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Coordinates: 37°16′15″N 76°42′33″W / 37.27083°N 76.70917°W / 37.27083; -76.70917
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The College of William & Mary has possessed a campus in modern-day Williamsburg, Virginia, since 1693. The cornerstone of the College Building, now known as the Wren Building and the oldest surviving academic building in the United States, was laid in August 1695. The college's 18th-century campus includes the College Building, the President's House, and Brafferton–all of which were constructed using slave labor. These buildings were renovated and sustained significant damage during the succeeding centuries before receiving significant restorations by the Colonial Williamsburg program during the 1920s and 1930s. Additional construction and acquisitions developed and expanded the college's Williamsburg campus through the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries.

William & Mary affiliated with the Richmond-based predecessor of Virginia Commonwealth University in 1925. In 1930, the college opened a Norfolk campus for what is now Old Dominion University. A short-lived school system, the Colleges of William & Mary, integrated several additional institutions and campuses with the college in the early 1960s; only Richard Bland College remains affiliated. A campus for the college's Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) graduate school was established at Yorktown in the 1940s before moving to its current Gloucester Point site. VIMS also mains a laboratory in Wachapreague and a research facility along the Rappahannock River.

History

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17th and 18th centuries

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The earliest known drawing of the College Building, by Swiss traveler Franz Ludwig Michel, 1702

On February 8, 1693, King William III of England and Queen Mary II granted a royal charter that established the College of William & Mary in Virginia and made James Blair the first president of the college.[1] Blair returned to Colony of Virginia in October that year and the Virginia General Assembly began debating the location of the new college's campus.[2] The assembly selected Middle Plantation, a spot roughly equidistant between the York River and James Rivers on the Virginia Peninsula. Middle Plantation lay between two palisades, with the campus site just west of the second, 1633-authorized fortification which ran from Queen's Creek to Archer's Hope Creek (now known as College Creek).[3] The college trustees purchased 330 acres from Thomas Ballard for £170 and assigned Thomas Hadley to begin developing a portion of the property.[4]

The House of Burgesses allocated £1,135 for the college's construction and a £100 annual salary for Blair on June 11, 1694.[5] Some of the college's funds were devoted to restoring a degraded Middle Plantation schoolhouse that likely hosted William & Mary's first classes.[6] Daniel Parke Jr. was given a contract to produce around 800,000 bricks. Construction was stalled by "intrigue", which Blair attributed to Philip Ludwell's "fear of Sir A": Virginia governor and opponent to the college Edmund Andros. Despite political resistance, the cornerstone of the College Building, now known as the Wren Building,Cite error: There are <ref> tags on this page without content in them (see the help page). was laid on August 8, 1695.[7][note 1]

Blair had contracted Hadley while in England, bringing both plans and construction materials with them to Virginia.[9] Planned as a quadrangle, only the north and east wings were built.[10] The College Building's construction involved English masons, indentured servants, and enslaved persons. The enslaved persons, owned by the contractor, were assigned the hard labor.[11] In 1724, Hugh Jones wrote that the College Building was "first modeled by Sir Christopher Wren". Since then, Wren's supposed involvement in the building's design has been the subject of lengthy debate. The College Building was completed in 1697.[12] The original College Building is thought to have been three stories tall and topped with a two-story hexagonal cupola. The earliest known surviving depiction of the College Building was executed by Swiss traveler Franz Ludwig Michel in 1702; Michel claimed that he slept in the cupola.[13]

The college's affiliation with the Church of England contributed to opposition to Andros in England; he was recalled and Francis Nicholson replaced him as colonial governor in 1698.[14] After the statehouse in Jamestown burned in October 1698, both Nicholson and Blair supported moving the capital from the Jamestown, which was unbearably hot and humid in the summer, to Middle Plantation. A series of orations were given at the college on May Day 1699 before a crowd which included government officials. The third of these orations, possibly sponsored by Nicholson, persuaded those assembled to move the capital to the college's community. The move was passed by assembly in June and Middle Plantation was reestablished as a city named Williamsburg. Nicholson planned the city like he had at Annapolis, Maryland, and extended a nearly mile-long street named for the Duke of Gloucester from the College Building on its western terminus to the new Capitol (constructed 1701–1705).[15]

On April 24, 1700, the college's Board of Visitors offered the College Building as a host for all branches of Virginia's government until the the Capitol was completed. This offer was accepted and the College Building served as a statehouse from October 1700 until April 1704.[16] During the night of October 29–30, 1705, the College Building burned. The library and furnishings were destroyed, as were scientific instruments donated by John Locke. Queen Anne donated £500, which was enough to clear the burnt remains of the building, and John Tullitt purchased the lumber rights to the college's properties for £2000. Requiring additional funds, the Queen donated another £500 in 1710. Governor Alexander Spotswood, knowledgable about architecture, sponsored the reconstruction.[17] The College Building rebuilding was completed in 1715 to a design credited to Spotswood.[18] The 1715 rebuild was two and a half-stories tall and featured a possibly shorter cupola. The Bodleian Plate depicts this iteration of the structure with three stories of full masonry and a loggia.[19]

The College Yard on the Bodleian Plate, a copperplate engraving dated to the c. 1732–1747.[20] Left to right: Brafferton, College Building, and President's House

The Brafferton was built in 1723 south of the College Building to support the college's Indian school. It was renovated in 1734 to accommodate dormers, provide for a library on the second floor, and add living space to the third floor. Henry Cary Jr. designed the President's House, which was built to the College Building's north in 1732–1733. The College Building's chapel and south wing were completed in 1732.[21] By the early 18th century, the College Yard containing these structures was walled, as depicted on the Bodleian Plate. A garden that may have been designed by James Road, the gardener at Hampton Court Palace, remained into the 1770s.[22]

