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Examples of primary rewards.[1] Clockwise from top: water, food, parental care and sex.


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In cell biology, there are several signalling pathways.[2] Cell signalling is part of the molecular biology system that controls and coordinates the actions of cells.

The canonical pathway for each signalling pathway is given but there may be multiple non-canonical pathways and negative regulators. Arrows represent activation, which may involve very different mechanisms for different molecules. Homologues of molecules may have different names in different species so the names of the human homologues are given.

The general schema for a signalling pathway is ligand → receptor → adaptor molecules/second messengers → effector protein (kinase/transcription factor)

Signalling pathways can be complex networks with many members and positive or negative regulators. There can be interactions between many of the signalling pathways listed below.

Members of pathways may represent multiple different molecules or isoforms of proteins.

The outcome of a signalling pathway is not determined by the pathway alone but also by the state of the cell including the concentration and location of each member of the pathway and

References

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  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Schultz was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ "Signaling Pathways". Tocris. Retrieved 30 November 2016.

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Capsaicinoids

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Capsaicin pharmacophore

The class of compounds causing pungency in plants like chili peppers is called capsaicinoids, which display a linear correlation between concentration and Scoville scale, and may vary in content during ripening.[1] Capsaicin is the major capsaicinoid in chili peppers.[2] The pharmacological potency for each capsaicinoid is also listed.

Scoville heat units Chemical Potency Ref
16,000,000,000 Resiniferatoxin 38.4 to 47.6 pM [3][4]
5,300,000,000 Tinyatoxin [5]
15,000,000 to 16,000,000 Capsaicin, Dihydrocapsaicin capsaicin: 99 nM (EC50)[6] [7][8]
9,200,000 Nonivamide [7]
9,100,000 Nordihydrocapsaicin [7][8]
8,600,000 Homocapsaicin, Homodihydrocapsaicin [7]
160,000 Shogaol [9]
100,000 to 200,000 Piperine [10]
60,000 Gingerol [9]
16,000[citation needed] Capsiate 290 nM (EC50) [6]
  1. ^ Nagy, Z; Daood, H; Ambrózy, Z; Helyes, L (2015). "Determination of Polyphenols, Capsaicinoids, and Vitamin C in New Hybrids of Chili Peppers". Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2015: 1–10. doi:10.1155/2015/102125. PMC 4606152. PMID 26495153.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  2. ^ "Improved method for quantifying capsaicinoids in Capsicum using high-performance liquid chromatography". HortScience. 30 (1): 137–139. 1995. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Ellsworth, Pamela; Wein, Alan J. (2009). Questions and Answers about Overactive Bladder. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 97–100. ISBN 978-1449631130.
  4. ^ Acs, G.; Lee, J.; Marquez, V. E.; Blumberg, P. M. (1996-1). "Distinct structure-activity relations for stimulation of 45Ca uptake and for high affinity binding in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons and dorsal root ganglion membranes". Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 35 (1–2): 173–182. ISSN 0169-328X. PMID 8717353. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ Premkumar, Louis S. (2014-06-13). "Transient Receptor Potential Channels as Targets for Phytochemicals". ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 5 (11): 1117–1130. doi:10.1021/cn500094a. ISSN 1948-7193. PMC 4240255. PMID 24926802.
  6. ^ a b https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4477151/pdf/openhrt-2015-000262.pdf. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ a b c d Govindarajan, Sathyanarayana (1991). "Capsicum — Production, Technology, Chemistry, and Quality. Part V. Impact on Physiology, Pharmacology, Nutrition, and Metabolism; Structure, Pungency, Pain, and Desensitization Sequences". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 29 (6): 435–474.
  8. ^ a b O'Keefe, James H.; DiNicolantonio, James J.; McCarty, Mark F. (2015-06-01). "Capsaicin may have important potential for promoting vascular and metabolic health". Open Heart. 2 (1): e000262. doi:10.1136/openhrt-2015-000262. ISSN 2053-3624.
  9. ^ a b Compton, Richard G.; Batchelor-McAuley, Christopher; Ngamchuea, Kamonwad; Chaisiwamongkhol, Korbua (2016-10-31). "Electrochemical detection and quantification of gingerol species in ginger (Zingiber officinale) using multiwalled carbon nanotube modified electrodes". Analyst. 141 (22): 6321–6328. doi:10.1039/C6AN02254E. ISSN 1364-5528.
  10. ^ Mangathayaru, K. (2013). Pharmacognosy: An Indian perspective. Pearson Education India. p. 274. ISBN 9789332520264.