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1994 South African general election

← 1989 26–29 April 1994 1999 →

All 400 seats to the National Assembly of South Africa
201 seats needed for a majority
Turnout86.9%[1][2]
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Nelson Mandela F. W. de Klerk Mangosuthu Buthelezi
Party ANC National IFP
Last election Banned 94 Barred
Seats won 252 82 43
Seat change Increase252 (new) Decrease8 Increase43 (new)
Popular vote 12,237,655 3,983,690 2,058,294
Percentage 62.65% 20.39% 10.54%
Swing Banned Decrease27.81% Barred

  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Constand Viljoen Zach de Beer Clarence Makwetu
Party VF Democratic PAC
Last election Did not contest 33 Banned
Seats won 9 7 5
Seat change Increase9 (new) Decrease26 Increase5 (new)
Popular vote 424,555 338,426 243,478
Percentage 2.17% 1.73% 1.25%
Swing new Decrease18.27% Banned

Results by province. Lighter shade indicates plurality.

State President before election

F. W. de Klerk
National

Elected President

Nelson Mandela
ANC

General elections were held in South Africa between 26 and 29 April 1994. The elections were the first in which citizens of all races were allowed to take part, and were therefore also the first held with universal adult suffrage. The election was conducted under the direction of the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC), and marked the culmination of the four-year process that ended apartheid.

Millions queued in lines over a four-day voting period. Altogether, 19,726,579 votes were counted, and 193,081 were rejected as invalid. As widely expected, the African National Congress (ANC), whose slate incorporated the labour confederation COSATU and the South African Communist Party, won a sweeping victory, taking 62 percent of the vote, just short of the two-thirds majority required to unilaterally amend the Interim Constitution. As required by that document, the ANC formed a Government of National Unity with the National Party and the Inkatha Freedom Party, the two other parties that won more than 20 seats in the National Assembly. The new National Assembly's first act was to elect Nelson Mandela as President, making him the country's first black chief executive.

The date 27 April is now a public holiday in South Africa, Freedom Day.

Background

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Throughout the 1980s the Government of P. W. Botha passed some minor reforms. However, Internal opposition and the International Community demanded a total end to racial discrimination.[3] Botha appeared to heading for more radical reform, including meeting Mandela, but suffered a stroke leading to his resignation.

Campaign

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National Party

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The National Party's main goal for the election was to prevent the ANC from winning a two-thirds majority — which would grant the ANC the power to unilaterally draft and pass the permanent constitution — and optimistically win a third of the vote.[4]

Inkatha Freedom Party

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On the 19th, the Inkatha Freedom Party entered the election upon reaching an agreement with ANC and NP. The Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) entered the election late, and it was added to the already-printed ballot papers by means of a sticker.[5] In rural areas with limited infrastructure, people queued "for days" in order to vote.[5]

Conduct

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External videos
video icon Newsnight - South African Elections, BBC archive

Pre-election voting

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Violence

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Results

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National Assembly

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The 400 members of the National Assembly were chosen from party lists in proportion to each party's share of the national ballot.

PartyVotes%Seats
African National Congress12,237,65562.65252
National Party3,983,69020.3982
Inkatha Freedom Party2,058,29410.5443
Freedom Front424,5552.179
Democratic Party338,4261.737
Pan Africanist Congress243,4781.255
African Christian Democratic Party88,1040.452
Africa Muslim Party34,4660.180
African Moderates Congress Party27,6900.140
Dikwankwetla Party19,4510.100
Federal Party17,6630.090
Minority Front13,4330.070
Sport Organisation for Collective Contributions and Equal Rights10,5750.050
African Democratic Movement9,8860.050
Women's Rights Peace Party6,4340.030
Ximoko Progressive Party6,3200.030
Keep It Straight and Simple Party5,9160.030
Workers' List Party4,1690.020
Luso-South African Party3,2930.020
Total19,533,498100.00400
Valid votes19,533,49899.02
Invalid/blank votes193,1120.98
Total votes19,726,610100.00
Registered voters/turnout22,709,15286.87
Source: African Elections Database

Senate

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The 90 members of the Senate were chosen, 10 from each province, by the newly elected provincial legislatures. Each province's Senate seats were allocated in proportion to the parties' representation in the provincial legislature.