With only occasional repairs, the College Building remained roughly unchanged until the American Revolutionary War. In 1772, Thomas Jefferson drew a plan to expand the building and make it a complete quadrangle; pre-Revolution events stalled this project before much work was done.[note 2] During the 1781 Yorktown campaign of the war, British general Charles Cornwallis occupied the President's House in June. From that fall until summer the next year, the College Building was used as a hospital by French troops. The President's House was a hospital for French officers from October to December 1781, when it was accidentally burned; the French government paid to rebuild it.[24] Much of the historic woodwork present in the President's House dates to this rebuilding.[25][note 3]

Jefferson, who had graduated from William & Mary, referred to the college as "rude, misshapen pile" reminiscent of a brick kiln in his 1787 Notes on the State of Virginia. When planning construction for the University of Virginia, Jefferson considered risks such as fire and disease in having all a university's functions within a single building, as was the case at William & Mary. Instead, he would support a plan for an "Academical Village" comprising a complex arranged "around an open square of grass and trees".[27][note 4]

19th century

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The College Building as it appeared from 1859–1862 with Italianate towers

A tornado damaged the Brafferton in 1834; it was heavily renovated in 1849.[29] The College Building burned again in 1859, destroying marble tablets in the chapel, the library, and scientific equipment. It was rebuilt and opened to students by October that year.[30] The reconstruction was to a new Italianate design by Henry Exall and Eban Faxon. This short-lived design sported two three-story towers and enclosed the loggia.[31]

The American Civil War saw the campus host troops from both the Confederacy–which the college supported–and the Union. As Confederates arrives in the city, the College Building was used as a barracks, with soldiers using books for pillows. Before Benjamin Stoddert Ewell, the college's president, was commissioned as a into the Confederate 32nd Virginia Infantry Regiment, he permitted Virginia Southall and her family to take up residency the President's House. The night prior to the Battle of Williamsburg, the Confederate brigade under General George Pickett was posted behind the College Building. On the day of the battle–May 5, 1862–Confederates led by General Jubal Early were held in reserve on the campus; rear guard commander General James Longstreet utilized the campus for his headquarters during the battle.[32]

Immediately following the battle, the college served as hospitals for the wounded. The college and Williamsburg came under Union occupation, with pickets just beyond the campus. Until 1864, the city and campus were on the de facto border between the Confederacy and Union. A Confederate calvary raid by General Henry A. Wise briefly seized the town from the Union on September 9, 1862, though the Confederates were forced to withdraw. In retaliation, troops from the Union's 5th Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment burned the College Building that afternoon, barring locals from attempting to extinguish the flames. Another Confederate raid fought Union pickets on the campus in 1863. During the Union occupation, the Brafferton was used by officers. Defensive trenches were dug along the campus, with windows and entrances facing the Confederate lines bricked up. Following the war's conclusion, the President's House was used by Union soldiers stationed there to oversee Reconstruction.[33]

The College Building was rebuilt between 1867 and 1869. The walls had survived another fire, allowing their reuse in this "more sober" rebuilding that featured a wider center pavilion and no towers.[34] Alfred L. Rives's design removed the Italianate frontispiece in favor of a three-bay pedimented pavilion. The façade's center bay featured an arcaded loggia. Rives's College Building also included a cupola.[35] From 1882 until 1888, college operations were suspended. College president Benjamin Stoddert Ewell rang the College Building's bell through this "silent years" period, which according to tradition "maintained the royal charter and kept the college alive".[36] William & Mary reopened in 1888, by which point the Brafferton had suffered substantial damage from sitting empty.[37] By the 1890s, the chapel's styling had become Victorian.[38] An addition was made to the President's House in 1865 to house professors while awaiting the College Building's reconstruction.[39]

20th century

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College Building and Lord Botetourt statue, c. 1905—1926

In 1903, Episcopal priest W. A. R. Goodwin accepted his assignment to Bruton Parish Church in Williamsburg on the condition that he would be able to restore the church to its colonial appearance. This restoration began in 1905, but Goodwin hoped that a similar program could be adopted throughout the city as a means to teach visitors about the 18th century and to rekindle their Americanism.[40] After returning to Williamsburg from a rectorate in Rochester, New York, in 1923, Goodwin–also a professor of biblical literature and religious education at the college–set about seeking a financial backer for his vision of a restored Williamsburg. He met wealthy philanthropist John D. Rockefeller Jr. at a Phi Beta Kappa dinner in New York City in February 1924. Phi Beta Kappa had been founded at William & Mary in 1776 and Goodwin asked Rockefeller to support the construction of Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall (now Ewell Hall).[41]

At the dedication for the for Phi Beta Kappa Hall in the fall of 1926, Goodwin pressed Rockefeller to consider a city-wide restoration. After further deliberation and planning, Rockefeller wired money to Goodwin so he could purchase the historic 18th-century Ludwell-Paradise House for restoration in December that year. Rockefeller hired Boston-based architects Perry, Shaw & Hepburn to plan the restoration, to span the length of Duke of Gloucester Street. Keeping Rockefeller's name a secret and claiming that the money was given so that William & Mary could preserve historic sites in Williamsburg, Goodwin managed to acquire large portions of the city for the planned Colonial Williamsburg.[42]

Prior to the restoration effort, the college was Williamsburg's primary tourist attraction. Restoration employee Thomas McCaskey speculated that this may have been cause for resentment towards the program from the college's administration, but ultimately the cooperation of the college with Colonial Williamsburg proved integral in successfully displaying the city in a more accurate 18th-century context.[43] The Colonial Williamsburg restorations of the three main College Yard buildings–all designed by Perry, Shaw & Hepburn–began in 1928 with the College Building.[44] For both the College Building and Brafferton, the restoration involved stripping the structures to little more than their brick exteriors and installing steel reinforcements.[45]

