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This page is about the period from 700 to 1500 AD. For the preceding article, see List of states during Late Antiquity.

Post-classical history (also called the Post-classical Era is the period of time that immediately followed the end of ancient history. Depending on the continent, the era generally falls between the years AD 200-600 and AD 1200–1500. The name of this era of history derives from classical antiquity (or the Greco-Roman era) of Europe. Though, the everyday context in use is reverse (such as historians reference to Medieval China). In European history, "post-classical" is synonymous with the medieval time or Middle Ages, the period of history from around the 5th century to the 15th century. It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: Antiquity, Medieval period, and Modern period. The Medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, the High, and the Late Middle Ages.

Development of states

The development of states—large-scale, populous, politically centralized, and socially stratified polities/societies governed by powerful rulers, marks one of the major milestones in the evolution of human societies. Archaeologists often distinguish between primary (or pristine) states and secondary states. Primary states evolved independently through largely internal developmental processes rather than through the influence of any other pre-existing state. The earliest known primary states appeared in Mesopatamia c. 3700 BC, in Egypt c. 3300 BC, in the Indus Valley c. 2500 BC, India c. 1700 BC,and in China c. 1600 BC. As they interacted with their less developed neighbors through trade, warfare, migration, and more generalized ideological influences, the primary states directly or indirectly fostered the emergence of secondary states in surrounding areas, for example, the Hittites in Anatolia, the Minoan and Mycenaean states of the Aegean, or the Nubian kingdoms in the Sudan. Professor Gil Stein at the University of Chicago Oriental Institute states "The excavations and archaeological surveys of the last few decades have vastly increased both the quantity and quality of what we know about ancient states and urbanism. Archaeologists have broadened the scope of their research beyond the traditional focus on rulers and urban elites. Current research now aims at understanding the role of urban commoners, craft specialists, and village-based farmers in the overall organization of ancient states and societies. Given the immense geographical scope encompassed by the term 'the Ancient World'". This list's the main types state that existed in Africa, Americas, Central Asia, East Asia, Europe, Eurasian Steppe, South Asia, and West Asia, from the end of Late Antiquity to the end of the Middle Ages a period of 800 years.

Africa

Map of the world during the early middle ages 700 AD

name	capital/s	state type	existed
Abbasid Caliphate	Baghdad	Empire (religious)	750 - 1256 AD
Adal	Zeila, Dakkar, Harrar	Sultanate	1415 - 1559 AD
Aghlabids	Kairouan	Emirate	800 - 909 AD
Ajuran Empire	Mareeg, Qelafo, Mecca	Empire	13th - 17th centuries AD
Aksumite Empire	Aksum	Empire	100 - 960 AD
Alodia	Soba	Empire	680 - 1504 AD
Angoche	Angoche, Moma	Kingdom	1485 - 1910 AD
Ayyubid	Cairo	Confederated principalities/empire	1171 - 1341 AD
Benin Empire	Benin City	Empire	1440 - 1897 AD
Bornu Empire	Ngazargamu	Empire	1380 - 1893 AD
Blemmyes		Tribal Kingdom	600 BC - 8th century AD
Ethiopian Empire	Addis Ababa	Empire	1137 - 1975 AD
Fatimid Caliphate	Mahdia, Al-Mansuriya, Cairo	Empire	909 - 1171 AD
Ghana Empire	Koumbi Saleh	Empire	400 - 1235 AD
Idrisids	Fez	Empire (religious)	788 - 985 AD
Kanem Empire	Njimi	Empire	700 - 1387 AD
Kongo	São Salvador	Kingdom/client	1390 - 1914 AD
Makuria	Dongola	Kingdom	340-1312 AD
Mapungubwe	Not specified	Kingdom	1075 - 1220 AD
Medri Bahri	Debarwa	Kingdom	1137 - 1890 AD
Mutapa	Zvongombe	Kingdom	1430 - 1760 AD
Mamluk	Cairo	Sultanate	1250 - 1517 AD
Nobatia	Pachoras	Kingdom	350-650 AD
Nri	Igbo-Ukwu	Kingdom	948 - 1911 AD
Oyo Empire	Oyo-Ile	Kingdom	1400 - 1905 AD
Shilluk	Fashoda	Kingdom	1490 - 1865 AD
Songhai Empire	Gao	Empire	1464 - 1591 AD
Umayyad Caliphate	Damascus, Harran	Empire (religious)	661 - 750 AD

