User:Roggemaj/Cocaine dependence
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[edit]Lead
[edit]Signs and symptoms
[edit]Cocaine is a powerful stimulant known to make users feel energetic, cheerful, talkative, etc. In time, negative side effects include increased body temperature, irregular or rapid heart rate, high blood pressure, increased risk of heart attacks, strokes and even sudden death from cardiac arrest.[1] Many habitual abusers develop a transient, manic-like condition similar to amphetamine psychosis and schizophrenia, whose symptoms include aggression, severe paranoia, restlessness, confusion[2] and tactile hallucinations; which can include the feeling of something crawling under the skin (formication), also known as "coke bugs", during binges.[3] Different ingestion techniques have there own symptoms that accompany them. Snorting it can cause a loss of sense of smell, nose bleeds, problems swallowing and an inflamed, runny nose. Smoking it causes lung damage and injecting it puts users at risk of contracting infectious diseases like HIV and hepatitis C[4]. Users of cocaine have also reported having thoughts of suicide, unusual weight loss, trouble maintaining relationships, and an unhealthy, pale appearance.
Withdrawal symptoms
[edit]When used habitually, cocaine, because of its highly addictive nature, can change the brain structure and function[4]. Circuits within the brain structure, that play a part in stress signals become more sensitive. When cocaine is not being used this increases an individuals displeasure and negative moods [4]. In 1986, Gawin and Kleber led an important study on the withdrawal symptoms of cocaine users. In this study, three distinct phases were reported. These phases are the 'crash', 'withdrawal' and 'extinction' [5]. The 'crash' phase or phase 1 occurs directly after cocaine is not being used anymore. Withdrawal symptoms for this phase are: exhaustion, hypersomnia, no cravings to use, dysthymia, increased appetite, restlessness and irritability[5]. The second phase, or 'withdrawal' phase occurs 1-10 weeks after cocaine users quit, symptoms include: lethargy, anxiety, erratic sleep, strong craving, emotional liability, irritability, depression and poor concentration[5]. Finally the last phase or the 'extinction' phase occurs up to 28 weeks after discontinued use, symptoms include: episodic cravings and some dysphoria [5].
Epidemiology and Prevalence Rates
[edit]In the United States, past year cocaine users in 2019 was 5.5 million for people aged 12 or older. When broken into age groups, ages 12-17 had 97,000 users; ages 18-25 had 1.8 million users and ages 26 or older had 3.6 million users[6].
Past year cocaine users with a cocaine use disorder in 2019 was 1 million for people aged 12 or older. When broken into age groups, ages 12-17 had 5,000 people with a cocaine use disorder; ages 18-25 had 250,000 people with a cocaine use disorder and ages 26 or older had 756,000 people with a cocaine use disorder[6]
In the United States, cocaine use overdose deaths have been on the rise and in 2019, the CDC reported over 16,000 deaths from cocaine overdose[7].
Risk
[edit]Treatment
[edit]Therapy
[edit]Medications
[edit]Research
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Walsh, Karen (October 2010). "Teen Cocaine Use". Archived from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ LeVert, Suzanne (2006). Drugs: The Facts About Cocaine. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. pp. 41, 76.
- ^ Gawin, F.H. (1991). "Cocaine addiction: Psychology and neurophysiology". Science. 251 (5001): 1580–6. Bibcode:1991Sci...251.1580G. doi:10.1126/science.2011738. PMID 2011738. S2CID 26660048.
- ^ a b c Abuse, National Institute on Drug (--). "What is Cocaine?". National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d "Department of Health | The cocaine withdrawal syndrome". www1.health.gov.au. Retrieved 2021-05-10.
- ^ a b "National Survey on Drug Use and Health". nsduhweb.rti.org. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
- ^ Abuse, National Institute on Drug (--). "Cocaine". National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)