User:Nreva002/Lewy body

Article Draft

Evaluation

Article: Lewy body

Why: I chose this article because I find Lewy body dementia interesting, and this will let me learn more about the bodies of protein that cause it. Also, this article is S-class with a completeness score of 62, so a lot of room for improvement, and not on a controversial subject.

Evaluation:

How the article can be improved...

I numbered what I'm changing in superscript matching to the citations in the bibliography.

-Some elaboration on certain sentences would be helpful, for example: ¹State what kind of microscope is used to identify them (Paragraph 1). ²State what "other cell components" in particular that they displace (Paragraph 2). ³State whether or not classical Lewy bodies are also seen in ballooned neurons characteristic of the tauopathies mentioned for cortical, and if not, what are they seen in (Paragraph 2). ⁴State how exactly Dr. Lewy noticed that people were acting differently (i.e. what change in behavior was seen) (Paragraph 3). State who wrote the Handbook of Neurology... was it Dr. Lewy (Paragraph 3)? State who Gonzalo Lafora is briefly before discussing his findings (Paragraph 3). State who was finally credited with the name (Paragraph 3). ⁵State more about what an aggresome response in the cell means, since that paragraph is only one sentence (Paragraph 6). Paragraph 7 should also be added onto since it's only two brief sentences and does not add much to the article (i.e. more depth on DSBs, ⁶possible explanation of why alpha-synuclein seems lower in Lewy body bearing neurons, stating the potential effects of cell death in this scenario). ⁷For the last paragraph, go into more depth about the similarities and differences between Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, and their importance.

-Some parts are confusing, for example: The 3rd paragraph says several different years, but doesn't specifically state which year Dr. Lewy actually discovered Lewy bodies. The 4th paragraph mentions a discovery, but doesn't say what it is; it goes on to talk about an article (presumably the discovery), but it would be helpful if it said outright that the article was about that discovery. Also, the last sentence of that paragraph says how the contribution wasn't given to Lewy's finding, but that would be impossible because Dr. Lewy didn't even start to try to study Lewy bodies until 1910 (4 years after the aforementioned article was published).

-Some of the paragraphs could use more structure, for example: Make sentence in the second intro paragraph stating that there are 2 different kinds of Lewy bodies (classical and cortical) before describing them.

The strengths of the article...

-The tone is neutral.

-In terms of citations, the links work, all of the facts are referenced with a good citation, and the sources come from a diverse range of authors/publications.

-The choices of pictures are good, and their descriptions are well-written.

Overall...

The article has a solid foundation and great approach, but is underdeveloped and could use some changes in structure.

(Side note: The page hasn't been edited since September, and most of the talk page comments are from multiple years ago, so it's not just being started, despite its underdevelopment, which makes me more inclined/excited to work on it.)

Edits

1) They are identified in tissue examined under the microscope. Infrared microspectroscopy has been used to distinguish dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) from Alzheimer’s, which are sometimes misdiagnosed as the other. With this method, white blood cells and plasma can be looked at under the microscope, and compared through machine learning, to see whether there is a Lewy body buildup causing DLB. DLB can also be tested for using MRI, PET, CT, and CT scanning.[1]

+split paragraph after ^

2) Lewy bodies appear as spherical masses in the cytoplasm that displace other cell components. For instance, some Lewy bodies tend to displace the nucleus to one side of the cell.[2] There are two main kinds of Lewy bodies: classical and cortical. +Cortical Lewy bodies are also composed of alpha-synuclein fibrils, but are less defined and lack halos. This kind of Lewy body is one of those aforementioned that regularly displaces the nucleus.[2]

3)  In histopathology, cortical Lewy bodies are a distinguishing feature for dementia with Lewy bodies, but may occasionally be seen in ballooned neurons characteristic of behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and corticobasal degeneration, as well as in patients with other tauopathies. Despite their differences, there is evidence that a particular protein family, called 14-3-3, plays a role in the formation of both cortical and classical Lewy bodies. This makes it an important protein family in regards to Lewy body-associated diseases, and there are at least 7 forms of it that have been clearly identified in mammals.[3]

4) In 1910, Fritz Heinrich Lewy was studying in Berlin for his doctorate. He was the first doctor to notice some unusual proteins in the brain make some people act and think differently, but as of that time, scientists had not been able to determine the purpose of these proteins. Some common behavioral changes that occur with Lewy body dementia, and can be relatively easy to observe externally, include: forgetfulness, being less able to focus, agitation, aggression, and being extra tired in the daytime.[4]

+His discovery became known as Lewy bodies, as published in the Handbook of Neurology in 1912 by Max Lewandowsky, comparing them to earlier findings by Gonzalo Rodríguez Lafora.