Americas

name	capital/s	state type	Existed
Aztec Empire	Tenochtitlan	Empire	1428 - 1521 AD
Cañari	Tumebamba	Tribal Confederacy	500 - 1533 AD
Maya	Various	Kingdom City States	2000 BC - 900AD
Moche	Moche-Trujillo.	United Independent Polities	100 - 800 AD
Nazca	Various	Tribal chiefdom's	100 BC - 800 AD
Pueblo	Various	Tribal chiefdom's	12th century BC - 14th century AD
Teotihuacan Empire	Teotihuacan	Empire	100 BC - 8th century AD
Tiwanakun Empire	Tiwanaku	Empire	300 - 1000 AD
Wari Empire	Huari	Empire	500 - 1100 AD
Zapotec		Kingdom City States	700 BC - 1521 AD

Europe

North and West

Map of the world 11th century AD

name	capital/s	state type	existed
Ailech	Grianán Ailigh	Kingdom	450 - 1617 AD
Airgíalla	Clogher	Tribal Federation/kingdom	331 - 1590 AD
Alba (Scotland)	Clogher	Kingdom	900 - 1286 AD
Angevin Empire	No official	Empire	1154 - 1242 AD
Austrasia	Metz	Kingdom	511 - 751 AD
Avar Khaganate		Khaganate	567 - 804 AD
Bavaria		Dukedom	508 - 788 AD
Béarn	Various	Viscounty	9th century - 1620 AD
Bouillon	Bouillon	Dukedom	1456 - 1794 AD
Brabant	Brussels	Duchy	1183 - 1430 AD
Breifne	Croghan	Kingdom	700 - 1256 AD
Brittany	Various	Dukedom	939 - 1547 AD
Brycheiniog		Kingdom	450 - 1045 AD
Burgundy	Dijon	Dukedom	1032 - 1477 AD
Cait		Tribal kingdom	25 - 871 AD
Carantania	Karnburg	Principality	658 - 828 AD
Carolingian Empire	Aachen	Empire	800 - 888 AD
Ce		Tribal kingdom	1st century - 900 AD
Dal Riada	Dunadd	Kingdom	501 - 878 AD
Denmark	Various	Kingdom	c. 900 AD - state exists today
Desmond	Killarney	Kingdom	1118 - 1596 AD
Dumnonia	Isca Dumnoniorum	Principality	360 - 710 AD
Dyfed		Kingdom	410 - 910 AD
Dithmarschen	Heide	Republic	c. 1320 - 1559
England	Winchester, London	Kingdom	927 - 1707 AD
East Angles	Rendlesham, Dommoc	Kingdom	6th century - 918 AD
France	Paris, Versailles	Kingdom	843 - 1792 AD
Frisia	Dorestad, Utrecht	Tribal kingdom	600 - 734 AD
Frisia (Upstalsboom Confederacy)		Confederacy	c. 1200 - c. 1500 AD
Flanders	Various	Countship	862 - 1795 AD
Fortriu		Tribal kingdom	1 - 850 AD
Frankish Empire	Tournai, Paris	Kingdom/Empire	481 - 843 AD
Galicia–Volhynia	Various	Principality/kingdom/client	1199-1349 AD
Galloway		Kingdom	c. 1000 - 1234 AD
Gododdin		Kingdom	5th - 8th centuries AD
Golden Horde	Sarai Batu	Khanate	1240 - 1502 AD
Gwent	Caerwent, Porth-is-Coed	Kingdom	420 - 1081 AD
Glywysing	Cardiff	Kingdom	490 - 1063 AD
