User:ImperatorPublius/sandbox
47°30′25″N 19°2′50″E / 47.50694°N 19.04722°E
| Parliament Square MassacreBloody Thursday | |
|---|---|
| Part of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 | |
 Bullet holes from the massacre in Parliament Square restored | |
| Location | Kossuth tér, Budapest, Hungary |
| Date | 25 October 1956 |
| Target | Hungarian demonstrators |
Attack type | Massacre |
| Deaths | Between 100 and 1,000 (see text) |
| Perpetrators | State Protection AuthoritySoviet Army (according to some accounts) |
The Parliament Square Massacre, also known as the Kossuth Square Massacre, Kossuth tér Massacre, or Bloody Thursday, was an armed attack by elements of the Communist Hungarian secret police force, the State Protection Authority (ÁVH), on an unarmed crowd of demonstrating civilians during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. It took place on Thursday, October 25, 1956 in Kossuth tér, the large square facing the Hungarian Parliament Building, and was perpetrated by ÁVH snipers atop the Ministry of Agriculture and other adjacent buildings and Soviet troops in the square.
The massacre, the bloodiest atrocity of the Hungarian Revolution and once of the bloodiest in postwar Europe [cite], galvanized support for the Revolution among ordinary Hungarians. It
Background
[edit]On October 23, 1956, a massive popular uprising broke out in Hungary against the country’s Soviet-backed Communist regime. After members of the ÁVH secret police fired on unarmed demonstrators in Budapest—and the latter began to fire back with weapons provided by the Hungarian army and regular police—the government of Ernő Gerő had called in Soviet troops, and a full-scale uprising began. However, in the early days of the rising the Soviet Army was not fully engaged in combat against the revolutionaries; the wrath of the latter was largely focused on the ÁVH, and many Soviet soldiers even showed sympathy for the demonstrators.[1] Appeals were even made by protesting students and workers to the Soviet troops not to shoot, and the two groups were often seen fraternizing with each other.[2]
At the same time, Ernő Gerő, the General Secretary of the Hungarian Working People's Party, was under great pressure. He was widely loathed by the Hungarian public at large as a symbol of the repression they had experienced, and his recalcitrant rejection of the revolution's demands only added to their fury [cite]. His own Soviet superiors had begun to doubt his governing abilities, and many had become disillusioned with him.
The massacre
[edit]Around noon on October 25, a crowd of around 3,000 protesters began to move towards Parliament Square to join them, with many riding there on Soviet tanks displaying Hungarian flags.[3] They joined a crowd of another 5,000 people which had already formed in the square, which had been the site of earlier protests in the previous few days. The protesters carried slogans calling for Ernő Gerő's dismissal from the government, the firing of other Stalinist hardliners, and another public speech by Prime Minister Imre Nagy.[4] Soon, around 20,000 people were gathered in the square; despite martial law being in effect and demonstrations being banned, most of the protesters were not worried and the demonstration was allowed to continue for around half an hour.[5][6] An ÁVH officer ordered the crowd to disperse, but was ignored. Unbeknownst to the demonstrators, a group of secret policemen had been stationed on the rooftop of the nearby Ministry of Agriculture building to control the crowd.[7]
Accounts differ as to what happened next. According to British journalist Noel Barber, who was in Budapest at the time, the ÁVH opened fire suddenly and without warning at the crowd, killing hundreds. Some shots, either on purpose or by accident, hit the Soviet troops in the square, who returned fire and silenced the ÁVH guns. But many of said soldiers, believing that they had been led into a trap by the protesters, also opened fire and added to the massacre.[8]
According to then-Budapest police chief Sándor Kopácsi, ---
Other firsthand accounts state that the Soviet troops were the first to open fire, as many of the victims were of shellfire and other weaponry the ÁVH did not have access to. ----
Estimates for the casualties of the massacre vary by source. According to the 1957 UN report of the events, between 300 and 800 were acounted as dead, and the British Embassy reported twelve truckloads of corpses being carried from the square.[9] http://www.hungarianreview.com/print/20140115_bloody_thursday_1956_the_anatomy_of_the_kossuth_square_massacre (Mention Kádár regime lies about 22 killed)
Aftermath
[edit]The massacre was the bloodiest atrocity of the Hungarian Revolution, and indeed one of the bloodiest in postwar Europe.[10] In its aftermath, thousands of young Hungarians flocked to the revolutionary bannder, galvanized in their support of the uprising by the atrocity. ---
Research into the massacre was suppressed for decades by the Kádár regime, which maintained the line that only 22 people had died and that it had been the "counter-revolutionaries" who opened fire first.[11]
References
[edit]- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957) "Chapter IV. B (Resistance of the Hungarian people) para 166 (p. 52) and XI. H (Further developments) para 480 (p 152)" (PDF). (1.47 MB)
- ^ Hall, Simon. 1956: The World in Revolt. Pegasus Books, 2016. p. 306
- ^ Sebestyen, Victor. Twelve Days: the Story of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. Pantheon Books, 2006. p. 144.
