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Malaya about 1919–1921
History
United Kingdom
NameMalaya
NamesakeFederated Malay States
Ordered1913
BuilderArmstrong Whitworth, South Tyneside
Cost£2,945,709
Laid down20 October 1913
Launched18 March 1915
Commissioned1 February 1916
Decommissioned1 December 1944
Stricken12 April 1948
IdentificationPennant number: 01
Motto Malem Fero Malis ("I bring evil to the evil")
FateSold for scrap, 20 February 1948
General characteristics (as built)
Class and typeQueen Elizabeth-class battleship
Displacement
Length639 ft 9 in (195 m)
Beam90 ft 7 in (27.6 m)
Draught33 ft (10.1 m)
Installed power
Propulsion4 shafts; 2 steam turbine sets
Speed24.9 knots (46.1 km/h; 28.7 mph)
Range5,000 nmi (9,300 km; 5,800 mi) at 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph)
Complement1,217 (1919)
Armament
Armour

HMS Malaya (pennant number: 01) was one of five Queen Elizabeth-class super-dreadnought battleships built for the Royal Navy during the 1910s. They were a significant improvement upon the preceding Iron Duke class in terms of speed, protection, and firepower. Shortly after commissioning in early 1916, she participated in the Battle of Jutland of the First World War as part of the Grand Fleet.

Malaya spent the interwar period between the Mediterranean Fleet, Atlantic Fleet, and Home Fleet. She transported Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI into exile and served during the 1936-1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. Apart from this, her interwar career was uneventful.

With the outbreak of the Second World War, Malaya served with the Mediterranean Fleet, serving as a convoy escort and fighting in the Battle of Calabria and Operation Grog. In March 1941, she was transferred to the North Atlantic to perform convoy escort duties, during which she prevented the Scharnhorst and Gneisenau from attacking a convoy. Torpedoed in that month by the German submarine U-106, Malaya received repairs in New York. Malaya was withdrawn from serving at the end of 1944 and used as anaccommodation ship for the training establishment HMS Vernon. She was ultimately broken up and sold for scrap in 1948.

Design and description

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Main article: Queen Elizabeth-class battleship
Right elevation and deck plan of the Queen Elizabeth class battleship. Shaded areas represent armour plating.

The Queen Elizabeth-class battleships were designed to form a fast squadron for the fleet that was intended to operate against the leading ships of the opposing battleline and prevent German battlecruisers from doing the same. This required maximum offensive power and a speed several knots faster than any other battleship to allow them to defeat any type of ship.[1][2] As a result, the breech-loading (BL) 15-inch (381mm) Mk 1 gun was adopted, a significant upgrade from the 13.5-inch Mk V gun found on the preceding Iron Duke-class. A last-minute decision by the Admiralty led to the use of oil-fired boilers, increasing the speed of the ships

Malaya had a length overall of 639 feet 9 inches (195 m), a beam of 90 feet 7 inches (27.6 m) and a deep draught of 33 feet (10.1 m). She had a normal displacement of 32,590 long tons (33,113 t) and displaced 33,260 long tons (33,794 t) at deep load. She was powered by two sets of Parsons steam turbines, rated at 75,000 shaft horsepower (56,000 kW) and driving two shafts using steam from 24 Babcock & Wilcox boilers. Malaya was the only Queen Elizabeth-class battleship to come close to the class' design speed of 25 knots (46.3 km/h; 28.8 mph), reaching 24.9 knots (46.1 km/h; 28.7 mph) on speed trials in 1919.[3] The ship had a range of 5,000 nautical miles (9,260 km; 5,754 mi) at a cruising speed of 12 knots (22.2 km/h; 13.8 mph). Her crew numbered 1,217 officers and ratings in 1919.[4]

15-inch guns of 'A' and 'B' turrets trained to starboard, 6-inch guns in casemates below, c. 1920

The Queen Elizabeth class was equipped with eight breech-loading (BL) 15-inch (381 mm) Mk I guns in four twin-gun turrets, in two superfiring pairs fore and aft of the superstructure, designated 'A', 'B', 'X', and 'Y' from front to rear. Twelve of the fourteen BL 6-inch (152 mm) Mk XII guns were mounted in casemates along the broadside of the vessel amidships; the remaining pair were mounted on the forecastle deck near the aft funnel and were protected by gun shields. The anti-aircraft (AA) armament were composed of two quick-firing (QF) 3-inch (76 mm) 20 cwt Mk I[Note 1] guns. The ships were fitted with four submerged 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes, two on each broadside.[5]

