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Squamata

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Some useful references:

  • Zheng & Wiens (2016))[1]
  • Pyron et al (2013)[2]
  • Vidal & Hedges (2009)[3]
  • Reptile Database: Higher Taxa in Extant Reptiles[4]
  • Reeder et al (2015).[5]
  • Hedges 2014 (skinks)[6]
  • Fry al al (2006) (evolution of venom) [7]
  • Snakes
    • Figueroa et al (2016) [8]
    • Reynolds et al (2014) (boas and pythons)[9]
    • Zaher et al (2019) (advanced caenophidian snakes)[10]



Comparison of recent phylogenies

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"Lizards"

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Compares the two main large-scale molecular studies with additional notes.

Zheng & Wiens (2016))[1] Pyron et al (2013)[2] Other:
Squamata
Dibamia

Dibamidae (dibamids)

Bifurcata

Gekkota (gekkos)

Unidentata

Scinciformata (skinks and relatives)

Episquamata

Laterata [=Lacertoidea] (true lizards and amphisbaenians)

Toxicofera

Anguimorpha (anguids)

Iguania (iguanias)

Serpentes (snakes)

Zheng & Wiens (2016) follow the same high level topology as Pyron et al (2013) and Sites et al (2011).

Extinct taxa according to the combined morphological and moleculer analysis of Reeder et al (2015).[5]

Squamata

Dibamidae (dibamids)

Gekkota (gekkos)

Scinciformata (skinks and relatives)

Laterata [=Lacertoidea] (true lizards and amphisbaenians)

Toxicofera

Anguimorpha (anguids)

Iguania (iguanias)

†Polyglyphanodontia

Serpentes (snakes)

†Mosasauria

Gekkota

Zheng & Wiens (2016) follow the same family topology within Gekkota as Pyron et al (2013) and Sites et al (2011).

Scincoidea according to Zheng & Wiens (2016):

Scincoidea


Zheng & Wiens (2016) follow the same family topology within Scincoidea as Pyron et al (2013) and Sites et al (2011).

Pyron et al (2013):

Scincoidea

Major clades after Hedges and Vidal (2009)

Scinciformata

Skinks after Hedges (2014)[6], who recognise nine families. Reptile Database recognises seven subfamilies with a note about Ateuchosauridae and Ristellidae

Scincomorpha
Laterata
Teiformata

Gymnophthalmidae Merrem 1820

Teiidae Gray 1827

Lacertibaenia
Lacertiformata

Lacertidae

Amphisbaenia

Rhineuridae Vanzolini 1951

Bipedidae Taylor 1951

Blanidae Kearney & Stuart 2004

Cadeidae Vidal & Hedges 2008

Trogonophiidae Gray 1865

Amphisbaenidae Gray 1865

(=Lacertoidea)

Zheng & Wiens (2016) mostly follow the same family topology within Lacertoidea as Pyron et al (2013) and Sites et al (2013), except for the topology within Amphisbaenia where the positions of Blanidae, Bipedidae and Cadeidae vary.

Amphisbaenia

Rhineuridae Vanzolini 1951

Bipedidae Taylor 1951

Blanidae Kearney & Stuart 2004

Cadeidae Vidal & Hedges 2008

Trogonophiidae Gray 1865

Amphisbaenidae Gray 1865

Anguimorpha

Sites et al (2011) shows the same family topology within Anguimorpha as Zheng & Wiens (2016), but doesn't show Diploglossidae or Anniellidae. In Pyron et al (2013) Helodermatidae and Xenosauridae exchange positions and the Diploglossinae are a subfamily within Anguidae.

Anguimorpha

Iguania afetr Zheng & Wiens (2016)

Iguania

Zheng & Wiens (2016) mostly follow the same family topology within Iguania as Pyron et al (2013) and Sites et al (2011), except for the family order within Pleurodonta. The Pyron arrangement is as follows.

Pleurodonta


Major clades after Hedges and Vidal (2009)

Iguania

Snakes

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Zheng & Wiens (2016))[1] Pyron et al (2013)[2] Other:
Differences
  • Position of Anomalepididae
    • First branch in Serpentes (Pyron et al, 2013; Figueroa et al, 2016)
    • branching after remaining Scolecophidia, i.e. sister to Alethinophidia (Zheng & Weins, 2016; Miralles et al 2018; Table et al, 2024)
  • Position of Xenophidiidae and Bolyeriidae
    • sister of all non-anilioid Alethinophidians and sister of Boidae, respectively (Pyron et al, 2013)
    • form clade that is sister to Caenophidia (Reynolds et al, 2014; Figueroa et al, 2016)
    • form clade that is sister to Boidae (Zheng & Weins, 2016; Table et al, 2024 [imputed?])
    • Bolyeriidae as sister to Pythonoidea (Xenophidiidae not included?)
  • Relationships within "Booidea" sensu Pyron (boas, pythons and allies)
    • Boidae sister to Pythonoidea + Uropeltoidea (Pyron et al, 2013; Reynolds et al, 2014)
    • Sequential Uropeltoidea, Pythonoidea, Boidae (Zheng & Weins, 2016; Burbrink et al, 2020; Table et al, 2024)
    • Notes: Zheng & Weins (2016) have Xenophidiidae+Bolyeriidae as sister to Boidae s.l. (and recognise Calabariidae as family)
    • Burbrink et al (2020) have Bolyeriidae as sister to Pythonoidea; also recognise seven boid families as Booidea (=Boidae of others)
    • Table et al (2024) agree with the Zheng & Weins topology for sampled families and "impute" position of others (e.g. Xenophidiidae+Bolyeriidae)




Figueroa et al (2016)


Miralles et al (2018)

Note: looks at scolecoidy and macrostomy, neither of which are monophyletic.