- ^ Sebestyen, p. 144.
- ^ Barber, Noel. Seven Days of Freedom: the Hungarian Uprising, 1956. Stein and Day, 1974. p. 89
- ^ Sebestyen, p. 145.
- ^ Barber, 89
- ^ Barber, 90
- ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary (1957). Chapter X. I. (Student Demonstrations and the Origins of Armed Conflict in Budapest) para 483 (p. 153)
- ^ Gábor Jobbágyi (19 January 2019). "BLOODY THURSDAY, 1956: THE ANATOMY OF THE KOSSUTH SQUARE MASSACRE". Hungarian Review. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
- ^ Gábor Jobbágyi (19 January 2019). "BLOODY THURSDAY, 1956: THE ANATOMY OF THE KOSSUTH SQUARE MASSACRE". Hungarian Review. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
- Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
- Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact negotiations
- Germany-Soviet Union relations, 1918-1941
- Nazi-Soviet economic relations (1934-1941)
- German-Soviet Credit Agreement (1939)
- German-Soviet Commercial Agreement (1940)
- German-Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement
- Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939-1946)
- Nazi–Soviet population transfers
1989 Sejm
[edit]Contract Sejm Sejm kontraktowy | |
|---|---|
| Contract Sejm and 1st Senate | |
| Type | |
| Type | of the Parliament of Poland |
| Houses | Sejm Senate |
| History | |
| Founded | 4 July 1989 |
| Disbanded | 24 November 1991(2 years, 143 days) |
| Preceded by | 9th term Sejm of the Polish People's Republic |
| Succeeded by | 1st term Sejm and 2nd term Senate of the Republic of Poland |
| Leadership | |
Teresa Dobielińska-Eliszewska, SD Tadeusz Fiszbach, PZPR→PUS Olga Krzyżanowska, KO "S"→UD since 4 July 1989 | |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 460 |
  | |
Senate political groups | |
 .svg) | |
Sejm political groups | |
| Elections | |
| Multiple non-transferable vote, two-round system | |
| Multiple non-transferable vote, two-round system | |
Last general election | 4 and 18 June 1989 |
Next general election | 27 October 1991 |
| Meeting place | |
| Sejm and Senate Complex, Warsaw | |
1991 Sejm
[edit]First Sejm Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej I kadencji (1991–1993) | |
|---|---|
| 1st Sejm and 2nd Senate | |
| Type | |
| Type | of the Parliament of Poland |
| Houses | Sejm Senate |
| History | |
| Founded | 25 November 1991 |
| Disbanded | 30 May 1993(1 year, 186 days) |
| Preceded by | Contract Sejm |
| Succeeded by | 2nd term Sejm and 3rd term Senate of the Republic of Poland |
| Leadership | |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 100 Senators460 deputies |
Senate political groups | |
Sejm political groups | |
| Elections | |
| First-past-the-post voting | |
| Open-list proportional representation in 37 constituencies with a 5% national threshold | |
Last general election | 27 October 1991 |
Next general election | 18 September 1993 |
| Meeting place | |
| Sejm and Senate Complex, Warsaw | |
Wars
[edit]| Polish Wars of Independence | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Aftermath of World War I | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Poland Ukraine (from 1920) Latvia (1920)Support:  France United Kingdom Romania Hungary |
1918–19, 1919–21 Germany1918–19 Ukraine WUPR1919–21  Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR1919  Czechoslovakia1919, 1920  Lithuania | ||||||||
In postwar Hungary
[edit]After Soviet armies expelled Nazi German forces from Hungary in early 1945, Moscow decided to hold free elections in that country hoping that the local Hungarian Communist Party would win them. However, the general elections in November 1945 resulted in an overwhelming victory for the non-Communist Independent Smallholders' Party, which won a whopping 57% of the vote and 245 out of 409 Parliamentary seats. The Social Democratic Party of Hungary won 17.4% while the Communists won 17%.
