User:Teenuh1/Trail pheromone
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[edit]Trail pheromones are semiochemicals secreted from the body of an insect to affect the behavior of another insect receiving it.[1]
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[edit]Insects that employ trail pheromones
Ants
Ants typically use trail pheromones to coordinate roles like nest defense and foraging.[2] Ants can produce a trail of defensive secretions that trigger an alarm response within their nestmates.[3] In regards to foraging, an ant can communicate the quality of a food source to its colony; the more rewarding a food source is, the higher the concentration of the trail produced.[4] Additionally, some species, like Lasius niger ants, can "eavesdrop" on the trails produced by another species in order to procure food.
Myrmicine ants produce their trail pheromones through their poison glands.[5] The major component in the trail pheromones secreted by Pristomyrex pungens is 6-n-pentyl-2-pyrone; several monoterpenes were also found in the secretion, but they provided only marginal effects when combined with the former.[6] The major components found in the secretions of Aphaenogaster rudis include anabaseine, anabasine, and 2,3'-bipyridyl, though the third contributes less than the other two.[5] When secreted, this trail pheromone does not recruit ants directly from their nest; instead, worker ants may stumble upon to the trail unintentionally and follow it thereafter to the food source.
Bees
Bees can use trail pheromones to mark food sources[7] and the entrance of their hives.[8] Oftentimes, when finding a source, bees will mark that exact location as well as secreting pheromones along the flight back to their hives. Employment of trail pheromones is extensively studied in honey bees and stingless bees, for both are highly social.
The trail pheromone of the stingless bee Trigona recursa is produced by its labial glands.[9] One of its key compounds is hexyl decanoate, and when secreted, the pheromone will recruit other bees towards the source. The stingless bee Scaptotrigona pectoralis, like ants, can utilize another colony's food trail. Specifically, they can learn foreign pheromone trails at a source, broadening their options for foraging.[10] However, in some cases of aggressive bees, like Trigona corvina, encounters between individuals from different colonies at a food source will result in fights and ultimately death amongst both parties.[11]
Termites
Termites use trail pheromones primarily as a means of foraging. They can lay pheromones along a trail as their abdomens touch the ground, specifically through their abdominal sternal glands.[12] As the other termites follow, they will continue to add to the trail.
The basal termite Mastotermes darwiniensis produces trail pheromones from at least two sternal glands despite every other species producing theirs from only one.[13] This pheromone, soley comprised of a norsesquiterpene alcohol, elicits trail-following from other termites. As aforementioned, these successive termites can add to the trail, depending if it is used for foraging or recruiting workers to complete tasks. In the case of Reticulitermes santonensis, foraging trails have spotted markings throughout the path, whereas recruitment trails are more continuous from the termites dragging their bodies along the path.[14]
References
[edit]- ^ B., Harborne, J. (2014). Introduction to Ecological Biochemistry. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-08-091859-4. OCLC 1048398105.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Chalissery, Jaime M.; Renyard, Asim; Gries, Regine; Hoefele, Danielle; Alamsetti, Santosh Kumar; Gries, Gerhard (2019-11-01). "Ants Sense, and Follow, Trail Pheromones of Ant Community Members". Insects. 10 (11): 383. doi:10.3390/insects10110383. ISSN 2075-4450.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Choe, Dong-Hwan; Villafuerte, David B.; Tsutsui, Neil D. (2012-09-20). "Trail Pheromone of the Argentine Ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". PLOS ONE. 7 (9): e45016. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045016. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3447822. PMID 23028739.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Traniello, James F. A. (2009-01-01), Resh, Vincent H.; Cardé, Ring T. (eds.), "Chapter 219 - Recruitment Communication", Encyclopedia of Insects (Second Edition), San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 869–877, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374144-8.00228-9, ISBN 978-0-12-374144-8, retrieved 2022-10-22
- ^ a b Attygalle, A. B.; Kern, F.; Huang, Q.; Meinwald, J. (1998-01). "Trail Pheromone of the Myrmicine Ant Aphaenogaster rudis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Naturwissenschaften. 85 (1): 38–41. doi:10.1007/s001140050450. ISSN 0028-1042.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Janssen, Edelgard; Hölldobler, Bert; Kern, Friedrich; Bestmann, Hans Jürgen; Tsuji, Kazuki (1997-04-01). "Trail Pheromone of Myrmicine Ant Pristomyrmex pungens". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 23 (4): 1025–1034. doi:10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006386.14952.d7. ISSN 1573-1561.
- ^ Zablotny, James E. (2009-01-01), Resh, Vincent H.; Cardé, Ring T. (eds.), "Chapter 237 - Sociality", Encyclopedia of Insects (Second Edition), San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 928–935, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374144-8.00246-0, ISBN 978-0-12-374144-8, retrieved 2022-12-05
- ^ Klowden, Marc J. (2013-01-01), Klowden, Marc J. (ed.), "Chapter 12 - Communication Systems", Physiological Systems in Insects (Third Edition), San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 603–647, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-415819-1.00012-x, ISBN 978-0-12-415819-1, retrieved 2022-12-05
- ^ Jarau, Stefan; Schulz, Claudia M.; Hrncir, Michael; Francke, Wittko; Zucchi, Ronaldo; Barth, Friedrich G.; Ayasse, Manfred (2006-05-23). "Hexyl Decanoate, the First Trail Pheromone Compound Identified in a Stingless Bee, Trigona recursa". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 32 (7): 1555–1564. doi:10.1007/s10886-006-9069-0. ISSN 0098-0331.
- ^ Reichle, Christian; Aguilar, Ingrid; Ayasse, Manfred; Jarau, Stefan (2010-11-04). "Stingless bees (Scaptotrigona pectoralis) learn foreign trail pheromones and use them to find food". Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 197 (3): 243–249. doi:10.1007/s00359-010-0605-6. ISSN 0340-7594.
- ^ Johnson, Leslie K.; Hubbell, Stephen P. (1974-01). "Aggression and Competition among Stingless Bees: Field Studies". Ecology. 55 (1): 120–127. doi:10.2307/1934624. ISSN 0012-9658.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Ginzel, M. D. (2010-01-01), Breed, Michael D.; Moore, Janice (eds.), "Olfactory Signals", Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 584–588, doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-045337-8.00268-0, ISBN 978-0-08-045337-8, retrieved 2022-10-22
- ^ Sillam-Dussès, David; Sémon, Etienne; Lacey, Michael J.; Robert, Alain; Lenz, Michael; Bordereau, Christian (2007-10-01). "Trail-Following Pheromones in Basal Termites, with Special Reference to Mastotermes darwiniensis". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 33 (10): 1960–1977. doi:10.1007/s10886-007-9363-5. ISSN 1573-1561.
- ^ Reinhard, Judith; Kaib, Manfred (2001-03-01). "Trail Communication During Foraging and Recruitment in the Subterranean Termite Reticulitermes santonensis De Feytaud (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae)". Journal of Insect Behavior. 14 (2): 157–171. doi:10.1023/A:1007881510237. ISSN 1572-8889.