Malaya was completed with two fire-control directors fitted with 15-foot (4.6 m) rangefinders. One was mounted above the conning tower, protected by an armoured hood, and the other was in the spotting top above the tripod foremast. Each turret was also fitted with a 15-foot rangefinder. The main armament could be controlled by 'B' turret as well. The secondary armament was primarily controlled by directors mounted on each side of the compass platform on the foremast once they were fitted in April 1917.[6]

The waterline belt of the Queen Elizabeth class consisted of Krupp cemented armour (KC) that was 13 inches (330 mm) thick over the ships' vitals. The gun turrets were protected by 11 to 13 inches (279 to 330 mm) of KC armour and were supported by barbettes 7–10 inches (178–254 mm) thick. The ships had multiple armoured decks that ranged from 1 to 3 inches (25 to 76 mm) in thickness. The main conning tower was protected by 13 inches of armour. After the Battle of Jutland, 1 inch of high-tensile steel was added to the main deck over the magazines and additional anti-flash equipment was added in the magazines.[7]

The ship was fitted with flying-off platforms mounted on the roofs of 'B' and 'X' turrets in 1918, from which fighters and reconnaissance aircraft could launch. Exactly when the platforms were removed is unknown, but no later than Malaya's 1934–1936 reconstruction.[8]

Major alterations

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During her first post-war refit in 1924, Malaya saw the removal of her 3-inch guns and mainmast searchlight platforms and addition of 4-inch high-angle guns. A refit in 1926 added another pair of 4-inch guns, the HACS anti-aircraft fire control system, a new fore-top, a stump fore-topmast, and re-positioned the 15-inch fire director. A short-range wireless-transmitting set was added either during this refit or earlier[9].

During her first major refit from 1927-1929, Malaya received modified anti-torpedo bulges, collective protection, and water protection. A torpedo-control position and an HACS Mk I director were added. She received new storage facilities for aviation fuel, and improved storage for 6-inch ammunition. The ship's bridgework was modified, its stump fore-mast removed, and its funnels were amalgamated or "trunked"[10]. These modifications led her to share a similar appearance with HMS Warspite.[9]

The two stern submerged torpedo tubes were removed in 1931.

Malaya underwent a more extensive refit from 1934-1936. Armour protection over her deck, magazines, and machinery spaces was improved, and the armoured conning-tower was replaced by a smaller one. The single 4-inch high-angle guns were replaced by four new 4-inch Mk XIX twin guns, and two 2-pounder (40 mm (1.6 in)) Mk VIII "pom-pom"s mounts and four Vickers 0.5 in (12.7 mm) AA machineguns were added. The installation of the pom-pom director led the 6-inch director to be repositioned. The bow torpedo tubes were removed, and an aircraft catapult and aircraft hangar were fitted. A run after this refit achieved Malaya's top speed of 23.7 knots (43.9 km/h; 27.3 mph).[11]

After being torpedoed by U-106 in March 1941, a damage refit in Brooklyn Naval Yard added offices and mounting positions for a pair of Type 281 early-warning radars, a pair of Type 285 anti-aircraft radars, a Type 284 rangefinding radar, and several Type 282 pom-pom directors. The radars themselves were added in a July 1941 refit in the United Kingdom, which also removed the 0.5-inch machine gun mountings and added eleven single 20-mm Oerlikon anti-aircraft cannon.[12]

A 1942 refit removed the aircraft catapult and added a pair of twin 4-inch guns, a pair of 20-mm Oerlikons, and a pair of eight-barrelled pom-pom mounts, as well as a Type 273 surface search radar. To save space for the equipment added as well as the personnel required to man them, Malaya's 6-inch guns were removed in 1943 and plated over, with twenty-two more single 20-mm Oerlikons added. A final refit in 1944 added eight single 20-mm Oerlikons, upgraded the radars, and added a Type 650 missile-jamming device.[12]

Service History

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Construction and First World War

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Malaya was built by Sir W. G. Armstrong Whitworth and Company at High Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne, and launched in March 1915. She was named in honour of the Federated Malay States in British Malaya, whose government paid for her construction. Malaya was assigned to Rear-Admiral Hugh Evan-Thomas's 5th Battle Squadron of the Grand Fleet. Her first captain was Algernon Boyle.[13]

Maps showing the manoeuvres of the British (blue) and German (red) fleets on 31 May – 1 June 1916.

