User:Peruan00/Climate change in Indonesia
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Climate change in Indonesia Draft
[edit]Sea Level Rise and Land Subsidence
[edit]In 2019, about half of the nation's capital, Jakarta, was located beneath sea level, with some neighborhoods sinking "as fast as 9 inches a year."[1] Continued carbon emissions at the 2019 rate, in combination with unlicensed groundwater extraction, is predicted to immerse 95% of Northern Jakarta by 2050.[1]
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Difference in sea level rise can differ seasonly during monsoons where they may average higher in northwest and lower in the southeast as well as the variation in tectonic activity in the massive archipelagic state.[2] While the mean sea level rise globally was 3-10mm/year, the subsidence rate for Jakarta was around 75-100mm/year, making the relative rise in sea level nearly 10cm/year.[3] Continued carbon emissions at the 2019 rate, in combination with unlicensed groundwater extraction, is predicted to immerse 95% of Northern Jakarta by 2050.[1]
Some studies have suggested that climate change induced sea level rise may be minimal compared to the rise induced by lack of water infrastructure and rapid urban development.[4] The Indonesian government views land subsidence, mostly due to over extraction of groundwater, as the primary threat to Jakarta's infrastructure and development.[5] Dutch urban planning is in large part to blame for the water crisis today as a consequence of canals built during the colonial era which intentionally subdivided the city, segregating indigenous people and Europeans, providing clean water access and infrastructure almost exclusively to European settlers.[6][7][8] Due to the lack of access to clean water in Jakarta outside of wealthier communities, many locals have been pushed to extract groundwater without permits.[9] Jakarta's growing population and rapid urban development has been eating away at the surrounding agriculture, further destroying natural flood mitigation from forests and polluting river systems relied on by predominantly poorer locals, pushing said locals to rely on groundwater.[10] In 2019, water pipes in Jakarta reach only sixty percent of the population.[9]
Despite this being a very pressing issue in the city, almost half of the local population does not know or have not been made aware of the correlation between land subsidence, their extraction and increased flooding making an organized approach to this issue much more difficult.[11]The issue has persisted so long that Indonesia has confirmed the movement of their nation's capital, Jakarta, to a new city in East Kalimantan in the island of Borneo, citing the land subsidence issue as a primary reason.[12][13] The movement the capital to Borneo, in part, minimizes the effects of natural disasters due to its strategic location, but the rapid pace of the planned relocation may exacerbate environmental issues on the island in the near future, particularly biodiversity loss.[14]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Dickinson, Leta (2019-05-01). "Indonesia might need a new capital because of climate change". Grist. Retrieved 2019-05-16.
- ^ Triana, Karlina; Wahyudi, A'an Johan (2020-12-25). "Sea Level Rise in Indonesia: The Drivers and the Combined Impacts from Land Subsidence". ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development. 37 (3). doi:10.29037/ajstd.627. ISSN 2224-9028.
- ^ "(PDF) Sinking coastal cities". ResearchGate. doi:10.5194/piahs-372-189-2015.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Abidin, H. Z.; Andreas, H.; Gumilar, I.; Brinkman, J. J. (2015-11-12). "Study on the risk and impacts of land subsidence in Jakarta". Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences. 372: 115–120. doi:10.5194/piahs-372-115-2015. ISSN 2199-899X.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Colven, Emma (2020-07-02). "Subterranean infrastructures in a sinking city: the politics of visibility in Jakarta". Critical Asian Studies. 52 (3): 311–331. doi:10.1080/14672715.2020.1793210. ISSN 1467-2715.
- ^ Kehoe, Marsely L. (2015-01). "Dutch Batavia: Exposing the Hierarchy of the Dutch Colonial City". Journal of Historians of Netherlandish Art. 7 (1). doi:10.5092/jhna.2015.7.1.3. ISSN 1949-9833.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Kooy, Michelle; Bakker, Karen (2008-11). "Splintered networks: The colonial and contemporary waters of Jakarta". Geoforum. 39 (6): 1843–1858. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2008.07.012. ISSN 0016-7185.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ KOOY, MICHELLE; BAKKER, KAREN (2008-06). "Technologies of Government: Constituting Subjectivities, Spaces, and Infrastructures in Colonial and Contemporary Jakarta". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 32 (2): 375–391. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2008.00791.x. ISSN 0309-1317.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b Horma, Justin. "Phenomenon of Sinking Jakarta from groundwater usage and other drivers that affect its implication Geographically, Social, Economically, and its Environment". ResearchGate.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Douglass, Michael (2010-03). "Globalization, Mega-projects and the Environment". Environment and Urbanization ASIA. 1 (1): 45–65. doi:10.1177/097542530900100105. ISSN 0975-4253.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Takagi, Hiroshi; Esteban, Miguel; Mikami, Takahito; Pratama, Munawir Bintang; Valenzuela, Ven Paolo Bruno; Avelino, John Erick (2021-10-01). "People's perception of land subsidence, floods, and their connection: A note based on recent surveys in a sinking coastal community in Jakarta". Ocean & Coastal Management. 211: 105753. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105753. ISSN 0964-5691.
- ^ "Indonesia passes law paving way to move capital to Borneo". The Japan Times. 2022-01-18. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
- ^ "Why is Indonesia moving its capital city? Everything you need to know". the Guardian. 2019-08-27. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
- ^ Van de Vuurst, Paige; Escobar, Luis E. (2020-01-30). "Perspective: Climate Change and the Relocation of Indonesia's Capital to Borneo". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00005. ISSN 2296-6463.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)