Guelders	Geldern	Countship/dukedom	1096 - 1795 AD
Gwynedd	Various	Kingdom	420 - 1216 AD
Haestingas	Hastings	Tribal kingdom	6th century - 771 AD
Holland	The Hague	Countship	11th century - 1795 AD
Holy Roman Empire	No official	Empire	962 - 1806 AD
Icelandic	Þingvellir	Commonwealth (federation)	930 - 1262 AD
Ireland	Dublin	Lordship	1171 - 1542 AD
Kalmar	Copenhagen (from 1443)	Union	1397 - 1523 AD
Kent	Durovernum	Kingdom	488 - 871 AD
Kiev	Kiev	Principality	1132 - 1471 AD
Leinster		Kingdom	436 - 1632 AD
Lindsey	Lindum	Kingdom/Client	410 - 775 AD
Lithuania	Various	Grand Dukedom	1251 - 1759 AD
Lorraine	Nancy	Dukedom	959 - 1766 AD
Lotharingia		Kingdom	855 - 959 AD
Magna Frisia	Dorestad, Utrecht	Kingdom	600 - 734 AD
Mann and Isles		Kingdom	848 - 1266 AD
Merania		Dukedom/client	1153 - 1248 AD
Mongol Empire	Avarga, Karakorum, Dadu	Empire	1206 - 1368 AD
Meath	Dublin	Kingdom	1st century - 1173 AD
Mercia	Tamworth	Kingdom	527 - 918 AD
Moray		Kingdom	c. 970 - 1130 AD
Moscow	Moscow	Grand Duchy / client	1283 - 1547 AD
Normandy	Rouen	Duchy	911 - 1259 AD
Northumbria	Bamburgh	Kingdom	653 - 954 AD
Norway	Various	Kingdom	872 AD - state exists today
Novgorod	Novgorod	Republic	1136 - 1478 AD
Old Saxony		Dukedom	758 - 804 AD
Orange	Orange, Vaucluse	Principality	1163 - 1717 AD
Ossory	Kilkenny	Kingdom	150 - 1185 AD
Pictland		Kingdom	250 BC - 850 AD
Pomerania	Various	Duchy	1121 - 1637 AD
Poher	Vorgium	Principality	520 - 936 AD
Powys	Various	Kingdom	488 - 1160 AD
Raetia Curiensis	Chur	Bishopric (religious)	452 - 1176 AD
Saxons		Tribal confederation	5th century BC - 754 AD
Scotland	Stirling, Edinburgh	Kingdom	843 - 1707 AD
Strathclyde	Dumbarton, Govan	Kingdom	450 - 1093 AD
Sussex	Selsey	Kingdom	477 - 825 AD
Sweden	Various	Kingdom	c.970 - state exists today
Swiss Confederacy	Various	Confederaacy	c. 1300 - 1798
Terra Mariana	Various	Confederated bishopric principalities (religious)	1207 - 1561 AD
Thomond	Ennis	Kingdom	1118 - 1543 AD
Thuringia		Duchy	450 - 1247 AD
Tver	Tver	Principality	1246 - 1485 AD
Tyrconnell	Dun na nGall	Kingdom	464 - 1607 AD
Ulster		Kingdom	465 - 1177 AD
Uí Failghe	Rathangan, Daingean	Kingdom	507 - 1550 AD
Visigothic	Various	Kingdom	418 - 720 AD
Vladimir-Suzdal	Vladimir	Grand Dukedom/client	1157 - 1231 AD
Wales	Aber Garth Celyn	Principality	1216 - 1542 AD
Wessex	Winchester	Kingdom	519 - 1018 AD