Reynolds et al (2014) on boas and pythons [9]

Serpentes



Caenophidia (Zheng & Wiens, 2016)

Caenophidia

Caenophidia (Pyron et al, 2013)

Caenophidia

Caenophidia (Zaher et al., 2019)


Caenophidia (Figueroa et al., 2016)



Classification and phylogeny

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Note: this page has a large transclusion size. To see the cladogram, which demonstrates use of collapible clades, use the edit and preview.

Of these, the lizards form a paraphyletic group,[5] since "lizards" excludes the subclades of snakes and amphisbaenians. Studies of squamate relationships using molecular biology have found several distinct lineages, though the specific details of their interrelationships vary from one study to the next. One example of a modern classification of the squamates is[11][1]

Squamata
Dibamia

Dibamidae (dibamids)

Bifurcata
Gekkota
⊞ (gekkos)
⊟
Unidentata
Scinciformata
⊞ (skinks and relatives)
⊟
Episquamata
Laterata
⊞ (true lizards and amphisbaenians)
Teiformata

Gymnophthalmidae Merrem 1820

Teiidae Gray 1827

Lacertibaenia
Lacertiformata

Lacertidae

Amphisbaenia
⊞ (amphisbaenians)

Rhineuridae Vanzolini 1951

Bipedidae Taylor 1951

Blanidae Kearney & Stuart 2004

Cadeidae Vidal & Hedges 2008

Trogonophiidae Gray 1865

Amphisbaenidae Gray 1865

⊟
⊟
(=Lacertoidea)
Toxicofera
Serpentes
⊞ (snakes)
⊟

All recent molecular studies suggest that several groups form a venom clade, which encompasses a majority (nearly 60%) of squamate species. Named Toxicofera, it combines the groups Serpentes (snakes), Iguania (agamids, chameleons, iguanids, etc.), and Anguimorpha (monitor lizards, Gila monster, glass lizards, etc.).[7]

Fossil snakes

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Useful link Vidal/Hedges Timetree

This list is to note fossil species that might be potential articles.


References

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  1. ^ a b c d Zheng, Yuchi; Wiens, John J. (2016). "Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 94: 537–547. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009. PMID 26475614.
  2. ^ a b c Pyron, R; Burbrink, Frank T; Wiens, John J (2013). "A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13 (1): 93. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93. ISSN 1471-2148.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  3. ^ Vidal, N; Hedges, SB (2009). "The molecular evolutionary tree of lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 332 (2–3): 129–39. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2008.07.010.
  4. ^ Uetz, P.; et al. (eds.). "Higher Taxa in Extant Reptiles". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  5. ^ a b c Reeder, Tod W.; Townsend, Ted M.; Mulcahy, Daniel G.; Noonan, Brice P.; Wood, Perry L.; Sites, Jack W.; Wiens, John J. (2015). "Integrated Analyses Resolve Conflicts over Squamate Reptile Phylogeny and Reveal Unexpected Placements for Fossil Taxa". PLOS ONE. 10 (3): e0118199. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=User:Jts1882/phylogeny/Squamata&action=submit#cite_note-Hedges-2014-6199. PMC 4372529. PMID 25803280. {{cite journal}}: External link in |doi= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ a b Hedges, SB (2014). "The high-level classification of skinks (Reptilia, Squamata, Scincomorpha)". Zootaxa. 3765 (4): 317–338. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3765.4.2 – via figure in Reptile Database. {{cite journal}}: External link in |via= (help)
  7. ^ a b Fry, Brian G.; Vidal, Nicolas; Norman, Janette A.; Vonk, Freek J.; Scheib, Holger; Ramjan, S. F. Ryan; Kuruppu, Sanjaya; Fung, Kim; Hedges, S. Blair; Richardson, Michael K.; Hodgson, Wayne. C.; Ignjatovic, Vera; Summerhayes, Robyn; Kochva, Elazar (February 2006). "Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes" (PDF). Nature. 439 (7076): 584–588. doi:10.1038/nature04328. PMID 16292255. {{cite journal}}: External link in |format= (help); Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Figueroa, Alex; McKelvy, Alexander D.; Grismer, L. Lee; Bell, Charles D.; Lailvaux, Simon P. (2016). Parmakelis, Aristeidis (ed.). "A Species-Level Phylogeny of Extant Snakes with Description of a New Colubrid Subfamily and Genus". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161070. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070. ISSN 1932-6203.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ a b R. Graham Reynolds; Matthew L. Niemiller; Liam J. Revell (2014). "Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: Multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 71: 201–213. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011.
  10. ^ Zaher, Hussam; Murphy, Robert W.; Arredondo, Juan Camilo; Graboski, Roberta; Machado-Filho, Paulo Roberto; Mahlow, Kristin; Montingelli, Giovanna G.; Quadros, Ana Bottallo; Orlov, Nikolai L.; Wilkinson, Mark; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Grazziotin, Felipe G. (2019). Joger, Ulrich (ed.). "Large-scale molecular phylogeny, morphology, divergence-time estimation, and the fossil record of advanced caenophidian snakes (Squamata: Serpentes)". PLOS ONE. 14 (5): e0216148. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216148. ISSN 1932-6203.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference wiensetal2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=38102
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