The Communists set out to reverse this defeat by all possible means, with Communist leader Mátyás Rákosi declaring that the defeat would not impact their plans at all.[1] They set up a Supreme Economic Council soon after the elections which had the power to sidestep the elected government itself.[2] All parties had pledged to continue the coalition arrangement set up at the end of the war, but with the support of the Allied Control Commission in Hungary—dominated there by the Soviet Union—the Communists demanded key seats in the new government.[3] These included the Deputy Premiership which went to Rákosi and the Interior Ministry which went to the Communists Imre Nagy and then László Rajk, giving the Communist Party control over the country's police forces. The Smallholder's Party leader Zoltán Tildy became Prime Minister of a cabinet in which his party held half the ministries, but the roots of a "people's democracy" had already been planted.[4]
In February 1946, Hungary was formally proclaimed a republic, and Tildy became President while his ally Ferenc Nagy succeeded him as Prime Minister of the same cabinet. The Communists immediately set out to win total control of the government. On 5 March 1946, they formed a "Left-Wing Bloc" with the Social Democrats and National Peasant Party, which took the opposite position of the majority Smallholder's on every issue and caused a series of coalition crises intended to weaken the non-Communists.[5] With the open backing of their Soviet sponsors, the Hungarian Communists began demanding the removal of ostensibly "reactionary" members of the Smallholders' Party from the coalition. Under extreme pressure, the Smallholder's Party leaders capitulated before most of these demands, soon losing their absolute majority in Parliament as a result. Prime Minister Ferenc Nagy believed that by doing so, he could put Hungary a in a better positions vis-à-vis the Soviets for the upcoming peace conference, as the Hungarian Communists would thus be able to negotiate better terms with Moscow in exchange for their domestic demands.[6] The Hungarian government was hoping for some—however minor—revision of the country's borders as established at the Treaty of Trianon. This policy was a failure, as the Soviets and other Allies had no intention of any border changes for Hungary.[7]
On 17 July 1946, there was a mysterious attack on Soviet troops in central Budapest, officially blamed on a member of the Catholic Scouts Association. The Communists used this as an excuse to systematically dismantle all independent civic institutions, including youth and religious groups.[8]
| Cold War | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||
| Belligerents | |||||
 Soviet Union
Other Communist countries:
Socialist-leaning countries and other allies:
|
 United States NATO:
Other allies:
Socialist countries, temporarily aligned:
| ||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||
 Joseph Stalin (until 1953)
 Georgy Malenkov (1953–1955)
Nikita Khrushchev (1953–1964)
Leonid Brezhnev (1964–1982)
Yuri Andropov (1982–1984)
Konstantin Chernenko (1984–1985)
Mikhail Gorbachev (1985–1991) |
 Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)
 Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961)
John F. Kennedy (1961–1963)
Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969)
Richard M. Nixon (1969–1974)
Gerald R. Ford (1974–1977)
James E. Carter (1977–1981)
Ronald W. Reagan (1981–1989)
George H. W. Bush (from 1989) | ||||
| Date | Conflict | Allies | Enemies | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1861–1862 | War of Secession |  United States
|
 Confederate States British Empire France
|
Defeat |
| 1881–1882 | Second Mexican War |  United States
|
 Confederate States British Empire France Mexican Empire
|
Defeat |
| 1914–1917 | Great War |  United States Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Brazil Haiti Liberia Chile Paraguay
|
Confederate States British Empire France Russia Japan Mexican Empire Belgium Serbia Greece Argentina
|
Victory |
| 1941–1944 | Second Great War | United States Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire China Bulgaria Romania Poland Ukraine Ireland Brazil Netherlands Norway Finland Denmark Quebec Haiti Liberia
|
 Confederate States United Kingdom France Russia Japan Australia New Zealand South Africa Mexican Empire Belgium Serbia Greece Spain Argentina Manchukuo
|
Victory |
Proto-Canaanites (c. 4500–c. 1770 BC)
Canaanites (c. 1700–c. 1100 BC)
Egypt (c. 1550–c. 1100 BC)
Jebusites (?–c. 1010 BC)
Kingdom of Israel (c. 1010–930 BC)
Kingdom of Judah (930–586 BC)
Neo-Assyrian Empire (733–627 BC)
Neo-Babylonian Empire (627–609 BC)
Egypt (609–605 BC)
Neo-Babylonian Empire (605–539 BC)
- Kingdom of Judah (until 586 BC)
Achaemenid Empire (539–332 BC)
Macedonian Empire (332-320 BC)
Ptolemaic Dynasty (320–315 BC)
Antigonid Dynasty (315–312 BC)
