User:Pufferfish12/Kim Mun language
Kim Mun language (金门方言) is a Mienic language spoken by 200,000 of the Yao people in the provinces of Guangxi, Hunan, Yunnan, and Hainan, with about 61,000 of the speakers in Hainan Province (figures as per Ethnologue, 25th Edition).[1][2][3][4] There are also speakers who have crossed the borders into northern Laos and Vietnam.[1][5][6] Kim Mun is very similar to Iu Mien, and they have a lexical similarity percentage of 78%.[2]
The Kim Mun language is closely tied to the Daoist religion and the written Chinese language.[1][5][7]
There are multiple dialects which differ in tone and phonology, such as the Houei Sai dialect spoken in Laos and the Hainan dialect in China.[8][4]
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Distribution
[edit]In China, Kim Mun is spoken in the following counties (Mao 2004:304-305).[3]
- Yunnan: Hekou, Malipo, Maguan, Xichou, Qiubei, Guangnan, Funing, Yanshan, Shizong, Jiangcheng, Mojiang, Yuanyang, Jinping, Lüchun, Mengla, Jinghong
- Guangxi: Xilin, Lingyun, Napo, Tianlin, Fengshan, Bama, Lipu, Pingle, Mengshan, Jinxiu, Yongfu, Luzhai, Fangcheng, Shangsi
- Hainan: Qiongzhong, Baoting, Qionghai, Tunchang, Ledong, Wanning, Yaxian
In Vietnam, Kim Mun is spoken in the following provinces: Bac Giang, Dak Nong, Dien Bien, Ha Giang, Lao Cai, Quang Ninh, Tuyen Quang, and Yen Bai provinces.[2] Dao people in Vietnam belonging to the Quần Trắng, Thanh Y, and Áo Dài subgroups speak Kim Mun.[9]
In Laos, Kim Mun is spoken in the Luang Namtha, Oudomxay, Bokeo, and Phongsaly provinces.[1][10] The language can also be referred to as Lanten (from Chinese "indigo" 蓝靛, because of their association with indigo-dyed clothing and indigo market) or Lao Houay.[7][1][5] In the Luang Namtha province, highland Kim Mun is differentiated from lowland Kim Mun.[1]
History
[edit]During the Ming Dynasty, the Kim Mun language was primarily spoken in southern China in the Hunan province, where political and socioeconomic boundaries created the separation of the Yao people.[1] The language became strongly tied to Daoism and religious texts, and it has been strongly influenced by language contact with Chinese.[1][5] In the mid-19th century, Kim Mun speakers moved south of China to Laos and Vietnam to escape the tense political and social climate and find fertile land.[1][5] In Laos, they became known as the Lanten (from Chinese word "indigo" 蓝靛).[7][1][5] In the Luang Namtha province of Laos, people were often bilingual in Lanten and Bit (a language in the Mon-Khmer family) because of close proximity and trade.[5] They were also able to use Tai Lue as a lingua franca.[5]
Written Language
[edit]There are records of a letter written from the Kim Mun people in Luang Namtha, Laos to the Kim Mun people in Lao Cai, Vietnam.[1][7] It described their culture and practices to the community in Lao Cai in an effort to reconnect.[7][1] It was written using Chinese characters.[1][7]
Dialects
[edit]There are many dialects of the Kim Mun language, which differ in both tone and phonology.[6][11]
Houei Sai dialect
[edit]Through the speech of a man from the Houei Sai District in the Houa Khong province of Laos, David Strecker analyzed the tones of the Houei Sai dialect of Kim Mun and found two tone inventories.[4] One tone inventory applied for sonorant-final syllables, while the other applied for stop-final syllables.[4]
| # | Tone | Phonation Type | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1a | /534/ (allophone) | Modal voice | "neck" /kla:ŋ534/ |
| 1b | /534/ (allophone) | Creaky voice | "I, me" /ja:534/ |
| 2 | /31/ | Modal voice | "intestine" /kla:ŋ31/ |
| 3 | /44/ | Modal voice | "road" /kjau44/ |
| 4 | /53?/ | Creaky voice, usually followed by glottal stop | "fish" /bjau53?/ |
| 5 | /24/ | Modal voice | "egg" /kjau24/ |
| 6 | /22/ | Creaky voice | "eye" /wa22/ |
| 7 | /554/ | Modal voice, sometimes voiceless at the end | "cooked rice" /na:ŋ554/ |
| 8 | /33/ | Lax or whispery voice followed by creaky voice | "blood" /sa:m33/ |
Note: Allophone 1a corresponds to syllables ending with a nasal or diphthong, while both allophones 1b could corresponds more often to syllables ending with a monophthong.[4]
| Vowel Length | Tone | Phonation Type | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Short/Long | High [55] | Modal voice | "centipede" /θap55/ |
| Short/Long | Mid [33] | Modal voice | "ten" /sap33/ |
| Short | Mid-low [22] | Modal voice | "a bear" /kjap22/ |
| Long | Falling [42] | Modal voice | "wing" /da:t42/ |
Hainan dialect
[edit]The Kim Mun language is thought to have recently spread to Hainan, because of consonants uncommon to the Mienic languages.[8] It contains the preglottalized stops /ʔb/ and /ʔd/, which is an areal feature of the languages in Hainan.[8] These consonants took the place of the voiceless consonants /p/ and /t/, while the voiced consonants /b/ and /d/ remained.[8]
An example of the shift is seen in the comparison of vocabulary words below, taken from the Kim Mun language in Hainan and the Kim Mun language dictionary compiled by F.M. Savina in 1926:[8][12]
| Vocabulary Word | Kim Mun (Savina) | Kim Mun (Hainan) |
|---|---|---|
| hand | pu | ʔbuu |
| name | bu | buu |
| wine | tiu | ʔdiu |
| to kill | tay | ʔdai |
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Cawthorne, Jacob (2015). "Social Cohesion under the Aegis of Reciprocity: Ritual Activity and Household Interdependence among the Kim Mun (Lanten-Yao) in Laos" (PDF). Journal of Lao Studies (Special Issue 2). Center for Lao Studies: 6–33. ISSN 2159-2152.