The unexpected rediscovery of the Bodleian Plate–a copperplate engraving depicting the College Yard buildings, Capitol, and Governor's Palace–at the University of Oxford in December 1929 drastically altered plans for the restoration of the College Building. Dating to between the completion of the President's House and the 1747 burning of the Capitol, the plate spurred the restorers to remove some of the steel buttressing they had already installed.[46][note 5] The College Building was renamed the Wren Building in 1931.[48] Thomas Tileston Waterman is credited with the "Wren-ish" restoration chapel.[49]

Through the 1920s and 1930s, the College Yard hosted a popular May Day celebration.[50] A fire burned the roof and third floor of Rogers Hall (now Chancellors Hall) on March 15, 1930; the hall would serve dormitory until the 1980s.[51] The Citizenship Building, located between the Wren Building and Phi Beta Kappa Hall (now Ewell Hall) was torn down after the Wren Building's restorations were completed. It had previously functioned as a gymnasium.[52]

Charles M. Robinson, a Richmond architect with a background in designing schools elsewhere in the commonwealth, and his firm designed Jefferson Hall (built 1920–1924), the first purpose-build dormitory for women. They also designed Monroe Hall (built 1920–1924). In 1925, college president J. A. C. Chandler contracted Robinson to produce a master plan for the campus. Robinson would go on to design the Sunken Garden around which he placed Old Campus's Colonial Revival halls, including Blair, Rogers (now Chancellors), and Washington Halls. With his junior partner John Binford Walford, Robinson further designed additional Old Campus halls, all built between 1925 and 1930. Robinson died in 1932 and was succeeded by Walford. Walford and D. Pendleton Wright designed the conservative but still modern Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall (built 1956) on New Campus, introducing a new, modern architectural period at the college.[53]

William & Mary affiliated with the Richmond School of Social Work and Public Health, later renamed the Richmond Professional Institute, in 1925. The core campus of Virginia Commonwealth University, the institute's successor, comprises property purchased by Chandler and the Richmond division's director, H. H. Hibbs, between 1925 and 1929. The popularity of the college's extension classes in Norfolk led to the opening of a campus there in September 1930. This division became independent in 1962 as Old Dominion University.[54]

In 1938–1939, architects Eero Saarinen, Ralph Rapson, and Frederic James won a competition to design the American National Theater and Academy's new National Festival Theater. Modernist in design–without precedent at on the college's campus–the complex would have ringed the ravine now named Crim Dell. Debate over the design's departure from traditionalist form, personal problems, and the prospect of war prevented the project from being built.[55]

Campus Center opened opposite of main campus on Jamestown Road in 1960. While built with facilities for campus publications and the WCWM radio station, it had become overcrowded by 1980. In 1983, the nearby former dining area of Trinkle Hall was renovated as office space and connected to Campus Center. The 1970s saw college president Thomas Ashley Graves Jr. expand upon socially liberal dormitory policies, improve campus housing, and establish student-interest housing.[56] The construction of the large concrete exterior of William and Mary Hall began in 1969.[57] Replacing Blow Hall as the main athletic facility, William & Mary Hall hosted its first game, a Tribe men's basketball loss to North Carolina in December 1970. The building was dedicated in 1971, hosting Sly and the Family Stone as its first concert. The arena space was renamed to Kaplan Arena in 2005; the remainder of the building adopted that name in 2016.[58]

The General Assembly approved The Colleges of William & Mary, a reorganization of William & Mary and its affiliates in Richmond and Norfolk, in 1960. It also added campuses at Petersburg, which became Richard Bland College, and Newport News, which became Christopher Newport University. The Colleges of William & Mary university system was disestablished in 1962. All but the Richard Bland College campus would become independent institutions.[59] The Virginia Marine Laboratory was established in Yorktown in the 1940s before moving to Gloucester Point. William & Mary, the University of Virginia, and Virginia Tech all offered degree programs at the laboratory; the latter two university's programs were discontinued in the 1970s. The Gloucester Point became part of William & Mary as the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) in 1979.[60]

Governor Linwood Holton pressed the college to convince the National Center for State Courts (NCSC) to relocate to William & Mary in the 1970s. While the effort succeeded, the American Bar Association threatened to withdraw its accreditation of the William & Mary Law School if the college's facilities–particularly its library–were not improved. The law school's dean, William Spong Jr., secured a site had a mile away from the main campus and adjacent to the new NCSC location. The law school's new location–boasting a library, academic facilities, and moot court space–was dedicated in 1980.[61]

21st century

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The western face of Alan B. Miller Hall, opened in 2009

An expansion and renovation of Swem Library, which included the installation of a 800-pound Honduran mahogany window bearing the library's logo, ended in February 2005. Preston Hall, which housed the Japanese, Chinese, and Arabic residence houses, burned down on the afternoon of May 3, 2005, with no injuries. In 2006, large residence halls were built on part of the Barksdale Fields in a style similar to other older dormitories along Landrum Drive. A recreational center addition was also completed in 2006. The Jimmye Lackcock Football Center, containing facilities for the football team, was under construction in 2007.[62]

In August 2009, the Integrated Science Center (ISC) opened for classes. The 2008 portion was the first part of an originally three-part renovation to construct the ISC along Landrum Drive;[63] construction on ISC IV, inspired by the 1920s buildings along the Sunken Garden, began in 2023.[64] The $75-million Alan B. Miller Hall was constructed for the Mason School of Business by Robert A.M. Stern Architects and the Whiting-Turner construction company, opening to students in August 2009 after two years of construction.[65] Miller Hall, which borders the College Woods to its west, received LEED certification in 2010.[66] The School of Education moved in 2010 from Jones Hall to a newly constructed building on the former site of the Williamsburg Community Hospital along Monticello Avenue.[67]