Battle of Jutland

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Malaya took part in the Battle of Jutland, sailing on 31 May 1916 with the 5th Battle Squadron 5 mi (4.3 nmi; 8.0 km) northwest of the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron, commanded by Admiral David Beatty.[14] Uniquely amongst British ships, she flew the naval ensign of the Federated Malay States.[15] She first engaged the German battlecruisers of 1st Scouting Group at 16:15 and targeted the battlecruiser SMS Von der Tann.[16] Shortly afterwards, 'X' turret developed issues with reloading.[17] Beatty, noticing the main body of the German fleet at 16:40, ordered a turn to starboard in sequence at 16:48[18]. During this time, they were under fire from 1st Scouting Group, who had begun shooting at 16:44. However, Beatty's flag lieutenant, Ralph Seymour, delayed in giving the order for Evan-Thomas to execute the turn. As they were now in range of the main German fleet, Evan-Thomas turned his squadron around on his own initiative at 16:55. Malaya, at the rear of 5th Battle Squadron, made the turn at 16:57, some twenty seconds early.

The four ships of 5th Battle Squadron were now alone in receiving fire from twelve German warships.[19] Malaya, closest to the German warships, now began to rapidly take hits from 12-inch (305 mm) shells. The first hit at 17:20 exploded in the water, causing minor flooding and jamming 'B' turret for a time, though its rate of fire was not affected.[20] 'X' turret was hit at 17:27, knocking out the rangefinder and bulging in the roof, though the interior was not seriously damaged. Two shells struck the ship at 17:30, one of which caused no damage. The other, however, hit a starboard 6-inch (152 mm) gun, temporarily disabling the entire starboard 6-inch battery and causing a cordite fire which nearly triggered a magazine detonation. 102 casualties were reported. Two more hits were taken at 17:35, causing significant flooding and a 4° list, though this was quickly corrected. One hit, for which the time of impact is not known, struck a glancing blow on the ship's armour belt.[21]

The 5th Battle Squadron rejoined the Grand Fleet at 18:17, though Evan-Thomas was forced to order a reduction in speed to 12-18 knots and a turn to port. During this turn, Warspite's steering gear jammed and the German 3rd Squadron began firing upon her and her neighbours, with Malaya taking fire from Kaiserin and Thüringen. It is unclear whether Malaya was firing at this time.[22] However, with the German fleet now in a disadvantageous position, the High Seas Fleet turned away the Grand Fleet and out of Malaya's gun range at around 18:33.[23]

HMS Warspite and Malaya seen from HMS Valiant at 14:00 on 31 May 1916 during the Battle of Jutland.

The High Seas Fleet unexpectedly reappeared before the guns of the Grand Fleet at 19:17. Immediately aware of his predicament, Scheer ordered his destroyers and battlecruisers in a "death ride" against the British line while the rest of his fleet turned away under the cover of smoke. Malaya briefly opened fire with her 15-inch guns at Von der Tann at 19:20, and fired her 6-inch at the German destroyers. For fear of torpedo attack, British Admiral Sir John Jellicoe ordered his capital ships to turn away from the German fleet, allowed Scheer to get his capital ships out of danger.[24]

With the High Seas Fleet now to the west of the Grand Fleet, it needed to break through the British lines and escape to the east in order to return to port. Aware of this, Jellicoe placed a cruiser and destroyer screen to patrol his rear. When the German fleet did eventually attempt to smash through this force, information about the German breakout never made it to Jellicoe. Malaya herself identified the Westfalen astern at 23:40 at a range of only 3 mi (2.6 nmi; 4.8 km), but her captain refused to fire. The High Seas Fleet made it back to port with only the scuttling of the already damaged Lützow during the night.[25]

Malaya's last action at Jutland came when she struck a piece of wreckage, damaging her hull plating and oil bunkers. She fired 215 15-inch and 31 6-inch shots during the battle, suffering 63 killed and 68 wounded.[26]

Subsequent activity

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Malaya was docked in the floating dock at Invergordon from 4 - 24 June for repairs, rejoining the 5th Battle Squadron on 11 July.[27] As part of the Action of 19 August 1916, she sailed to counter a High Seas Fleet sortie against Sunderland. However, as German submarines spotted the British fleet, the German fleet turned back, and no major battle was fought.[28] The rest of her service during the First World War consisted of routine patrols and training in the North Sea.

Between the wars

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On 17 November 1922 Malaya carried the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Mehmed VI, from Istanbul into exile on Malta. In August–September 1938 she served in the port of Haifa during the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine.[29]

Malaya received a major refit in 1927-29 with funnels trunked and bulges fitted. Second major refit/reconstruction at Devonport from Oct. 1934 to Dec. 1936. Middle Deck armor increased to 5" over magazines and 3.5" over engine rooms. AA armament increase to 8x4" Mk XVI (4x2) and 16-2pdr pompoms (2x8) Torpedo tubes removed and cross-catapult and hangers added amidships. [30]

Second World War

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Malaya departing New York after repairs, 9 July 1941

Malaya served in the Mediterranean in 1940, escorting convoys and operating against the Italian fleet.