Ptolemaic Dynasty (312–311 BC)
Antigonid Dynasty (311–301 BC)
Ptolemaic Kingdom (301–219 BC)
Seleucid Empire (219–110 BC)
Hasmonean Kingdom (from 140 BC)
Roman Republic (63–40 BC)
Parthian Empire (40–37 BC)
Herodian Kingdom (until 4 BC)
Eastern Roman Empire (395–614)
Sasanian Empire (614–629)
Rashidun Caliphate (637–661)
Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)
Abbasid Caliphate (750–969)
Fatimid Caliphate (969–1073)
File:Seljuqs Eagle.svg Great Seljuk Empire (1073–1098)
Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1187)
Ayyubid Sultanate (1187–1229)
Mamluk Sultanate (1260–1516)
Ottoman Empire (1516–1831)
Egypt Eyalet (1831–1840)
United Kingdom (1917–1948)
Israel (1948–present)
| Conflict | Belligerents | Result | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | Name | Allies | Enemies | Outcome | |
| 1526–1527 | Jovan Nenad uprising |  Eastern Hungarian Kingdom Ottoman Empire
|
 Serbian rebels
|
Victory | |
| 1527–1528 | Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528 (Hungarian Civil War) | Eastern Hungarian Kingdom Ottoman Empire Moldavia
|
 Habsburg Monarchy Kingdom of Bohemia  Kingdom of Croatia Royal Hungary.svg){kind=small} Rascians
|
Indecisive
| |
| 1529 | Suleiman's Hungarian campaign | Eastern Hungarian Kingdom Ottoman Empire
|
Habsburg Monarchy Kingdom of Bohemia Kingdom of Croatia Royal Hungary
|
Victory
| |
| Conflict | Start date | End date | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result | Location | Region |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dekemvriana | December 3, 1944 | January 11, 1945 |  Kingdom of Greece United Kingdom
|
ELAS
|
British and Greek Royal victory | Greece | Southern Europe |
| Anti-Communist resistance in Poland | Late 1944 | Mid-Late 1947 (scattered resistance until 1963) | Soviet Union Polish People's Republic
|
 Cursed Soldiers
|
Soviet and Polish Communist victory
|
Poland | Central Europe |
| Guerrilla war in the Baltic states | Summer 1944 | March 1953 (scattered resistance until 1960s) | Soviet Union
|
Forest Brothers: Estonia Latvia Lithuania
|
Soviet victory
|
Baltic States | Northeastern Europe |
| Korean conflict | August 15, 1945 | April 27, 2018 |  North KoreaSupported by:  China Soviet Union (until 1991) |
 South KoreaSupported by: United States Japan |
Indecisive; partially ongoing | Korean Peninsula | Eastern Asia |
| War in Vietnam (1945–46) | September 13, 1945 | March 30, 1946 | United Kingdom France Japanese holdouts |
 Việt Minh |
Allied victory
|
French Indochina | Southeast Asia |
| Iran crisis of 1946 | November 15, 1945 | December 15, 1946 |  IranSupported by: United States United Kingdom |
 Azerbaijan People's Republic Republic of MahabadSupported by: Soviet Union |
Iranian victory
|
Iran | Southern Asia |
| Greek Civil War | March 30, 1946 | October 16, 1949 | Kingdom of Greece Supported by: United Kingdom (until 1947) United States (from 1947) |
Provisional Democratic Government Supported by:  Yugoslavia Albania Bulgaria |
Greek Monarchist victory
|
Greece | Southern Europe |
| Corfu Channel incident | May 15, 1946 | November 13, 1946 | United Kingdom |
Albania |
Corfu Channel Case of 1949 | Straits of Corfu | Southern Europe |
| Chinese Civil War (post-WWII) | March 31, 1946 | May 1, 1950 |  Republic of China Supported by: United States |
 Chinese Communist Party (until 1949) People's Republic of China (from 1949) Supported by: Soviet Union |
Chinese Communist victory
|
China | Eastern Asia |
| Hukbalahap Rebellion | July 4, 1946 | May 17, 1954 |  PhillipinesSupported by: United States |
 Hukbalahap |
Phillippine government victory | Philippines | Southeast Asia |
| First Indochina War | December 19, 1946 | August 1, 1954 | Việt Minh Lao Issara and Pathet Lao Khmer Issarak Japanese holdoutsSupported by: Soviet Union China (from 1949) East Germany Poland |
France Kingdom of Cambodia} Kingdom of Laos State of VietnamSupported by: United States |
Việt Minh victory
|
French Indochina | Southeast Asia |
| 1948 Palestine war | November 29, 1947 | July 20, 1949 | Until May 14, 1948: YishuvAfter May 14, 1948: Israel |
After November 29, 1947: Holy War Army ALAAfter May 14, 1948:  Egypt Iraq Transjordan Syria Lebanon (limited involvement) |
Decisive Israeli victory
|
Levant | Western Asia |
| 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état | February 20, 1948 | February 25, 1948 |  Government of Czechoslovakia |
 Czechoslovak Communist PartySupported by: Soviet Union |
Communist takeover of Czechoslovakia | Czechoslovakia | Central Europe |
| Arab–Israeli conflict (from 1948–1991) | May 15, 1948 | Present | Israel Palestine |
Western Asia | |||
| Malayan Emergency | June 16, 1948 | July 12, 1960 |  Federation of Malaya |
Southeast Asia | |||
| Berlin Blockade | June 24, 1948 | May 12, 1949 |  Allied-occupied Germany |
Western Europe | |||
| Korean War | June 25, 1950 | July 27, 1953 | North Korea South Korea |