On April 23, 2021, the college announced that it would rename several campus buildings, locations, and departments that had been named for racist figures. The renamings followed pressure by activists, action by the student assembly, the George Floyd protests, and a review by the Principles of Naming & Renaming Working Group. Among name changes were Morton Hall renamed Boswell Hall, Taliaferro Hall became Willis Sr. Hall, and Tyler Hall reverted to its previous identity as Chancellors Hall.[note 6] Despite recommendation from the working group, Benjamin Stoddert Ewell's name was retained on Ewell Hall in a decision college president Katherine Rowe defended, saying "Ewell’s story is one we should honor and share because of his actions, over many years, to resist Secession and undo the depredations of slavery, before and after the war".[69][note 7] In 2020, the college's Board of Visitors had announced that Trinkle Hall–named for Virginia governor and Jim Crow law-backer Elbert Lee Trinkle–on the Williamsburg campus was renamed to Unity Hall and Maury Hall–named for Confederate States Navy admiral Matthew Fontaine Maury–on the Gloucester Point campus was renamed to York River Hall.[71]

Demolition on the 1950s Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall began in 2019 but was stalled.[72] The renovated PBK Hall and a new music building, comprising the Fine and Performing Arts Complex, opened in 2023. The renovated PBK Hall proscenium theater and lab theater seat 492 and 100 respectively, while the new studio theatre and dance recital theater seat 250 and 60 respectively. The new music building includes a 450-seat concert hall and 125-seat recital hall.[73]

Williamsburg campus

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William & Mary's Williamsburg campus is subdivided into several areas. The Old College Yard at the west end of Duke of Gloucester Street comprises the Wren Building, Brafferton, and President's House. Old Campus is defined as the area between Jamestown Road and Richmond Road west of the College Yard, east of Landrum Drive. New Campus spans the area between Jamestown Road and Richmond Roads east of Old Campus. South Campus, which includes the William & Mary Law School, is found along South Henry Street south of Newport Avenue.[74]

On several occasions, the college has acquired preexisting buildings and used them as part of its Williamsburg campus. The Alumni House, formerly known as the Bright House for a farm that previously occupied the site, is adjacent to the modern Cary Field. The building served as the fraternity house for Kappa Alpha before being modified as apartments let to faculty following the Second World War. It was renovated again in 1972 as the Alumni House and further enlarged in 1997 and 2018–2020.[75] The Prince George House and Brown Hall were both acquired from Methodist missionaries in the 1930s. After investigations revealed the Prince George House was the first home of the Williamsburg Bray School in the 18th century, it was transferred to the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation and moved to its historic area for restoration in 2023.[76][note 8] The Hospitality House hotel (known on campus as "Ho House") on Richmond Road across from Zable Stadium was acquired by the college and renamed One Tribe Place in 2013.[78] A former Days Inn on Richmond Road was purchased in 2016 and opened as Richmond Hall in 2017.[79]

Old College Yard

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The triangular portion of campus in which the 18th-century Sir Christopher Wren Building, Brafferton, and President's House are located has been variously referred to as the Colonial Campus,[80] the (Old) College Yard,[81] and Historic Campus.[82] It is partially enclosed by a brick wall and a picket fence.[83] The Brafferton, originally constructed in 1723 and restored in 1931–1932, is to the Wren Building's south. The President's House, built in 1732–1733 and restored in 1931, is north of the Wren Building (renamed from the College Building in 1931).[84] Both flanking structures share a houselike design, leading to the college taking on the appearance of Georgian domestic ensembles upon their construction.[85]

Along with the later Capitol and Governor's Palace, the Wren Building had introduced Georgian architecture to Virginia.[86] The college announced in 2023 that it would perform renovations to Historic Campus as preparations for the United States Semiquincentennial in 2026. The plans were announced following a 2022 assessment of William & Mary's historic buildings by the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Construction on the Wren Building was planned to commence at the end of the 2023–2024 school year.[87]

The Wren Chapel includes a mid 18th-century English chamber organ on loan from the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. The organ has been used in concerts since its installation in 1970 on the chapel's balcony.[88] An altar cross was donated by Bruton Parish shortly after the restoration of the Wren Building. The Wren Cross became the subject of a culture war in 2006 after it was removed from the altar by the college administration "to make the Wren Chapel less of a faith-specific space". A decision was later made that the Wren Cross would be normally be held in a display case within the chapel, with individuals permitted to place it on the altar upon request.[89] The restored Wren Chapel has been used for worship by the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Episcopalian student ministries.[90]

The Brafferton and President's House both utilize a style of Anglo-American gentry architecture known as Georgian house symmetrical, typified by a structure with at least two stories, one or two rooms on either side, and a central passageway with a staircase. The Brafferton may have been the first Virginia house with a central passage-plan. While Virginia gentry homes would emulate the Williamsburg Governor's Palace in terms of scale, their designs would to come to follow that of the Brafferton.[91]

The President's House is the oldest official college residence in the United States.[92] Since it was built, all but one president of the college–Robert Saunders Jr.–have resided within it.[93] It was built to a similar form-factor as the Brafferton with a very steep hipped roof and four rooms on each floor; the arrangement of windows suggests that the rear rooms may have been further subdivided.[94]

