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I will soon be adding references, an extended write up of anesthesia history in Antiquity and before the modern age. I will also be adding crosslinks to other related pages.

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INTRODUCTION SECTION (NO HEADING)

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[ BEGIN INTRODUCTION ]

Throughout recorded history, attempts at producing a state of general anesthesia can be traced back to the writings of ancient Sumerians, Babylonians, [[ Akkadians ]], Assyrians, Egyptians, [[ Persians ]], Indians, and Chinese. [[ [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] ]]

Despite significant advances in anatomy and [[ surgical techniques ]] during the Renaissance, surgery remained a last-resort treatment largely due to the pain associated with it. [ [13][14] ] This limited surgical procedures to addressing only life-threatening conditions, with techniques focused on speed to limit blood loss. All of these interventions carried high risk of complications, especially death. Around 80% of surgeries led to severe infections, and 50% of patients died either during surgery or from complications thereafter. [ [15] ] Many of the patients who were fortunate enough to survive remained psychologically traumatized for the rest of their lives. [ [16] ] However, scientific discoveries in the late 18th and early 19th centuries paved the way for the development of modern anesthetic [ protocols ]. [ [citation needed] ]

[ The 19th century was filled with scientific advancements in pharmacology and physiology. ] During the 1840s, the introduction of diethyl ether (1842) [ [17][18][19] ], nitrous oxide (1844) [ [20] ], and chloroform (1847) [ [21][22] ] as general anaesthetics revolutionized modern medicine.[1][2][3][4][13][20][23][24][25] This provided practitioners the opportunity to provide a wide array of surgical interventions, all focuses on precision while simultaneously removing the challenges of patient mobility and pain. The late 19th century [ also saw ] major advancements to modern surgery with the development and application of antiseptic techniques as a result of the germ theory of disease, which [ significantly ] reduced morbidity and mortality rates. [ [15] ]

In the 20th century, [ the safety and efficacy of general anesthetics ] were further improved with the routine use of tracheal intubation and advanced airway management techniques, monitoring, and new anesthetic agents with improved characteristics. Standardized training programs for anesthesiologists and nurse anesthetists emerged during this period. [ END OF WORK - 11/30/2024 ]

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Keys, Thomas E. The History of Surgical Anesthesia". Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology. Retrieved 2024-11-01.
  2. ^ a b Bergman, Norman A. (1998). The genesis of surgical anesthesia (Limited ed.). Park Ridge, Illinois: Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology. ISBN 0961493200. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
  3. ^ a b Leake, Chauncey D. (1925). The Scientific Monthly. 20 (3): 304–328. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. ^ a b Dumas, A. (1932-01). "The History of Anaesthesia". Journal of the National Medical Association. 24 (1): 6–9. ISSN 0027-9684. PMC 2625225. PMID 20892517. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ McGovern, Patrick E.; Fleming, Stuart J.; Katz, Solomon H., eds. (2003-09-02). The Origins and Ancient History of Wine (0 ed.). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203392836. ISBN 978-1-135-30095-1.
  6. ^ Whitby, J. D. (1980). "Alcohol in anaesthesia and surgical resuscitation". Anaesthesia. 35 (5): 502–505. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1980.tb03830.x. ISSN 1365-2044.
  7. ^ Brownstein, M J (1993-06-15). "A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 90 (12): 5391–5393. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5391. PMC 46725. PMID 8390660.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  8. ^ Schiff, Paul L. (Summer 2002). "Opium and its alkaloids": 186. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ^ Lawler, Andrew (2018-04-20). "Cannabis, opium use part of ancient Near Eastern cultures". Science. 360 (6386): 249–250. doi:10.1126/science.360.6386.249.
  10. ^ Mechoulam, R.; Ben-Shabat, S. (1999-04). "From gan-zi-gun-nu to anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol: the ongoing story of cannabis". Natural Product Reports. 16 (2): 131–143. doi:10.1039/a703973e. ISSN 0265-0568. PMID 10331283. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ Hanus, Lumír O. (2007-08). "Discovery and isolation of anandamide and other endocannabinoids". Chemistry & Biodiversity. 4 (8): 1828–1841. doi:10.1002/cbdv.200790154. ISSN 1612-1880. PMID 17712821. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ Li, Hui-Lin (1974-07). "The origin and use of cannabis in eastern asia linguistic-cultural implications". Economic Botany. 28 (3): 293–301. doi:10.1007/BF02861426. ISSN 0013-0001. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ a b Whalen, Francis X.; Bacon, Douglas R.; Smith, Hugh M. (2005-09). "Inhaled anesthetics: an historical overview". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology. 19 (3): 323–330. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2005.02.001. ISSN 1753-3740. PMID 16013684. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ Schlich, Thomas, ed. (2018). "The Palgrave Handbook of the History of Surgery". SpringerLink. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95260-1.
  15. ^ a b Alexander, J. Wesley (1985-04). "The Contributions of Infection Control to a Century of Surgical Progress". Annals of Surgery. 201 (4): 423. doi:10.1097/00000658-198504000-00004. ISSN 0003-4932. PMC 1250728. PMID 3883923. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  16. ^ Brown, Michael (2018), Schlich, Thomas (ed.), "Surgery and Emotion: The Era Before Anaesthesia", The Palgrave Handbook of the History of Surgery, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 327–348, doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95260-1_16, ISBN 978-1-349-95259-5, retrieved 2024-11-30
  17. ^ Conway, C.M. (1965-09). "THE ANAESTHETIC ETHERS". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 37 (9): 644–654. doi:10.1093/bja/37.9.644. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ Rahardjo, Eddy (2002-12-01). "Ether, the anesthetic from 19th through 21st century". International Congress Series. The history of anesthesia. 1242: 51–55. doi:10.1016/S0531-5131(02)00739-2. ISSN 0531-5131.
  19. ^ Chaturvedi, Ravindra; Gogna, RL (2011-10-01). "Ether day: an intriguing history". Medical Journal Armed Forces India. 67 (4): 306–308. doi:10.1016/S0377-1237(11)60098-1. ISSN 0377-1237. PMC 4920664. PMID 27365835.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  20. ^ a b Baskerville, Charles (1911-08-11). "The Chemistry of Anesthetics". Science. 34 (867): 161–176. doi:10.1126/science.34.867.161.
  21. ^ Poobalasingham, N.; Payne, J.P. (1978-04). "THE UPTAKE AND ELIMINATION OF CHLOROFORM IN MAN". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 50 (4): 325–329. doi:10.1093/bja/50.4.325. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ^ Payne, J. P. (1981). "Chloroform in clinical anaesthesia". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 53 Suppl 1: 11S – 15S. ISSN 0007-0912. PMID 7016151.
  23. ^ Robinson, Daniel H.; Toledo, Alexander H. (2012-05-22). "Historical Development of Modern Anesthesia". Journal of Investigative Surgery. 25 (3): 141–149. doi:10.3109/08941939.2012.690328. ISSN 0894-1939. PMID 22583009.
  24. ^ null, null (2000-01-06). "Looking Back on the Millennium in Medicine". New England Journal of Medicine. 342 (1): 42–49. doi:10.1056/NEJM200001063420108. ISSN 0028-4793.
  25. ^ Bovill, J. G. (2008), Schüttler, Jürgen; Schwilden, Helmut (eds.), "Inhalation Anaesthesia: From Diethyl Ether to Xenon", Modern Anesthetics, vol. 182, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 121–142, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74806-9_6, ISBN 978-3-540-72813-9, retrieved 2024-11-30
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