Eastern Asia | |||
| Egyptian Revolution of 1952 | July 22, 1952 | July 26, 1952 | Kingdom of Egypt |
North Africa | |||
| Uprising of 1953 in East Germany | June 16, 1953 | June 17, 1953 |  East Germany |
Western Europe | |||
| Cuban Revolution | July 26, 1953 | January 1, 1959 |  Cuba |
Caribbean | |||
| 1953 Iranian coup d'état | August 15, 1953 | August 20, 1953 | Iran |
Southern Asia | |||
| Laotian Civil War | November 9, 1953 | December 2, 1975 | Kingdom of Laos |
Southeast Asia | |||
| 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état | June 18, 1954 | June 27, 1954 |  Guatemala |
Central America | |||
| First Taiwan Strait Crisis | September 3, 1954 | May 1, 1955 | Taiwan Strait | Eastern Asia | |||
| Vietnam War | November 1, 1955 | April 30, 1975 |  North Vietnam South Vietnam |
Southeast Asia | |||
| Poznań 1956 protests | June 28, 1956 | June 30, 1956 | Polish People's Republic |
Central Europe | |||
| Hungarian Revolution of 1956 | October 23, 1956 | November 10, 1956 |  Hungarian People's Republic |
Central Europe | |||
| Suez Crisis | October 29, 1956 | November 7, 1956 |  Egypt |
North Africa | |||
| 14 July Revolution | July 14, 1958 | July 14, 1958 |  Arab Federation |
Western Asia | |||
| Second Taiwan Strait Crisis | August 23, 1958 | October 6, 1958 | Taiwan Strait | Eastern Asia | |||
| 1959 Tibetan uprising | March 10, 1959 | March 21, 1959 |  Tibet |
Central Asia | |||
| 1960 U-2 incident | May 1, 1960 | May 1, 1960 |  Soviet Union |
Eastern Europe | |||
| Congo Crisis | June 30, 1960 | November 25, 1965 |  Congo |
Central Africa | |||
| Guatemalan Civil War | November 13, 1960 | December 19, 1996 | Guatemala |
Central America | |||
| Portuguese Colonial War | February 4, 1961 | April 25, 1974 |  Portuguese Angola Portuguese Mozambique Portuguese Guinea |
Western/Southern Africa | |||
| Angolan War of Independence | February 4, 1961 | January 15, 1975 | Portuguese Angola |
Southern Africa | |||
| Bay of Pigs Invasion | April 17, 1961 | April 19, 1961 | Cuba |
Caribbean | |||
| Berlin Crisis of 1961 | June 4, 1961 | November 9, 1961 |  East Germany |
Western Europe | |||
| Nicaraguan Revolution | July 23, 1961 | April 25, 1990 |  Nicaragua |
Central America | |||
| Eritrean War of Independence | September 1, 1961 | May 29, 1991 |  Ethiopia |
Eastern Africa | |||
| Cuban Missile Crisis | October 14, 1962 | October 28, 1962 | Cuba |
Caribbean | |||
| Sino-Indian War | October 20, 1962 | November 21, 1962 | China/India border | Southern Asia | |||
| Guinea-Bissau War of Independence | January 23, 1963 | September 11, 1974 | Portuguese Guinea |
Western Africa | |||
| 1964 Brazilian coup d'état | July 4, 1964 | April 1, 1964 |  Brazil |
South America | |||
| Rhodesian Bush War | March 31, 1964 | December 12, 1979 |  Rhodesia |
Southern Africa | |||
| Mozambican War of Independence | September 25, 1964 | September 8, 1974 | Portuguese Mozambique |
Eastern Africa | |||
| Colombian conflict | May 27, 1964 | Present |  Colombia |
South America | |||
| Dominican Civil War | April 24, 1965 | September 3, 1965 |  Dominican Republic |
Caribbean | |||
| United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–66) | April 28, 1965 | July 1, 1966 | Dominican Republic |
Caribbean | |||
| Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 | August 15, 1965 | September 23, 1965 |  India |
Indian subcontinent | |||
| 30 September Movement | September 30, 1965 | October 1, 1965 |  Indonesia |
Southeast Asia | |||
| Indonesian killings of 1965–66 | October 1, 1965 | March 1966 | Indonesia |
Southeast Asia | |||
| South African Border War | August 26, 1966 | March 21, 1990 | South-West Africa Angola |
Southern Africa | |||
| Namibian War of Independence | August 26, 1966 | March 21, 1990 | South-West Africa |
Southern Africa | |||
| Ñancahuazú Guerrilla | November 3, 1966 | October 9, 1967 |  Bolivia |
South America | |||
| Greek military junta of 1967–74 | April 21, 1967 | July 23, 1974 |  Greece |
Southern Europe | |||
| Six-Day War | June 5, 1967 | June 10, 1967 |  Egypt Syria Jordan Israel |
Western Asia | |||
| War of Attrition | July 1, 1967 | August 7, 1970 | Sinai Peninsula | Western Asia | |||
| Communist Insurgency in Malaysia | June 17, 1968 | December 2, 1989 |  Malaysia |
Southeast Asia | |||
| Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia | August 20, 1968 | August 21, 1989 | Czechoslovakia |
Eastern Europe | |||
| Sino-Soviet border conflict | March 2, 1969 | September 11, 1969 | China/ Soviet Union border |
Eastern Asia | |||
| 1969 Libyan coup d'état | September 1, 1969 | September 1, 1969 |  Libya |
North Africa | |||
| 1969 Somali coup d'état | October 21, 1969 | October 21, 1969 |  Somalia |
Eastern Africa | |||
| Black September in Jordan | September 1, 1970 | July 1971 | Jordan |
Western Asia | |||
| Cambodian Civil War | October 9, 1970 | April 17, 1975 |  Cambodia |