A "scarred" 1772 statue of Virginia governor Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt by Richard Hayward (also known as Lord Botetourt) that had stood in front of the Capitol was purchased by a group of William & Mary professors for $100 in 1801. It was installed in the College Yard, in front of the College Building. The statue's plinth was one of the earliest major pieces of Neoclassicism in British America.[95] The statue survived the 1863 skirmish on the campus but was moved to Eastern State Hospital in 1864 to preserve it from harm.[96] It was returned to campus in 1874.[97] While the statue remained "serene and unchanged" in front of the College Building in 1929,[98] it was moved to storage in 1958 due to weathering and damage–the latter largely attributed to vandalism by students. A replica by college alumnus Gordon Kray in bronze was installed on the site of the original as part of the college's tercentenary celebrations in October 1993.[99] The original statue was moved to a display in the Botetourt Gallery of the Earl Gregg Swem Library in 1966. It is a school tradition to adorn the outdoor replica for the holiday season.[100][note 9]

The challenging to cross intersection where Jamestown Road, Richmond Road, Duke of Gloucester Street (also called DoG Street), and North and South Boundary Streets all meet is referred to as College Corner or Confusion Corner. DoG Street is now a pedestrian pathway that connects campus with Colonial Williamsburg (colloquially known as CW), dining, and shops.[102][note 10]

  • North face of President's House at sunset
    President's House

Old Campus

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View of the Sunken Garden from its southwest corner, 2008

To the west of the Old College Yard, Old Campus was largely the work of architect Charles M. Robinson. Jefferson Hall, built in 1920–1924 along Jamestown Road and designed by Robinson's firm, was the college's first purpose-built women's dorm. Monroe Hall was constructed as a men's dorm along Richmond Road during the same period. Robinson's Sunken Garden was built as a focal point for the academic halls and dorms around it.[104]

The Colonial Revival academic buildings designed by Robinson included Washington, Chancellors, and Blair Halls. Each are "tall, strait-laced, H-shaped" structures. Robinson and his junior partner John Binford Walford designed the dormitories Barrett, Chandler, Brown, Landrum, and Old Dominion Halls, which were built c. 1926–1930. These dorms were typified by central pavilions, entrances close to ground-level, and connecting arcades Robinson dubbed "cloisters".[105] James Blair Hall had originally been named Marshall-Wythe Hall and housed the law school from 1935 until 1968, when it was renamed.[106] Chancellors Hall (built in 1927 for science classes) was originally named Rogers Hall, renamed to Chancellors Hall, then Tyler Hall, then back to Chancellors Hall.[107]

Gate piers depicting William III and Mary II by sculptor Emil Siebern were intended for installation on College Corner, mirroring Ivy League entrances. This plan fell afoul of restoration plans and they were ultimately installed on Old Campus in 1932.[108] A nine-foot bronze statue of James Blair in clerical robes by Lewis Cohen was installed between Blair Hall and Chancellors Hall in 1993.[109] A London museum and a tailor in Colonial Williamsburg helped with the design for Blair's clothing in the statue. Students have referred to this statue as Darth Vader. A statue of a student-aged Jefferson is located opposite.[110] West of Blair Hall is the Tyler Garden, which features an echo wall.[111]

After Walford took over as campus architect, he designed the Colonial Revival Bryan dorm complex and Cary Stadium (now known as Zable Stadium).[112] The Bryan Complex was constructed on the site of the first Cary Field, a dual baseball diamond/football field.[113] The arcade at Zable Stadium was named for Arthur Matsu, the first Asian-American student at the college, in 2021.[114] McGlothin-Street Hall (formerly Tercentenary Hall) was built along the Sunken Garden in 1993–1995 on designs by Allan Greenberg and Rancorn, Wildman, Krause, Brezinski. McGlothin-Street Hall has been appraised as "self-absorbed" with a "Hawksmoorian shell that houses an interior reminiscent of a budget motel".[115] Across from Old Campus on Richmond Road are five brick houses designed by Robinson and Walford and built 1929–1931. Together known as Sorority Court, they face an oval courtyard ringed by similarly designed homes along the streets.[116]

St. George Tucker Hall, which houses the English department, underwent renovations beginning in 2009.[117] Tucker Hall was built in 1908 in the style of an 18th-century Virginia courthouse and formerly served as the college's library. Robinson's team was involved in expansions to its library.[118] A bronze statue by Gordon Kay of U.S. president and college alumnus James Monroe was installed in front of Tucker Hall in 2015. The statue's granite base features bronze reliefs.[119]

Hearth: Memorial to the Enslaved was dedicated next to Old Campus in 2022, commemorating those enslaved at the college. The memorial, which was announced by the college's Lemon Project and includes the names of those known kept as slaves by the college, emulates a fireplace. The memorial's Hearth Memorial Vessel was dedicated in 2023.[120]

Between Old Campus and New Campus is a body of water known as Crim Dell. It is spanned by the Chinese-style wooden Crim Dell bridge, built in during a 1964—1966 landscaping project around the pond. Student lore maintains that crossing the bridge with a partner means one is "destined to be together [with them] forever"; crossing alone leaves one "fated to spend the rest of [their] life in solitude".[121][note 11] Seniors cross the bridge as part of the graduation ceremonies.[123] A campus stormwater pond, called the "Grim Dell" for its "dismal appearance", received a floating artificial wetland in 2012. The "mattress" was developed on-campus to remove excess nitrogen from the water. Another wetland mattress was placed in Crim Dell in 2013.[124]

  • Hearth: Memorial to the Enslaved with the Wren Building in the background
    Hearth: Memorial to the Enslaved
  • Crim Dell bridge
    Crim Dell bridge
  • Snow on Tucker Hall and Monroe statue
    Tucker Hall and Monroe statue

New Campus

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The 1956 Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall was the first building part of New Campus.[125] It was demolished and renovated between 2019 and 2023, when it reopened as part of the new Fine and Performing Arts Complex.[126] Andrews Hall was built as an addition to PBK Hall. It faces Earl Gregg Swem Library across a square. Additional classroom buildings were built in the 1960s and 1970s without the same organized orientation.[127]