Malaya's second big action of her career, and her first of World War II, was the Battle of Calabria, on 9 June 1940. British forces engaged an Italian fleet, including the battleships Conte di Cavour and Giulio Cesare. Malaya fired several main battery rounds against the Italians while under fire from Conte di Cavour.[31] Through her actions, Malaya helped to chase off all of the Italian warships with no damage received or hits scored, though most of the heavy lifting was carried out by her sister ship Warspite.[32]

She shelled Genoa in February 1941 as part of Operation Grog but due to a crew error, fired a 15-inch armour-piercing shell into the south-east corner of the nave of Genoa Cathedral. The shell failed to detonate.[33]

Armour-piercing shell – with cap (left) fired on 9 February 1941 into the nave of Genoa Cathedral

On 7 March 1941, while escorting convoy SL 67, Malaya encountered the German capital ships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau that were conducting the Operation Berlin raid which targeted Allied convoys. By her presence she forced them to withdraw, although a U-boat attack aiming to sink Malaya inflicted some damage on the convoy.[34]

Later that month Malaya was escorting convoy SL 68. On the evening of 20 March 1941, about 250 miles west-northwest of the Cape Verde Islands, Malaya was hit by a torpedo from U-106. Damaged on the port side, and with a 7 degree list due to flooding, Malaya was forced to leave the convoy and make for port, escorted by the corvette Crocus. She reached Trinidad safely on 29 March.[35][36] After temporary repairs were made, she continued to the New York Navy Yard, where she was docked for four months.[37] During that time, personnel from the ship ferried ten Banff-class sloops to Britain.

On 9 July, under the command of Captain Cuthbert Coppinger, Malaya left New York on trials and steamed to Halifax, Nova Scotia, to provide protection for an urgent fast convoy. No ships were lost, and Malaya arrived in Rosyth on 28 July. Thereafter she escorted convoys from the United Kingdom to Malta and Cape Town until summer 1943.[38]

Malaya was placed in reserve at the end of 1943. At this time her entire secondary 6-inch armament was removed and her anti-aircraft armament was enhanced. Between 15 and 17 May 1944, Malaya was used in Loch Striven as a target ship for inert Highball bouncing bomb prototypes, one of which punched a hole in the ship's side.[39] She was reactivated just before the Normandy landings to act as a reserve bombardment battleship.[37]

Fate

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Malaya was finally withdrawn from all service at the end of 1944 and became an accommodation ship for a torpedo school.[40] Sold on 20 February 1948 to Metal Industries, Limited she arrived at Faslane on 12 April 1948 for scrapping. The first watch bell was refitted and presented to the Perak Council in Malaya, and was hung in the Council Chamber. The furthermost bell is located in the East India Club, and the second watch bell was handed to the Victoria Institution on 12 September 1947, before being handed over to the Royal Malaysian Navy in 2007.[41]

Notes

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  1. ^ "Cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 20 cwt referring to the weight of the gun.