Konstantin Nikolaevich Trétiakoff found them in 1919 in the substantia nigra of PD brains, called them corps de Lewy (Lewy bodies) and was credited with the eponym. In 1923, Lewy published his findings in a book, The Study on Muscle Tone and Movement. Including Systematic Investigations on the Clinic, Physiology, Pathology, and Pathogenesis of Paralysis agitans. Eliasz Engelhardt, who is in the neurology department at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, argued in 2017 that Lafora should be credited with the eponym, because he named them six years before Trétiakoff. Nonetheless, Trétiakoff is still the primary figure acknowledged for coining the term, “Lewy bodies.”

5) Lewy bodies are believed to represent an aggresome response in the cell. When misfolded proteins aggregate, or clump together, many diseases are more likely to develop, including those that are associated with Lewy bodies. Aggregation is believed to occur when there is a high amount of misfolded proteins in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, which are then brought to a resulting aggresome so they can be organized into one place. Since Lewy bodies are made of ubiquitinated proteins that would be handled in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, they may be made from this or a similar process if the pathway capacity is indeed exceeded by misfolded proteins that aggregate together. [5] Accordingly, the aggresome, where the damaged proteins fully aggregate, is akin to the Lewy body.

Proteosome description: http://en.wiki.x.io/wiki/Proteasome

6) (move this whole paragraph to before the previous one about aggresome response) The repair function of alpha-synuclein appears to be greatly reduced in Lewy body bearing neurons, and this reduction may trigger cell death. Mutations are the reason behind their damaged repair function. One mutation in particular, in the gene encoding for presynaptic alpha-synuclein, was found to have been passed down from family members with PD. Similarly in regards to DLB, Lewy bodies retrieved from DLB brains were found to contain alpha-synuclein proteins that were shortened by mutations. This shows how mutated alpha-synuclein was found in Lewy body-associated diseases. both when looking at family pedigrees and directly at individual brainstems.[6]

7) They are also found in the CA2-3 region of the hippocampus in Alzheimer's disease. Although they have similar functions and effects to Lewy bodies, they have some clear differences in their appearances. Both have a three-layered internal structure, but of different sizes. The visible differences between them suggest that Lewy neurites structurally evolve into Lewy bodies, potentially when the neurites extend into the cell soma. There is still not enough research to confirm this, but if confirmed, it would mean that Lewy neurites and Lewy bodies are made from the same mechanism.[7] This makes Lewy neurites important to research when considering Lewy body-associated diseases, considering that if they do evolve into Lewy bodies, then they would therefore also be associated with the same diseases.

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Paragraph 3 (official, edited version):  In 1910, Fritz Heinrich Lewy was studying in Berlin for his doctorate. He was the first doctor to notice some unusual proteins in the brain make some people act and think differently, but as of that time, scientists had not been able to determine the purpose of these proteins. Some common behavioral changes that occur with Lewy body-associated diseases that can be relatively easy to observe externally, include: forgetfulness, being less able to focus, agitation, aggression, and being extra tired in the daytime.[4] His discovery became known as Lewy bodies, as published in the Handbook of Neurology in 1912 by Max Lewandowsky, comparing them to earlier findings by Gonzalo Rodríguez Lafora. In 1913, Lafora described another case, and acknowledged Lewy as the discoverer, naming them cuerpos intracelulares de Lewy (intracellular Lewy bodies). .Konstantin Nikolaevich Trétiakoff found them in 1919 in the substantia nigra of PD brains, called them corps de Lewy (Lewy bodies) and was credited with the eponym. In 1923, Lewy published his findings in a book, The Study on Muscle Tone and Movement. Including Systematic Investigations on the Clinic, Physiology, Pathology, and Pathogenesis of Paralysis agitans. Eliasz Engelhardt, who is in the neurology department at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, argued in 2017 that Lafora should be credited with the eponym, because he named them six years before Trétiakoff. Nonetheless, Trétiakoff is still the primary figure acknowledged for coining the term, “Lewy bodies.”