Swem Library's modern upper exterior was designed to evoke book stacks. A portion of the library facade was replaced with a postmodern design in 1986.[128] The library houses the college's special collections, spanning subject areas such as the university, Williamsburg, U.S history, and the environment.[129] Swem Library also contains the Center for Geospatial Analysis, a geographic information system mapping department.[130]

Small Hall (built 1962—1963, opened 1964) is named for William Small. An astronomical observatory with a 10-inch telescope was installed on Small Hall's roof in 1975; William & Mary may have been the home to the first permanent observatory in the United States (built 1778). Small Hall received a two-story addition in 1985. An Office of Naval Research-funded high-field NMR magnet, then the largest in the state, was added in 2005.[131]

Boswell (formerly Morton) Hall was dedicated on December 5, 1973. Described by one alumnus as "a tall building in a ditch", the hall's design has drawn comparisons to prison architecture. In 1981, asbestos was removed from the building.[132] The small, brown brick Muscarelle Museum of Art, designed by Carlton Abbott and built 1982–1983, utilizes sharp angles similar to the National Gallery of Art's 1976 East Building designed by I. M. Pei. Abbott also designed the 1986–1987 enlargement. The Muscarelle Museum, the first campus building solely with private funds, features a colorful solar wall designed by Gene B. Davis.[133]

College Woods

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Martha Wren Briggs Amphitheater Amphitheater on the shore of Lake Matoaka, 2022

Wooded property that included area Archer's Hope Swamp was sold off by the college in the first half of the 18th century. The portion of College Creek flowing through the area was dammed as a mill pond shortly after private acquisition. In the 1920s, the college repurchased 1,200 acres of the College Woods and pond. The pond was soon named Lake Matoaka for a Powhatan name of Pocahontas.[134] An encampment of the Civilian Conservation Corps was established on the college's campus in fall 1933. The CCC would construct many new structures and trails around Lake Matoaka through 1934, with the area designated as Matoaka Park.[135][note 12]

Portions of the College Woods were developed in the 1950s and 1960s as part of construction of New Campus and to remove losses caused by a beetle infestation.[137] An amphitheater was built along Lake Matoaka in 1947 by the Jamestown Corporation for showings of the The Common Glory, a historical outdoor drama. A second amphitheater, known as the Cove Amphitheater, was constructed by the Jamestown Corporation along Lake Matoaka in 1956 for showings of The Founders, a less successful show which ran for two seasons. Both amphitheaters were donated to the college in 1976. The first amphitheater was renovated by the college in 2006 and renamed as the Martha Wren Briggs Amphitheater. The Cove Amphitheater's dressing building was used by the college as an art studio while the amphitheater itself was reclaimed by nature.[138]

George W. Grayson, a government professor at the college and a member of the Virginia House of Delegates, was among those who opposed a 1994 proposal by state officials to sell the College Woods and Lake Matoaka. The proposal came after the state determined that the college had not designated the land an official designated use; then-William & Mary president Timothy J. Sullivan stated that the woods and Lake Matoaka were used "extensively for classes in biology, geology, kinesiology and military science".[139] To prevent further loss of the College Woods following the development of Route 199 and Monticello Avenue to the campus's west, the college purchased neighboring properties and designated 300 acres of the woods as a natural preserve in the 1990s.[140]

South Campus

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The South Campus is located roughly half a mile from the main campus. The satellite campus, located about half a mile from the main campus, is home to the William & Mary Law School. The law school's original building on the South Campus (built 1978–1979) was informed by the same colonial influences as those present elsewhere at the college.[141] Following a needed renovation, the law school library reopened as the Henry C. Wolf Law Library in 2007. The library reached its 400,000th volume in 2008 (up from 100,000 in 1975). The 2007 facility contains 568 seats, a dozen group study rooms, and two computer labs.[142] The Lettie Pate Whitehead Evans Graduate Student Housing (built 1990–1992) borrows from 17th-century English urban housing patterns in a "very appealing" manner. The 1995-built tennis center has been was described in the Virginia entry of the Buildings of the United States as "a hulking mass".[143]

During the law school building's construction, Dean Spong allowed the donation of oriental rugs for the new building. Spong thought that the rugs looked good, but also fear they looked opulent. Fearing drawing the ire of a financially frugal Virginia government and learning that that a General Assembly committee was coming to tour the new building, Spong joked "don't show them the law school". Spong would spend the remainder of his tenure as dean assuring visitors that the rugs were not acquired with public funds.[144]

Transportation

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The Williamsburg Area Transit Authority (WATA) was formed in 2006 after the Virginia General Assembly allowed the governments of James City County, Williamsburg, and York County to form a regional transit authority with William & Mary and the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. WATA succeeded the Williamsburg Area Transport and 1977-established James City County Transit.[145] WATA operates 12 routes, including the William & Mary Route 8 (formerly the Green Line) which does not run during the summer months. A contract between the college and WATA allows student, faculty, and staff to ride all WATA routes by presenting their William & Mary ID.[146]

Car parking on the Williamsburg campus is divided across several lots. The Zable Stadium lot is designated as exclusively faculty and staff parking. A parking deck is located along Ukrop Way. The college operates shuttle routes, including to the School of Education.[147] It also operates a limited mobility shuttle as an accommodation to qualified students.[148]

Richard Bland College campus

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The campus of Richard Bland College of William & Mary comprises 16 buildings on around 800 acres. East Campus is within Prince George County, while the West Campus is in Dinwiddie County.[149] A science and humanities building was opened in 2015. The campus features a pecan grove; the local community and squirrel population have harvested from this crop.[150]