- ^ a b c "Kim Mun". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-09-25.
- ^ a b 毛宗武, 李云兵 / Mao Zongwu, Li Yunbing. 1997. 巴哼语研究 / Baheng yu yan jiu (A Study of Baheng [Pa-Hng]). Shanghai: 上海远东出版社 / Shanghai yuan dong chu ban she.
- ^ a b c d e f g Strecker, David (1990). "The tones of the Houei Sai dialect of the Mun language". Cahiers de linguistique - Asie orientale. 19 (1): 5–33. doi:10.3406/clao.1990.1309. ISSN 0153-3320.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Shinsuke, 富田, 晋介 50599884 Badenoch, Nathan Tomita, (2013-05-08). Mountain People in the Muang : Creation and Governance of a Tai Polity in Northern Laos. Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University. OCLC 957916300.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Downer, G. B. (1961). "Phonology of the Word in Highland Yao". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 24 (3): 531–541. ISSN 0041-977X.
- ^ a b c d e f Cawthorne, Jacob (2021). Letters without capitals : text and practice in Kim Mun (Yao) culture. Brill's Southeast Asian Library. Vol. 9. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-44448-5. OCLC 1245610510.
- ^ a b c d e Shintani, Tadahiko L. A. (30 March 1991). "Preglottalized Consonants in the Languages of Hainan Island, China" (PDF). Journal of Asian and African Studies (41). Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), Tokyo University of Foreign Studies: 1–10.
- ^ Phan Hữu Dật & Hoàng Hoa Toàn. 1998. "Về vấn đề xác minh tên gọi và phân loại các ngành Dao Tuyên Quang." In Phan Hữu Dật (ed). Một số vấn đề về dân tộc học Việt Nam, p.483-567. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Đại Học Quốc Gia Hà Nội. [Comparative word list of 9 Dao dialects in Tuyen Quang Province from p. 524-545]
- ^ Estévez, Joseba (2019), Platenkamp, Jos D. M.; Schneider, Almut (eds.), "On Becoming a Ritual Master Among the Lanten—Yao Mun—Of Laos", Integrating Strangers in Society, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 111–130, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16703-5_7, ISBN 978-3-030-16702-8, retrieved 2022-11-05
- ^ Chang, Kun (1953). "On the Tone System of the Miao-Yao Languages". Language. 29 (3): 374–378. doi:10.2307/410034. ISSN 0097-8507.
- ^ Savina, F. M. (1926). Dictionnaire français-mán, précédé d'une note sur les Mán Kim-đi-mun et leur langue. PERSEE. OCLC 754148765.
Bibliography
[edit]- Cawthorne, Jacob (2021). Letters Without Capitals: Text and Practice in Kim Mun (Yao) Culture. Brill's Southeast Asian Library. Vol. 9. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-44448-5. OCLC 1245610510.
- Cawthorne, Jacob (2015). ""Social Cohesion under the Aegis of Reciprocity: Ritual Activity and Household Interdependence among the Kim Mun (Lanten-Yao) in Laos" (PDF). Journal of Lao Studies (Special Issue 2). Center for Lao Studies: 6–33. ISSN 2159-2152.
- Chang, Kun (1953). "On the Tone System of the Miao-Yao Languages". Language. 29 (3): 374–378. doi:10.2307/410034 – via JSTOR.
- Estévez, Joseba (2019). "On Becoming a Ritual Master Among the Lanten—Yao Mun—Of Laos": 111–130. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16703-5_7. ISBN 978-3-030-16702-8 – via Springer International Publishing.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Downer, G. B. (1961). ""Phonology of the Word in Highland Yao". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 24 (3). University of London: 531–541. ISSN 0041-977X – via JSTOR.
- Savina, Francois M. (1926). Dictionnaire français-mán, précédé d'une note sur les Mán Kim-đi-mun et leur langue. PERSEE. OCLC 754148765.
- Shinsuke, Tomita; Badenoch, Nathan (April 2013). "Mountain People in the Muang: Creation and Governance of a Tai Polity in Northern Laos". Southeast Asian Studies. 2 (1). Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University.: 29–67. OCLC 957916300.
- Shintani, Tadahiko L. A. (30 March 1991). "Preglottalized Consonants in the Languages of Hainan Island, China" (PDF). Journal of African and Asian Studies. Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (41): 1–10.
- Strecker, David (1990). ""The tones of the Houei Sai dialect of the Mun language". Cahiers de Linguistique - Asie Orientale. 19 (1): 5–33. doi:10.3406/clao.1990.130. ISSN 0153-3320.