South and East

name	capital/s	state type	existed
Achaea	Andravida, Mystras	Principality	1205 - 1432 AD
Aragon	Not specified	Kingdom	1162 - 1716 AD
Arbanon	Kruja	Principality	1190 - 1255 AD
Archipelago	Naxos	Duchy	1207 - 1579 AD
Argos & Nauplia	Nauplia	Lordship/client	1212 - 1388 AD
Asturias	Various	Kingdom	718 - 924 AD
Athens	Athens	Duchy	1205 - 1458 AD
Avar Khaganate	Not specified	Khaganate	567 - 804 AD
Benevento	Benevento	Dukedom/Principality/Client	571 - 1074 AD
Bodonitsa	Benevento	Marquisate/client	1204 - 1414 AD
Byzantine Empire	Constantinople	Empire	330 - 1453 AD
First Bulgarian Empire	Various	Empire	681 - 1018 AD
Second Bulgarian Empire	Various	Empire	1185 - 1396 AD
Carolingian Empire	Aachen	Empire	800 - 888 AD
Castile	Various	Kingdom	1230 - 1516 AD
Ceva	Ceva	Marquisate	1125 - 1427 AD
Córdoba	Córdoba	Principality	756 - 929 AD
Cordoba	Córdoba	Kingdom	929 - 1031 AD
Crete	Chandax	Principality	824 - 961 AD
Cumania	Not specified	Nomadic confederation	900 - 1220 AD
Florence	Florence	Republic	1115 - 1532 AD
Frankish Empire	Tournai, Paris	Kingdom/Empire	431 - 768 AD
Galicia	Santiago de Compostela	Kingdom	409 - 1833 AD
Genoa	Genoa	Republic	1005 - 1797 AD
Golden Horde	Sarai Batu	Nomadic kingdom	1240 - 1502 AD
Hispanica	Girona?	Marquisate	795 - 801 AD
Holy Roman Empire	No official	Empire	962 - 1806 AD
Hungary	Esztergom, Székesfehérvár	Principality	895 - 1000 AD
Hungary	Various	Kingdom	1000-1918/ 1920-1946 AD
Kievan Rus'	Kiev	Federated principalities	882 - 1283 AD
Khazar Khaganate	Various	Nomadic Kingdom	618 - 1048 AD
Kutrigurs		Nomadic confederation/client	453 - 8th century AD
Latin Empire	Constantinople	Empire	1204 - 1261 AD
León	Leon	Kingdom	910 – 1230 AD
Lombard	Pavia	Kingdom	568 – 774 AD
Lower Pannonia	Various	Principality/client	839 – 875 AD
Lucca	Lucca	Republic	1160 – 1805 AD
Magyar	Not specified	Tribal Confederation/Principality	1100 BC - 895 AD
Majorca	Palma, Perpignan	Kingdom	1231 - 1715 AD
Mongol Empire	Avarga, Karakorum, Dadu	Empire	1206 - 1368 AD
Navarre	Pamplona	Kingdom	824 - 1620 AD
Narentines		Tribal chiefdom/countship/dukedom	6th - 10th centuries AD
Papal	Rome	Pontifical states	754 - 1870 AD
Philippopolis	Philippopolis	Duchy	1204 - 1205 AD
Portugal	Various	Kingdom	1139 - 1910 AD
Ragusa	Ragusa	Republic	1358 - 1807 AD
San Marino	San Marino	Republic	301 AD - state exists today
Sardinia	Cagliari, Turin	Kingdom	1324 - 1861 AD
Savoy	Not specified	Dukedom	1416 - 1714 AD
Serbia	Ras	Principality	768 - 969 AD
Serbian	Ras	Grand Principality	1101 - 1217 AD
Serbian Empire	Skopje, Prizren	Empire	1346 - 1371 AD
Serbian Sklavinia	Not specified	Tribal kingdom	520-768 AD
Sicily	Various	Kingdom	1130 - 1816 AD
Spain	Toledo, Madrid	Kingdom	1479 AD - state exists today
Taifa	Various	Confederation of kingdoms/principalities	1011 - 1571 AD
Travunia	Trebinje	Principality/client	850 - 1482 AD
Thessalonica	Thessalonica	Kingdom	1204 - 1224 AD
Tridentum	Benevento	Dukedom/Principality (religious)	574 - 1802 AD
Valencia	Valencia	Kingdom	1238 - 1707 AD
Venice	Venice	Republic	697 - 1797 AD
Visigothic	Various	Kingdom	418 - 720 AD