The President's House on East Campus is one of two farmhouses that predates the college's 1960 establishment. In 1988, college president Clarence Maze Jr. launched the construction of an Asian Water Garden modeled on Giverny gardens of Claude Monet. The gardens are visible President's House's entertaining room (added 2009). The Barn Theater also originally dates to the campus's previous use as a dairy farm.[151]

Virginia Institute of Marine Science campuses

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The Virginia Institute of Marine Science's main campus is in Gloucester Point, 13 miles from the Williamsburg campus of William & Mary. Across the York River from Yorktown, the Gloucester Point campus is 42 acres.[152] Watermen's Hall (opened 1984) was the first new academic building on the Gloucester Point campus in 30 years.[153] A research facility was opened at Gloucester Point in 1997. Hurricane Isabel destroyed some small buildings and two piers on the campus in 2003.[154] After the 1975-built oyster hatchery was torn down, the Acuff Center for Aquaculture was finished in 2022.[155]

The VIMS Eastern Shore Laboratory is a field station in Wachapreague along the Atlantic Ocean. A research facility along the Rappahannock River, the Kauffman Aquaculture Center, was built to study introduced species of shellfish. Its present primary use is studying Crassostrea virginica.[156]

See also

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Hibbs, Henry Horace (1973). A History of the Richmond Professional Institute : From Its Beginning in 1917 to Its Consolidation with the Medical College of Virginia in 1968 to Form Virginia Commonwealth University. Richmond, VA: Virginia Commonwealth University. A history of the institution that affiliated as the Richmond campus of the college by its former director.

Notes

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  1. ^ Governor Andros and others in Jamestown put up stubborn resistance to the college's establishment. However, as the college was named for the King and Queen, Andros was obliged to accept with "poor grace" the public duty of participating in the cornerstone ceremony.[8]
  2. ^ A 1950 excavation between the Wren Building and Ewell Hall discovered the foundations of this proposed expansion.[23]
  3. ^ A library owned by Samuel Henley, who had sold books to Jefferson, was being held by college president Rev. James Madison and was destroyed in the 1781 fire.[26]
  4. ^ While Jefferson contemplated making William & Mary a public university after the Revolution, the college remained private until 1906.[28]
  5. ^ One of the primary Colonial Williamsburg architects, Arthur H. Hepburn, would later recall the availability of money and cheap labor for the project: "We never had to ask for anything after we had made sure that was the thing to do. We were not restricted even when it cost $10,000 to refurbish the steel on the Wren Building roof."[47]
  6. ^ Morton Hall was renamed for John Boswell, an LGBTQ+ advocate who graduated from the college in 1969; white supremacist Richard Lee Morton had been a history professor at the college. Taliaferro Hall was renamed for the college's first Black student, Hulon L. Willis Sr.; William Booth Taliaferro had been a general in the Confederate States Army. Tyler Hall had been previously renamed from Chancellors' Hall in 1988 to honor U.S. president John Tyler and his segregationist son, Lyon Gardiner Tyler; it was renamed back to Chancellors' Hall with support from Lyon Gardiner Tyler's son. Cary Field at Zable Stadium had originally been named for both T. Archibald Cary and his Confederate officer father, John Cary; after the announcement, the field's name would only honor the former.[68]
  7. ^ Ewell is buried on the college campus.[70]
  8. ^ The Prince George House, also known as the Dudley Digges House, was built in 1760. It was also named Brown Hall when it was used as a privately held Methodist women's dorm before being moved to allow the second Brown Hall to be built on the original Boundary Street site.[77]
  9. ^ Lord Botetourt was a popular governor and known for his affinity for the college. He often joined students for Morning Prayer in the Wren Chapel. Upon his death in 1770, Lord Botetourt was entombed in the chapel.[101]
  10. ^ Confusion Corner was historically a name for the intersection on the east end of Duke Of Gloucester Street but that corner was rendered no longer confusing by a redesign; the campus terminus of the street began being referred to as Confusion Corner in the 1990s. During the 1950s—1960s, the campus intersection was called "Jockey Corner or Jockey's Corner" for the athletes who used to sit there.[103]
  11. ^ Another version of this tradition states that kissing someone on the Crim Dell bridge secures perpetual connection.[122]
  12. ^ Two brick buildings built for the CCC are preserved adjacent to the former site of Yates Hall. The buildings are used by the college's facility management.[136]