Southeast Asia | |||
| First Quarter Storm | January 1970 | March 1970 | Philippines |
Southeast Asia | |||
| Bangladesh Liberation War | March 26, 1971 | December 16, 1971 |  Bangladesh |
Southern Asia | |||
| Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 | December 3, 1971 | December 16, 1971 | Bangladesh Pakistan |
Southern Asia | |||
| 1973 Chilean coup d'état | September 11, 1973 | September 11, 1973 | Chile |
South America | |||
| Armed resistance in Chile (1973–90) | September 11, 1973 | 1990 | Chile |
South America | |||
| Yom Kippur War | October 6, 1973 | October 25, 1973 |  Egypt Syria Israel |
Western Asia | |||
| Carnation Revolution | April 25, 1974 | April 25, 1974 | Portugal |
Southern Europe | |||
| Ethiopian Civil War | November 28, 1974 | May 21, 1991 |  Ethiopia |
Eastern Africa | |||
| Operation Independence | February 5, 1975 | September 28, 1977 | Argentina |
South America | |||
| Cambodian–Vietnamese War | May 1, 1975 | September 26, 1989 |  Cambodia Vietnam Thailand |
Southeast Asia | |||
| Lebanese Civil War | April 13, 1975 | October 13, 1990 | Lebanon |
Near East | |||
| Angolan Civil War | November 11, 1975 | April 4, 2002 | Angola |
Southern Africa | |||
| Indonesian invasion of East Timor | December 7, 1975 | July 17, 1976 |  East Timor |
Southeast Asia | |||
| Operation Entebbe | July 4, 1976 | July 4, 1976 |  Uganda |
Western Africa | |||
| 1976 Argentine coup d'état | March 24, 1976 | March 24, 1976 | Argentina |
South America | |||
| Shaba I | March 8, 1977 | May 26, 1977 |  Zaire (present day Democratic Republic of the Congo) |
Central Africa | |||
| Mozambican Civil War | May 30, 1977 | October 15, 1992 |  Mozambique |
Southern Africa | |||
| Ethio-Somali War | July 13, 1977 | March 15, 1978 |  Ethiopia |
Eastern Africa | |||
| Shaba II | May 11, 1978 | June 1978 | Zaire (present day Democratic Republic of the Congo) |
Central Africa | |||
| Korean Air Lines Flight 902 | April 20, 1978 | April 20, 1978 | Soviet Union |
Eastern Europe | |||
| Iranian Revolution | January 16, 1979 | February 1979 | Iran |
Southern Asia | |||
| Sino-Vietnamese War | February 17, 1979 | March 16, 1979 | China / Vietnam border |
Southeast Asia | |||
| Salvadoran Civil War | May 9, 1979 | January 16, 1992 |  El Salvador |
Central America | |||
| Soviet–Afghan War | December 24, 1979 | February 15, 1989 |  Afghanistan |
Central Asia | |||
| Internal conflict in Peru | May 17, 1980 | Present |  Peru |
South America | |||
| Iran–Iraq War | September 22, 1980 | August 20, 1988 |  Iran Ba'athist Iraq |
Persian Gulf | |||
| 1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War | June 23, 1982 | August 3, 1982 | Somalia |
Eastern Africa | |||
| Korean Air Lines Flight 007 | September 1, 1983 | September 1, 1983 | Soviet Union |
Eastern Asia | |||
| Invasion of Grenada | October 25, 1983 | December 15, 1983 |  Grenada |
Caribbean | |||
| People Power Revolution | February 22, 1986 | February 25, 1986 | Philippines |
Asia | |||
| 1986 United States bombing of Libya | April 15, 1986 | April 15, 1986 |  Libya |
North Africa | |||
| 8888 Uprising | March 12, 1988 | September 21, 1988 |  Burma |
Asia | |||
| United States invasion of Panama | December 20, 1989 | January 31, 1990 |  Panama |
Central America | |||
| Revolutions of 1989 | March 9, 1989 | April 27, 1992 | Countries of the Eastern Bloc and Warsaw Pact | Central/Eastern Europe | |||
| Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 | April 15, 1989 | June 4, 1989 | China |
Eastern Asia | |||
| Velvet Revolution | November 17, 1989 | December 29, 1989 | Czechoslovakia |
Central Europe | |||
| Mongolian Revolution of 1990 | December 10, 1989 | March 9, 1990 |  Mongolia |
Central Asia | |||
| Romanian Revolution | December 16, 1989 | December 25, 1989 |  Romania |
Central Europe | |||
| Gulf War | August 2, 1990 | February 28, 1991 | Iraq |
Western Asia | |||
| Yugoslav Wars | March 31, 1991 | November 12, 2001 | Yugoslavia |
Eastern Europe | |||
| 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt | August 19, 1991 | August 21, 1991 | Soviet Union |
Eastern Europe |
| 24th National Assembly of Hungary | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Overview | |
| Jurisdiction | Kingdom of Hungary Hungarian Republic |
| Term | 29 November 1945 – 25 July 1947 |
| Election | 4 November 1945 |
| National Assembly | |
| Members | 421 |
| Speaker | Ferenc Nagy (1945–46)Béla Varga (1946–47)Árpád Szabó (1947) |
| Prime Minister | Zoltán Tildy (1945–46)Ferenc Nagy (1946–47)Lajos Dinnyés (1947) |
| Party control | Independent Smallholders' Party |
This is a list of members of the unicameral National Assembly of Hungary according to the results of the elections of 1945. This was the first legislature in Hungary's history to be freely and fairly elected by full and universal suffrage, and would be the last such parliament until 1990.