Eurasian Steppe and Central Asia

name	capital/s	state type	existed
Afrighid	Kath	Kingdom/client	305 - 995 AD
Avar Khaganate		Khaganate	567 - 804 AD
Balhae Empire	Dongmo	Empire	698 - 926 AD
Barsil		Tribal union	600 - 700 AD
First Bulgarian Empire	Various	Empire	681 - 1018 AD
Cumania	Not specified	Nomadic confederation	900 - 1220 AD
Georgia	Kutaisi, Tbilisi	Kingdom	1008 - 1491 AD
Göktürk Khaganate	Ordu Baliq	Nomadic confederation	552 - 747 AD
Golden Horde	Sarai Batu	Khanate	1240 - 1502 AD
Ghurid	Various	Sultanate	879 - 1215 AD
Iberia	Tbilisi	Principality	580 - 891 AD
Ilkhanate	Various	Nomadic Kingdom	1256 - 1335 AD
Khamag Mongol		Tribal confederation/khanate	1120 - 1206 AD
Kara-Khanid Khanate	Various	Nomadic confederation	840 - 1212 AD
Kashgar	Kashgar	Kingdom/Client	80 - 850 AD
Kievan Rus'	Kiev	Federated principalities	882 - 1283 AD
Khazar Khaganate	Various	Nomadic kingdom	618 - 1048 AD
Khitan	Shangjing	Kingdom/client	388 -1211 AD
Lazica	Phasis	Kingdom/client	1st century BC - 7th century AD
Magyar		Tribal Confederation/principality	1100 BC - 895 AD
Mongol Empire	Various	Empire	1206 - 1368 AD
Rus' Khaganate	Not specified	Tribal kingdom	830 - 899 AD
Sarir	Humraj	Kingdom/client	453 - 1000 AD
Song Empire	Bianjing, Lin'an	Empire	960 - 1279 AD
Tang Empire	Chang'an, Luoyang	Empire	618 - 907 AD
Tatar	Not specified	Confederation	8th century - 1202 AD
Tibetan Empire	Lhasa, Pho brang	Empire	618 - 841 AD
Turgesh Khaganate	Balasagun	Nomadic Empire	699 -766 AD
Umayyad Caliphate	Dammascus, Harran	Empire (religious)	661 - 750 AD
Volga Bulgaria	Bolghar, Bilär	Kingdom	660 - 1236 AD
Yuan Empire	Khanbaliq	Nomadic empire	1271 – 1368 AD

