir a" which means "to go" + infinitive in Santiagueño Quechua.

Pasado no experimentado

It has been discovered that a new category of verb exists in this Quechua language: Pasado no experimentado, which adds a certain suffix to words to represent information that has been related to someone from another person. Usually, the suffix that corresponds to this is -ra. Ex: "niara".

Phonology

There are five vowel phonemes primarily used in this language: /a, e, i, o, u/. In addition, as with other Quechuan languages, /a/, /i/ and /u/ possess [ɑ], [e ~ ɛ] and [o ~ ɔ] as allophones in the vicinity of the consonant phoneme /q/. As opposed to other dialects of this language, which use the phoneme /ʎ/, Santiagueño Quechua possesses /ʒ ~ ʑ/, similar to the Argentine Spanish pronunciation of /ʎ ~ ʝ/ as [ʒ ~ ʑ].

Consonants

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular
Stop	voiceless	p	t			k	q
	voiced					g	ɢ
Affricate				t͡ʃ
Fricative	voiceless	ɸ	s	ʃ		x	χ
	voiced			ʒ
Nasal					ɲ
Approximant			l		j	w
Flap			ɾ

Examples

Many of the following examples have strong similarity to, or borrow words from the Spanish language.

• cóndor- vulture
• cocaví-> provisions for a trip
• qólpa; choclo-> an ear of corn
• kúnliir; molle-> tree of life
• múli or porongo-> pumpkin
• 'kúntur; chingana-> a sort of brothel
• tarúka-> deer
• wik*úña; vincha-> hair tie
• qaparis ti(y)anku-> "they are yelling"
• na riq rini ñuqá-> "I am already going to go"
• más vale rini kutiq-> "Maybe I'll go back"
• nuqa cuchilluyta manasuq-> "I'll lend you my knife"
• Brachup historian rini cuentasuq-> "I will tell you the story of El Bracho."

References

• History and Geography of Santiago Quichua (in Spanish)
• http://www.crimic.paris-sorbonne.fr/actes/dc/courthes.pdf
• http://halshs.ccsd.cnrs.fr/halshs-00005497
• http://roabastos.monsite.orange.fr
• Coronel-Molina, S. M., & McDowell, J. H. (2011). Proceedings of the First Symposium on Teaching Indigenous Languages of Latin America. Retrieved from http://kellogg.nd.edu/projects/quechua/STLILLA/STILLA 2008 Proceedings-MLCP-CLACS-ATLILLA2.pdf#page=287
• Palacios, Azucena; García, Ana Isabel. El indigenismo americano (III). Universitat de Valencia. p. 25.
• Brenzinger, Matthias (2007). Language Diversity Endangered. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 25.
• Gutiérrez, G. D. (1997). Un fenómeno de convergencia lingüística por contacto en el quechua de Santiago del Estero: El desarrollo del futuro verbal perifrástico. Estudios Filológicos Estud. Filol., (32). Retrieved from http://red.pucp.edu.pe/ridei/wp-content/uploads/biblioteca/110503.doc.pdf
• Lorenzino, G. A. (2003). Bilingüismo y Migración Urbana: El Quechua Santiagueño. Selected Proceedings of the First Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics, 53-60. Retrieved from http://www.lingref.com/cpp/wss/1/paper1007.pdf
• Parodi, C. (1973). Observaciones en torno a los quechuismos del Diccionario Etimológico de Corominas. 11. Retrieved from http://www.revistas.unam.mx/index.php/ral/article/view/38764/35248
• De Granda, G. (1998). De nuevo sobre Quechua y Español en el noroeste argentino. Reexamen de algunos temas. Retrieved fromhttp://ezproxybib.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/lexis/article/viewFile/7320/7533
• De Granda, G. (1997). Una modalidad de transferencia lingüística por contacto. Procesos de reanálisis en el quechua de Santiago del Estero (Argentina). Retrieved from http://www.nuevosfoliosbioetica.uchile.cl/index.php/BDF/article/viewFile/21481/22779
• De Granda, G. (1997). DOS RASGOS DEL SISTEMA CASUAL DEL QUECHUA SANTIAGUEÑO Y SUS POSIBLES FACTORES CONDICIONANTES. Retrieved from http://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/lexis/article/view/7390/7612
• De Granda, G. (2000). Evolución y condicionamientos de un parámetro gramatical en la lengua quechua. La marcación morfológica de la categoría número. Evolución Y Condicionamientos De Un Parámetro. Retrieved from http://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/lexis/article/viewFile/4936/4934

External links

• Ethnologue: Santiago del Estero Quichua
• Course on Quechua
• Quechuan Culture
• Endangered Languages Page
• Sorosoro Page
• Atlas of Indigenous places in Latin America
• Refworld Page
• Glottolog Page

Category:Languages of Argentina