e • d Determination of seats in the Senate as a consequence of the 26–29 April 1994 provincial elections[6]
Party EC FS G KZN M NW NC NP WC Total
ANC 9 8 6 3 8 8 5 10 3 60
National 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 6 17
IFP 5 5
VF 1 1 1 1 1 5
Democratic 1 1 1 3
Total 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 90

In 1997, on the adoption of the final Constitution, the Senate became the National Council of Provinces; its political makeup remained the same, but members were divided into permanent and special delegates, as described in the following table.

e • d Initial determination of delegates to the National Council of Provinces at the adoption of the new Constitution on 4 February 1997[6]
Party Delegate type EC FS G KZN M NW NC NP WC Total
ANC Permanent 5 4 3 1 4 4 3 6 2 32 60
Special 4 4 3 2 4 4 2 4 1 28
National Permanent 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 11 17
Special 1 2 3 6
IFP Permanent 3 3 5
Special 2 2
VF Permanent 1 1 1 1 1 5
Democratic Permanent 1 1 1 3
Total 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 90

Provincial legislature results

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Members of the provincial legislatures were elected from party lists in proportion to each party's share of the provincial ballot.

Party EC FS G KZN M NW NC NP WC
ANC 48 24 50 26 25 26 15 38 14
National 6 4 21 9 3 3 12 1 23
IFP 0 0 3 41 0 0 0 0 0
VF 0 2 5 0 2 1 2 1 1
Democratic 1 0 5 2 0 0 1 0 3
PAC 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
ACDP 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
MF 1
Total 56 30 86 81 30 30 30 40 42

Eastern Cape

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PartyVotes%Seats
African National Congress2,453,79084.3548
National Party286,0299.836
Democratic Party59,6442.051
Pan Africanist Congress59,4752.041
Freedom Front23,1670.800
African Christian Democratic Party14,9080.510
Inkatha Freedom Party5,0500.170
African Democratic Movement4,8150.170
Merit Party2,0280.070
Total2,908,906100.0056
Valid votes2,908,90699.55
Invalid/blank votes13,2480.45
Total votes2,922,154100.00
Source: Election Resources

Free State

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PartyVotes%Seats
African National Congress1,037,99876.6524
National Party170,45212.594
Freedom Front81,6626.032
Pan Africanist Congress24,4511.810
Dikwankwetla Party17,0241.260
Democratic Party7,6640.570
Inkatha Freedom Party6,9350.510
African Christian Democratic Party6,0720.450
African Democratic Movement2,0080.150
Total1,354,266100.0030
Valid votes1,354,26699.25
Invalid/blank votes10,2860.75
Total votes1,364,552100.00
Source: Election Resources

Gauteng

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PartyVotes%Seats
African National Congress2,418,25757.6050
National Party1,002,54023.8821
Freedom Front258,9356.175
Democratic Party223,5485.325
Inkatha Freedom Party153,5673.663
Pan Africanist Congress61,5121.471
African Christian Democratic Party25,5420.611
Federal Party16,2790.390
Africa Muslim Party12,8880.310
Women's Rights Peace Party7,2790.170
Luso-South African Party5,4230.130
Dikwankwetla Party4,8530.120
African Democratic Movement4,3520.100
Ximoko Progressive Party3,2750.080
Total4,198,250100.0086
Valid votes4,198,25099.40
Invalid/blank votes25,3830.60
Total votes4,223,633100.00
Source: Election Resources

KwaZulu/Natal

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PartyVotes%Seats
Inkatha Freedom Party1,844,07050.3241
African National Congress1,181,11832.2326
National Party410,71011.219
Democratic Party78,9102.152
Minority Front48,9511.341
Pan Africanist Congress26,6010.731
African Christian Democratic Party24,6900.671
Freedom Front18,6250.510
Africa Muslim Party17,9310.490
African Democratic Movement8,0920.220
Workers International to Rebuild the Fourth International4,6260.130
Total3,664,324100.0081
Valid votes3,664,32498.94
Invalid/blank votes39,3691.06
Total votes3,703,693100.00
Source: Election Resources

Mpumalanga

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PartyVotes%Seats
African National Congress1,070,05280.6925
National Party119,3119.003
Freedom Front75,1205.662
Pan Africanist Congress21,6791.630
Inkatha Freedom Party20,1471.520
Democratic Party7,4370.560
African Christian Democratic Party6,3390.480
African Democratic Movement5,0620.380
Right Party9210.070
Total1,326,068100.0030
Valid votes1,326,06899.06
Invalid/blank votes12,6310.94
Total votes1,338,699100.00
Source: Election Resources