East Asia

Map of the world 13th century AD

name	capital/s	state type	existed
Balhae Empire	Dongmo	Empire	698 - 926 AD
Bruneian Empire	Various	Empire	7th - 19th centuries AD
Butuan	Butuan	Kingdom	1001 - 1521 AD
Champa	Indrapura, Vijaya, Panduranga	Kingdom	192 – 1832 AD
Chenla	Bhavapura, Isanapura	Kingdom	550–706 AD
Dharmasraya	Dharmasraya, Muaro Jambi	Kingdom	1183–1347 AD
Göktürk Khaganate	Ordu Baliq	Nomadic Confederacy	552 - 747 AD
Great Jin	Various	Empire	1115 - 1254 AD
Jōmon	Heijō-kyō, Heian-kyō (Kyoto), Tokyo	Principalities/Empire	600 BC - present day
Kara-Khanid Khanate	Balasagun, Kashgar, Samarkand	Nomadic confederation	840 - 1212 AD
Kamakura	Kamakura, Kanagawa	Shogunate	1192 - 1333 AD
Khitan	Shangjing	Kingdom/Client	388 -1211 AD
Khotan	Khotan	Kingdom	56 - 1006 AD
Langkasuka	Kedah, Pattani	Kingdom	100 - 1516 AD
Lavo	Lavo, Ayodhaya	Kingdom	450 – 1388 AD
Madya-as	Not specified	Confederation	1200 - 1569 AD
Melayu	Jambi	Kingdom	4th - 13th centuries AD
Mongol Empire	Avarga, Karakorum, Dadu	Empire	1206 - 1368 AD
Pyu	Sri Ksetra	Federated City States	250 BC - 1085 AD
Silla	Gyeongju	Kingdom	55 BC - 935 AD
Song Empire	Bianjing, Lin'an	Empire	960 - 1279 AD
Sulu	Various	Sultanate/client	1405 - 1915 AD
Sunda	Pakuan Pajajaran, Kawali	Kingdom	669 - 1579 AD
Tang Empire	Chang'an, Luoyang	Empire	618 - 907 AD
Tibetan Empire	Lhasa, Pho brang	Empire	618 - 841 AD
Thaton	Thaton	Kingdom	300 BC - 1085 AD
Usan		Kingdom	512 – 930 AD
Yuan Empire	Khanbaliq	Nomadic Empire	1271 – 1368 AD

South Asia

name	capital/s	state type	existed
Anuradhapura	Anuradhapura	Kingdom	377 BC - 1017 AD
Ay	Aykudi	Kingdom	4th century BC - 12th century AD
Bahmani	Gulbarga, Bidar	Kingdom	1347 - 1527 AD
Bumthang	Chakhar Gutho	Kingdom	7th - 17th centuries AD
Cochin	Various	Kingdom	12th century - 1947 AD
Eastern Chalukya	Vengi, Rajamundry	Kingdom	624 - 1129 AD
Garhwal	Various	Kingdom	888 - 1949 AD
Ghurid	Various	Sultanate	879 - 1215 AD
Gurjara Pratihara Empire	Kannauj	Empire	650 - 1036 AD
Ilkhanate	Maragha, Tabriz, Soltaniyeh	Nomadic kingdom	1256 - 1335 AD
Jaisalmer	Jaisalmer	Principality	1156 - 1947 AD
Kamarupa	Pragjyotishpur, Haruppeswara, Durjaya	Kingdom	350 - 1140 AD
Kabul Shahi	Kabul, Waihind	Kingdom/Empire	6th century - 1026 AD
Maitraka Empire	Vallabhi	Empire	475 - 767 AD
Maukhari Empire	Kannauj	Empire	550 - 700 AD
Mongol Empire	Avarga, Karakorum, Dadu	Empire	1206 - 1368 AD
Mysore	Mysore, Srirangapatna	Kingdom	1399 - 1947 AD
Pallava Empire	Kanchi	Empire	250 BC - 800 AD
Rajarata	Anuradhapura, Sigiriya, Polonnaruwa	Kingdom	377 BC -1310 AD
Sirmoor	Sirmür	Principality	1095 - 1948 AD
Tibetan Empire	Lhasa, Pho brang	Empire	618 - 841 AD
Umayyad Caliphate	Dammascus, Harran	Empire (religious)	661 - 750 AD
Western Ganga	Kolar, Talakad	Kingdom	350 - 1000 AD
Yuan Empire	Khanbaliq	Nomadic Empire	1271 – 1368 AD