References

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Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Kale 2016, p. 23
  2. ^ Kale 2016, p. 26
  3. ^ Reps 1972, p. 141
  4. ^ Kale 2016, p. 26; Morpurgo 1976, p. 41
  5. ^ Kornwolf 1989, p. 36
  6. ^ Morpurgo 1976, p. 40
  7. ^ Kornwolf 1989, p. 36
  8. ^ Morpurgo 1976, p. 41
  9. ^ Kale 2016, p. 26
  10. ^ NRHP 1985
  11. ^ Meyers 2020; Allen 2005, p. 1
  12. ^ Wilson 2002, pp. 374–375
  13. ^ Kornwolf 1989, pp. 42–43; Kale 2016, p. 32
  14. ^ Morpurgo 1976, pp. 43–45
  15. ^ Morpurgo 1976, pp. 45–48; Reps 1972, pp. 141–143; Wilson 2002, pp. 362–363
  16. ^ Kornwolf 1989, p. 37
  17. ^ Morpurgo 1976, pp. 57–59
  18. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 375; Chappell 2019, p. 154
  19. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 375
  20. ^ Kornwolf 1989, p. 46
  21. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 376; Moretti-Langholtz & Woodard 2019, p. 74
  22. ^ Chappell 2019, p. 154–155
  23. ^ Kale 2016, p. 52
  24. ^ Goodwin 1990, pp. 11–12
  25. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 376
  26. ^ Goodwin 1990, pp. 51–52
  27. ^ Brandt 2020
  28. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 374
  29. ^ Kern 2019, p. 187
  30. ^ Hudson Jr. 1997, p. 73
  31. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 376
  32. ^ Hudson Jr. 1997, pp. 20, 73–74
  33. ^ Hudson Jr. 1997, p. 74–75
  34. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 376
  35. ^ Kornwolf 1989, pp. 59–60
  36. ^ Kale 2016, p. 90, 94
  37. ^ Kale 2016, p. 98
  38. ^ Kale 2016, p. 138
  39. ^ Kale 2016, p. 105
  40. ^ Greenspan 2009, p. 8
  41. ^ Gonzales 1991, p. 25–26; Kale 2016, p. 134
  42. ^ Greenspan 2009, pp. 18–22
  43. ^ Greenspan 2009, pp. 41, 51–52
  44. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 375–376
  45. ^ Kern 2019, p. 188
  46. ^ Kale 2016, p. 141; Morpurgo 1976, pp. 63–65; Goodwin 1990, p. 16
  47. ^ Greenspan 2009, p. 34
  48. ^ Morpurgo 1976, p. 65
  49. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 376
  50. ^ Kale 2016, p. 144
  51. ^ Kale 2016, p. 120, 141
  52. ^ Kale 2016, p. 143
  53. ^ Wilson 2002, pp. 376–377
  54. ^ Kale 2016, p. 125
  55. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 174
  56. ^ Kale 2016, p. 200
  57. ^ Kale 2016, p. 201
  58. ^ Kaplan Arena
  59. ^ Kale 2016, pp. 187–188
  60. ^ Kale 2016, p. 205
  61. ^ Kale 2016, p. 200; Heller 2012
  62. ^ Kale 2016, p. 242, 244–246
  63. ^ Theuerkauf 2008
  64. ^ Parks 2023
  65. ^ Smith 2009
  66. ^ Flat Hat 2010; Miller Hall
  67. ^ Smith 2009; Kale 2016, p. 244
  68. ^ Bryne 2021
  69. ^ Byrne 2021
  70. ^ Byrne 2021
  71. ^ Daily Press 2020
  72. ^ Kale 2020
  73. ^ Appel 2023
  74. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 375–378
  75. ^ Kale 2016, pp. 115, 132; Coleman 2019a; De Lisle 2020
  76. ^ Lounsbury et. al. 2021; Bray School 2023; Brown Hall
  77. ^ Lounsbury et. al. 2021
  78. ^ Flat Hat 2008; Slang; One Tribe Place
  79. ^ Wright 2017
  80. ^ Kornwolf 1989
  81. ^ Schlesinger 1990, p. 2; Wilson 2002, p. 376; NRHP 1985
  82. ^ Kalish 2023
  83. ^ NRHP 1985
  84. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 376; Kern 2019, p. 186
  85. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 376
  86. ^ Novelli et. al. 2015, p. 37
  87. ^ Kalish 2023
  88. ^ Organ
  89. ^ Pluralism Project; Haley 2006; Flat Hat 2007
  90. ^ Walsh 2014; Canterbury; Eastern America Diocese
  91. ^ Chappell 2019, p. 155
  92. ^ Frieswick 2021
  93. ^ Kern 2019, p. 193
  94. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 376
  95. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 377; Virginian-Pilot 1993; Lengel 2020, p. 65
  96. ^ Hudson Jr. 1997, p. 75
  97. ^ Kale 2016, p. 91
  98. ^ Wilstach 1929, p. 180
  99. ^ Virginian-Pilot 1993
  100. ^ Suslavich 2019; TribeTrek Botetourt
  101. ^ Lengel 2020, pp. 64, 67
  102. ^ College Corner; Flat Hat 2008; Maraist 2019
  103. ^ College Corner
  104. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 376
  105. ^ Wilson 2002, pp. 376–377
  106. ^ Marshall-Wythe Hall; Heller 2012
  107. ^ Kale 2016, p. 124; Byrne 2021
  108. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 377
  109. ^ Virginian-Pilot 1993
  110. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 377
  111. ^ Suslavich 2019
  112. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 377
  113. ^ Kale 2016, pp. 115, 124
  114. ^ Byrne 2021
  115. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 377
  116. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 377
  117. ^ Smith 2009
  118. ^ Wilson 2002, pp. 374, 376
  119. ^ Highsmith 2019
  120. ^ Livas 2023; Coleman 2019b
  121. ^ Crim Dell; Tamanaha 2016
  122. ^ Maraist 2019
  123. ^ Maraist 2019
  124. ^ McClain 2013; Van Mullekom 2012
  125. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 377
  126. ^ Kale 2020; Appel 2023
  127. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 377
  128. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 377
  129. ^ Special Collections
  130. ^ CGA
  131. ^ Small Hall
  132. ^ Boswell Hall
  133. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 377; Kale 2016, p. 219
  134. ^ W&M Lake Matoaka; College Woods
  135. ^ McCartney & Kiddle 1996; College Woods
  136. ^ Construction 2023
  137. ^ College Woods
  138. ^ Hogan 2019
  139. ^ Banville 1994
  140. ^ College Woods
  141. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 378
  142. ^ Heller 2012
  143. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 378
  144. ^ Holmes 2022, pp. 78–79
  145. ^ WATA History
  146. ^ W&M WATA; Route 8; WATA Operations 2023
  147. ^ Koenig 2020
  148. ^ Shuttle
  149. ^ Richard Bland College
  150. ^ Cain 2015
  151. ^ Richard Bland College
  152. ^ VIMS Campuses
  153. ^ Kale 2016, p. 219
  154. ^ Kale 2016, pp. 234–237
  155. ^ Lamb 2016; VIMS Facilities
  156. ^ VIMS Campuses

Bibliography

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