Composition
[edit]At the opening of Parliament
[edit]List of members of the National Assembly of Hungary, 1945–1947
 | ||||||||
| Party | MPs | Of total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent Smallholders' Party | 58.19% | |||||||
| Hungarian Communist Party | 16.63% | |||||||
| Hungarian Social Democratic Party | 16.39% | |||||||
| National Peasant Party | 5.46% | |||||||
| Civic Democratic Party | 0.48% | |||||||
| Independents | 2.85% | |||||||
| Total | 421 | 100% | ||||||
At the closing of Parliament
[edit] | ||||||||
| Party | MPs | Of total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent Smallholders' Party | 44.52% | |||||||
| Hungarian Communist Party | 16.67% | |||||||
| Hungarian Social Democratic Party | 16.42% | |||||||
| National Peasant Party | 5.00% | |||||||
| Hungarian Freedom Party | 5.00% | |||||||
| Civic Democratic Party | 0.24% | |||||||
| Independents | 11.67% | |||||||
| Total | 420 | 100% | ||||||
List of members
[edit]Members and their parties upon the opening of Parliament, 29 November 1945.
Independent Smallholders' Party
Hungarian Communist Party
National Peasant Party
Social Democratic Party
Civic Democratic Party
Independents
| County | Seats | Members | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baranya and Tolna | 22 | Jenő Dulin | |
| Viktor Perr | |||
| János Taksonyi | |||
| Pál Rőth | |||
| János Borbély | |||
| Antal Lábady | |||
| Nándor Koszér | |||
| Béla Szécsey | |||
| Béla Padányi Gulyás | |||
| Jenő Czövek | |||
| Vendel Barkóczy | |||
| János Babody | |||
| Sándor Dömötör | |||
| László Samu | |||
| Lajos Matzkó | |||
| Mihály Farkas | |||
| Pál Krancz | |||
| Gyula Hajdu | |||
| József Czéh | |||
| József Tolnai | |||
| Péter Bechtler | |||
| Gyula Pozsgay | |||
| Somogy | 15 | József Kovács | |
| Olivér Gaál | |||
| József Jónás | |||
| János Gabriél | |||
| Mihály Hompola | |||
| János Molics | |||
| József Németh | |||
| Tibor Fekete | |||
| Gyula Papszt | |||
| Ödön Antl | |||
| Ferenc Kiss | |||
| József Zákányi | |||
| István Sinkovics | |||
| Ferenc Erdei | |||
| Anna Kéthly | |||
| Zala | 14 | Ferenc Kovács | |
| Győzo Drózdy | |||
| Ferenc Bekéfi | |||
| Imre Bencze | |||
| Lajos Németh | |||
| Károly Mangliár | |||
| László Cifra | |||
| János Magyar | |||
| Ernő Megyesy | |||
| Lajos Ledniczky | |||
| László Fillér | |||
| Károly Bedő | |||
| Mátyás Rákosi | |||
| János Dombáy | |||
| Vas | 10 | Sándor Mándli | |
| Tibor Hám | |||
| János Janzsó | |||
| Imre Pászthory | |||
| Gyula Belső | |||
| János Czeiczel | |||
| Jenő Katona | |||
| Kálmán Erőss | |||
| Imre Szabó | |||
| György Marosán | |||
| Győr-Moson-Sopron | 15 | György Parragi | |
| Lajos Hajdu Németh | |||
| Ernő Meixner | |||
| András Szalay | |||
| Pál Jaczkó | |||
| György Horváth | |||
| Géza Komlós | |||
| Bálint Czupy | |||
| József Pécsi | |||
| István Kossa | |||
| Zoltán Szantó | |||
| Imre Szomogyi | |||
| Géza Malasits | |||
| Vilmos Zentai | |||
| István Udvaros | |||
| Vesprém | 9 | Dezső Sulyok | |
| Lajos Kocsi | |||
| Ferenc Vidovics | |||
| Jenő Ruip | |||
| György Farkas | |||
| József Antall, Sr. | |||
| Pál Kocsi | |||
| István Horváth | |||
| Károly Peyer | |||
| Fejér-Komárom-Esztergom | 18 | István Dobi | |
| István Kovács | |||
| László Cseh-Szombathy | |||
| István Tőke | |||
| Ferenc Vócsa | |||
| József Gróh | |||
| József Dancs | |||