West Asia

name	capital/s	state type	existed
Antioch	Antioch	Principality/client	1098 - 1268 AD
Armenian Cilicia	Tarsus, Sis	Kingdom	1198 - 1375 AD
Arminiya	Dvin	Principality/client	653 - 884 AD
Ayyubid	Cairo	Confederated principalities/empire	1171 - 1341 AD
Byzantine Empire	Constantinople	Empire	330 - 1453 AD
Cumania	Not specified	Nomadic confederation	900 - 1220 AD
Cyprus	Nicosia	Kingdom	1192 - 1489 AD
Edessa	Edessa, Turbessel	Countship	1098- 1150 AD
Fatimid Caliphate	Mahdia, Al-Mansuriya, Cairo	Empire	909 - 1171 AD
Galilee	Tiberias	Principality/client	1099 - 1187 AD
Ghassanid	Balka, Harith, Petra, Sideir	Kingdom	220 - 712 AD
Ghurid	Various	Sultanate	879 - 1215 AD
Ilkhanate	Maragha, Tabriz, Soltaniyeh	Nomadic kingdom	1256 - 1335 AD
Jaffa and Ascalon	Jaffa	Countship/client	1100 - 1268 AD
Jerusalem	Jerusalem	Kingdom	1099 - 1291 AD
Khazar Khaganate	Atil, Balanjar,Semender	Nomadic kingdom	618 - 1048 AD
Mongol Empire	Avarga, Karakorum, Dadu	Empire	1206 - 1368 AD
Nizari Ismaili	Alamut Castle	Not specified (religious)	1090 - 1256 AD
Oultrejordain		Lordship/client	1118 - 1199 AD
Rüm	Nicaea, Iconium	Sultanate	1077 - 1307 AD
Sidon	Sidon	Lordship/client	1110 - 1260 AD
Trebizond Empire	Trebizond	Empire/client	1204 - 1461 AD
Tripoli	Tripoli	Countship/client	1102 - 1289 AD
Umayyad Caliphate	Dammascus, Harran	Empire (religious)	661 - 750 AD
Uyunid	Al Hasa, Awal, Qatif	Emirate	1076 - 1253 AD
Zengid	Aleppo	Emirate	1127 - 1250 AD

Types of state

• Chiefdoms

A Chiefdom is a form of hierarchical political organization in ancient tribal societies usually based on kinship, and in which formal leadership is monopolized by the legitimate senior members of select families or 'houses'. These elites form a political-ideological aristocracy relative to the general group. A chiefdom is thus led by a highly ranked incumbent of an inherited political role, tribal chief or king: chiefs lead because of their ascribed status, not their achieved status, examples of this type of state would be, Aedui, Brigantes.

• City states

A City-state is an independent or autonomous entity, not administered as a part of another local government, whose territory consists of a sovereign city its dependencies and possibly its surrounding territory, examples of this type of state would be, Sparta, Tyre.

• Client states

A client state is a state that is economically, politically or militarily subordinate to another more powerful state in international affairs. Types of client states include: satellite state, associated state, puppet state, neo-colony, protectorate, vassal state and tributary state, More powerful ancient states would create client states by making the leaders of that state subservient out of those it defeated, examples of this type of state would be, Armenia, Ammon, Zheng.

• Confederations

A Confederation In the context of the history may refer to a semi-permanent political and military alliance consisting of multiple "nations" or "chiefdom's" or "tribes" which maintained their separate leadership, examples of this type of state would be, the Alemanni, Caledonii, Xiongnu.

• Dukedoms

A Dukedom or, duchy' is a territory, fief, or domain ruled by a duke or duchess. Some historic duchies were sovereign in areas that would become unified realms,others were subordinate districts of those kingdoms that unified either partially or completely during the ancient era, examples of this type of state would be the Qin and Swabia.