Citations

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  1. ^ Burt 2012b, p. 277
  2. ^ Parkes, pp. 560–561
  3. ^ Raven & Roberts, pp. 29
  4. ^ Burt 2012b, pp. 284–285, 287
  5. ^ Burt 2012b, pp. 284–285, 288–289
  6. ^ Raven & Roberts, p. 20–21, 30
  7. ^ Raven & Roberts, pp. 21, 26
  8. ^ Raven & Roberts, pp. 30, 217, 219
  9. ^ a b Raven & Roberts, pp. 132 - 134
  10. ^ Burt 2012a, pp. 85
  11. ^ Burt 2012a, pp. 90 - 96
  12. ^ a b Raven & Roberts, pp. 225
  13. ^ "HMS Malaya Crew List". www.jutlandcrewlists.org. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  14. ^ "21 June 1916 – Paul to Ted". familyletters.co.uk. 1 June 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  15. ^ "HMS Malaya". www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  16. ^ Campbell 1986, p.49
  17. ^ Campbell 1986, p.77
  18. ^ Campbell 1986, p.52
  19. ^ Andrew 2000, pp. 143
  20. ^ Andrew 2000, pp. 411
  21. ^ Campbell 1986, pp. 132-133
  22. ^ Campbell 1986, pp. 147, 154, 158
  23. ^ Massie, p. 622
  24. ^ Campbell 1986, pp. 200-201, 212, 211-216
  25. ^ Massie, pp. 645-646, Campbell, pp. 284
  26. ^ Campbell 1986, pp. 318, 321, 347, 358
  27. ^ Campbell 1986, pp. 334
  28. ^ Bennett, pp. 226
  29. ^ The Royal Navy and the Palestine Patrol By Ninian Stewart. Routledge. 2002. ISBN 9780714652108. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
  30. ^ Coway's All The Worlds fighting Ships 1922-1946
  31. ^ "Action off Calabria". www.regiamarina.net. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  32. ^ "Lots of Bark but No Bite - WW II Naval Battle of Calabria". warhistoryonline. 20 August 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  33. ^ "Obituary: Commander Henry Hatfield". Daily Telegraph. 4 July 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  34. ^ Rohwer 2005, p. 62.
  35. ^ Helgason, Guðmundur. "HMS Malaya (01)". uboat.net. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  36. ^ Donnelly, Luke (27 April 2022). "Family pays tribute to 'loving' Royal Navy D-Day veteran from Bognor after death aged 97". SussexLive. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  37. ^ a b "HMS Malaya (01) of the Royal Navy - British Battleship of the Queen Elizabeth class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  38. ^ "HMS Malaya". www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  39. ^ Flower, Stephen (2002). A Hell of a Bomb: The Bombs of Barnes Wallis and How They Won the War. NPI Media Group. p. 320. ISBN 978-0752423869.
  40. ^ Ballantyne, Iain (2001). Warspite warships of the royal navy. Pen & sword books Ltd. p. 215. ISBN 0-85052-779-1.
  41. ^ "The Victoria Institution Web Page: The Presentation of the H.M.S. Malaya Watch Bell". viweb.school. Retrieved 9 July 2019.

References

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  • Admiralty Historical Section (2002). The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean. Whitehall Histories: Naval Staff Histories. Vol. II: November 1940–December 1941. London: Whitehall History in association with Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-5205-9.
  • Atherton, D. K. (2000). "Re: The Photo of HMS Malaya". Warship International. XXXVII (2): 115–116.
  • Brooks, John (2005). Dreadnought Gunnery and the Battle of Jutland: The Question of Fire Control. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-40788-5.
  • Burt, R. A. (2012a). British Battleships, 1919–1939 (2nd ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-052-8.
  • Burt, R. A. (2012b). British Battleships of World War One (2nd ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-863-7.
  • Bennett, Geoffrey (1974). Naval battles of the First World War. London: Penguin Random House (published 2001). ISBN 0141390875.
  • Campbell, John (1972). Queen Elizabeth Class. Warship Monographs. Vol. 2. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-052-5.
  • Campbell, N. J. M. (1980). "Great Britain". In Chesneau, Roger (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. New York: Mayflower Books. pp. 2–85. ISBN 0-8317-0303-2.
  • Campbell, N. J. M. (1986). Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-324-5.
  • Director of Naval Construction (1952). H.M. Ships Damaged or Sunk by Enemy Action, 1939–1945 (PDF). Britain: Admiralty. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  • Gordon, Andrew (2012) [1996]. The Rules of the Game: Jutland and British Naval Command. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-336-9.
  • Jellicoe, John (1919). The Grand Fleet, 1914–1916: Its Creation, Development, and Work. New York: George H. Doran Company. OCLC 13614571.
  • Massie, Robert K. (2003). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-45671-6.
  • Parkes, Oscar (1990) [1966]. British Battleships, Warrior 1860 to Vanguard 1950: A History of Design, Construction, and Armament (New & rev. ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-075-4.
  • Preston, Antony (1985). "Great Britain and Empire Forces". In Gray, Randal (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 1–104. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
  • Raven, Alan & Roberts, John (1976). British Battleships of World War Two: The Development and Technical History of the Royal Navy's Battleship and Battlecruisers from 1911 to 1946. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-817-4.
  • Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
  • Shores, Christopher; Cull, Brian & Malizia, Nicola (1987). Air War for Yugoslavia, Greece, and Crete. London: Grub Street. ISBN 0-948817-07-0.
  • Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.
  • Smythe, A. J. (2000). "Re: The Photo of HMS Malaya". Warship International. XXXVII (2): 114.
  • Tarrant, V. E. (1999) [1995]. Jutland: The German Perspective: A New View of the Great Battle, 31 May 1916. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 1-86019-917-8.
  • Whitley, M. J. (1999). Battleships of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-184-X.
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