North-West

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PartyVotes%Seats
African National Congress1,310,08083.3326
National Party138,9868.843
Freedom Front72,8214.631
Pan Africanist Congress27,2741.730
Democratic Party7,8940.500
Inkatha Freedom Party5,9480.380
African Christian Democratic Party5,5700.350
African Democratic Movement3,5690.230
Total1,572,142100.0030
Valid votes1,572,14298.81
Invalid/blank votes18,9741.19
Total votes1,591,116100.00
Source: Election Resources

Northern Cape

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PartyVotes%Seats
African National Congress200,83949.7415
National Party163,45240.4812
Freedom Front24,1175.972
Democratic Party7,5671.871
Pan Africanist Congress3,7650.930
Inkatha Freedom Party1,6880.420
African Christian Democratic Party1,6100.400
African Democratic Movement7340.180
Total403,772100.0030
Valid votes403,77299.13
Invalid/blank votes3,5340.87
Total votes407,306100.00
Source: Election Resources

Northern Province

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PartyVotes%Seats
African National Congress1,759,59791.6338
National Party62,7453.271
Freedom Front41,1932.151
Pan Africanist Congress24,3601.270
United People's Front10,1230.530
African Christian Democratic Party7,3630.380
Ximoko Progressive Party4,9630.260
Democratic Party4,0210.210
African Democratic Movement3,6620.190
Inkatha Freedom Party2,2330.120
Total1,920,260100.0040
Valid votes1,920,26099.29
Invalid/blank votes13,7020.71
Total votes1,933,962100.00
Source: Election Resources

Western Cape

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PartyVotes%Seats
National Party1,138,24253.2523
African National Congress705,57633.0114
Democratic Party141,9706.643
Freedom Front44,0032.061
African Christian Democratic Party25,7311.201
Pan Africanist Congress22,6761.060
Africa Muslim Party20,9540.980
Islamic Party16,7620.780
Inkatha Freedom Party7,4450.350
Wes-Kaap Federaliste Party6,3370.300
South African Women's Party2,6410.120
Green Party2,6110.120
African Democratic Movement1,9390.090
Workers International to Rebuild the Fourth International8550.040
Total2,137,742100.0042
Valid votes2,137,74299.50
Invalid/blank votes10,7140.50
Total votes2,148,456100.00
Source: Election Resources

Legacy

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Following the elections, 27 April subsequently became a national public holiday, Freedom Day.[7]

In a Sunday Independent article on the 20th anniversary of the election, Steven Friedman, who headed the IEC's information analysis department during the election, stated that the lack of a voters roll made verifying the results of the election difficult, and there were widespread accusations of cheating.[5] Friedman characterised the election as a "technical disaster but a political triumph", and intimated that the final results were as a result of a negotiated compromise, rather than being an accurate count of the votes cast, stating that it was impossible to produce an accurate result under the circumstances that the election was held. He wrote that he believed that the result of the election, which gave KwaZulu-Natal to the IFP; gave the National Party 20% of the vote share, and a Deputy President position; and held the ANC back from the two-thirds majority with the ability to unilaterally write the final constitution, helped prevent a civil war.[5]

Notes

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References

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  1. ^ Mafika (8 May 2014). "A look back at national election results - Brand South Africa".
  2. ^ Leander (27 February 2014). "The South African general elections: 1994".
  3. ^ "Resolution 134 (1960)". United Nations Digital Library System. United Nations. 1965. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  4. ^ de Klerk, page 328
  5. ^ a b c d "The bargain that saved us in 1994". The Sunday Independent.
  6. ^ a b Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, Schedule 6: "Transitional Arrangements", item 7.
  7. ^ "S Africa marks democracy anniversary". www.aljazeera.com.

Bibliography

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Mandela, Nelson (1994). Long Walk to Freedom (Abacus, 1995 ed.). Abacus. ISBN 978 0 349 10653 3.
de Klerk, Frederik Willem (1999). The Last Trek: A New Beginning (Pan Books, 2000 ed.). Pan Books. ISBN 0 330 36960 1.

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