• Earldoms

A Earldom is a territory, fief, or domain ruled by an Earl, Count or Countess in which case it would be called a Countship. Some historic earldom's/countship's were sovereign in areas that would become unified realms,others were subordinate districts of those kingdoms that unified either partially or completely during the post-classical era, examples of this type of state would be the,

• Empires

The term Empire derives from the Latin imperium (power, authority). Politically, an empire is a geographically extensive group of states and peoples (ethnic groups) united and ruled either by a monarch (emperor, empress) or an oligarchy. An imperial political structure is established and maintained in two ways: (i) as a territorial empire of direct conquest and control with force (direct, physical action to compel the emperor's goals) or (ii) as a coercive, hegemonic empire of indirect conquest and control with power (the perception that the emperor can physically enforce his desired goals). Examples of this type of state would be, the Athenian Empire, Median Empire and Roman Empire.

• Federations

A Federation is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions under a central (federal) government. Several ancient chiefdoms and kingdoms, such as the 4th-century BC League of Corinth, Noricum in Central Europe, and the Haudenosaunee Confederation in pre-Columbian North America, could be described as federations or confederations. The Old Swiss Confederacy was an early example of formal non-unitary statehood.

• Khanates

A Khanate,or Khaganate or Chanat, is a Turco-Mongol-originated word used to describe a political entity ruled by a Khan. In modern Turkish, the word used is kağanlık or hanlık and in modern Azeri of the republic of Azerbaijan, xanlıq. In Mongolian the word khanlig is used, as in "Khereidiin Khanlig" meaning the Khanate of the Kerait. This political entity is typical for people from the Eurasian Steppe and it can be equivalent to tribal chiefdom, principality, kingdom or even empire, examples of this type of state would be, the Göktürk Khaganate,

• Kingdoms

A Kingdom is a state ruled by a King or Queen) is a form of government in which sovereignty is actually or nominally embodied in a single individual (the monarch). Forms of monarchy differ widely based on the level of legal autonomy the monarch holds in governance, the method of selection of the monarch, and any predetermined limits on the length of their tenure. When the monarch has no or few legal restraints in state and political matters, it is called an absolute monarchy and is a form of autocracy. Examples of this type of state would be, Epirus, Nabatea and Pontus.

• Marquisates

A Marquisate or, March' is a territory, fief, or domain ruled by a Marquis or marchioness. Some historic marquisate's were sovereign in areas that would become unified realms,others were subordinate districts of those kingdoms that unified either partially or completely during the ancient era, examples of this type of state would be the Jin.

• Principality

A Principality (or Princedom) can either be a monarchical feudatory or a sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a monarch with the title of prince or by a monarch with another title within the generic use of the term prince. Most of these states have historically been a polity, but in some occasions were rather territories in respect of which a princely style is held. The prince's estate and wealth may be located mainly or wholly outside the geographical confines of the principality, examples of this type of state would be Gardman, Corduene.

• Republics

A Republic is a form of government in which power is exercised by the public at large,[1] and affairs of state are a concern of the public sphere (from Latin: res publica), rather than privately accommodated (such as through inheritance or divine mandate). In modern times the definition of a republic is also commonly limited to a government which excludes a monarch, *Example: Roman Republic, and Kalinga (India).

• Viscountcy

A Viscountcy or, county is a territory, fief, or domain ruled by a Viscount or Viscountess. Some historic viscountcies were sovereign in areas that would become unified realms,others were subordinate districts of those kingdoms that unified either partially or completely during the ancient era, examples of this type of state would be, Chu (state).

See also

• Ancient Africa
• Ancient Americas
• History of Central Asia
• Ancient China
• History of East Asia
• Ancient Europe
• History of India
• Ancient Iran
• Ancient Middle East
• Ancient Near East
• History of South Asia
• List of pre-modern great powers
• List of pre-modern states
• List of Largest Empires
• List of Bronze Age states
• List of Classical Age states
• List of Iron Age states
• List of Late Antiquity Age states
• Lists of state leaders by year

External links

• A Chronology of World Political History
• Empires Through Out History
• Ancient Asia Minor-Anatolia
• History Files
• Regnal Chronologies Ancient States
• Livius Ancient History Articles
• World History Maps (Individual) from 1300 BC to 1500 AD