| Ignác Nagy | |||
| Sándor Nyirjessy | |||
| Kálmán Szabó | |||
| László Rajk | |||
| György Osztrovszki | |||
| János Zgyerka | |||
| Lajos Jócsik | |||
| Árpád Szakasits | |||
| Miklós Vas | |||
| Dénes Czézner | |||
| János Borbély | |||
| Budapest | 68 | Zoltán Tildy | |
| Imre Oltványi | |||
| Albert Bereczky | |||
| Viktor Csornoky | |||
| Jószef Kővágó | |||
| József Bognár | |||
| Pál Auer | |||
| György Gulácsy | |||
| Erzsébet Gyenis | |||
| László Jékelyi | |||
| Gyula Dessewffy | |||
| Zoltán Pfeiffer | |||
| Tamás Pásztor | |||
| Ilma Oberschall | |||
| László Pesta | |||
| László Felvinczi | |||
| Anna Veress | |||
| László Gyulai | |||
| Sándor Eckhardt | |||
| Kálmán Saláta | |||
| Gyula Jármay | |||
| János Horváth | |||
| Dezső Futó | |||
| Pál Tessik | |||
| István Csurgai | |||
| Ferenc Palinay | |||
| József Szenner | |||
| István Szolnoki | |||
| Ferenc Gordon | |||
| György Esterhás | |||
| Ignác Sári | |||
| Béla Halter | |||
| József Szemes | |||
| Zoltán Vas | |||
| Ernő Gerő | |||
| Károly Kiss | |||
| Piroska Szabó | |||
| István Kovács | |||
| Lajos Drahos | |||
| Anna Ratkó | |||
| Antal Apró | |||
| István Rusznyák | |||
| József Prieszol | |||
| Aranka Némety | |||
| István Varga | |||
| Jenő Gyósci | |||
| József Sipka | |||
| Imre Kovács | |||
| István Ries | |||
| István Száva | |||
| Gyula Kelemen | |||
| Mihály Révész | |||
| Lajos Szamay | |||
| János Dávid | |||
| Alfréd Halász | |||
| László Faragó | |||
| Jolán Koronya | |||
| István Ivanics | |||
| Tibor Vágvölgyi | |||
| Imre Jancsecz | |||
| Béla Lányi | |||
| Lajos Gallai | |||
| Antal Kárpáti | |||
| Károly Gyurkovits | |||
| János Popik | |||
| Sándor Visnyei | |||
| Sándor Szent-Iványi | |||
| Margit Slachta | |||
| Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskunand Bács-Bodrog | 48 | Ferenc Nagy | |
| Lajos Dinnyés | |||
| László Révész | |||
| Gyula Bencsik | |||
| József Bácsalmási | |||
| Aladár Pongrácz | |||
| Elek Patonay | |||
| Imre Almási | |||
| István Csala | |||
| Jenő Némethy | |||
| Ferenc Kiss | |||
| László Kiss | |||
| Gedeon Vargha | |||
| András Palásti | |||
| Imre Veér | |||
| Tibor Pongrácz | |||
| István Kiss | |||
| Alfréd Ofner | |||
| József Szenthe | |||
| József Sisitka | |||
| György Hódy | |||
| Antal Kovács | |||
| Dömötör Balla | |||
| Sándor Vass | |||
| István Blaskó | |||
| Imre G. Fülöp | |||
| Antal Balla | |||
| János Rózsahegyi | |||
| Bódog Nagy | |||
| Endre Reicher | |||
| Mihály Haluska | |||
| Erik Molnár | |||
| Ferenc Donáth | |||
| József Gábor | |||
| József Macskasi | |||
| Márton Horváth | |||
| János Török | |||
| Géza Losonczy | |||
| Pál S. Szabó | |||
| János Adorján | |||
| János Válóci | |||
| Imre Szélig | |||
| Ödön Kisházi | |||
| István Turi | |||
| Lászó Tóth | |||
| István Bundzsák | |||
| Fanni Auer | |||
| László Csala | |||
| Csongrád and Csanád | 22 | István Balogh | |
| János Márk Nagyiván | |||
| János S. Saghy | |||
| János Mihály | |||
| Ferenc Tárkány Szücs | |||
| Imre Szőnyi | |||
| Bálint Józsai | |||
| Gyula Dobó | |||
| Tamás Keresztes | |||
| István Dénes | |||
| Ferenc Implom | |||
| Sándor Bálint | |||
| József Révai | |||
| Imre Kiss | |||
| Imre Dadi | |||
| Imre Tombácz | |||
| Mihály Oláh | |||
| János Pap | |||
| Ferenc Takács | |||
| Ágoston Valentiny | |||
| István Erdei | |||
| Ernő Kiss | |||
| Békés | 14 | István B. Szabó | |
| Árpád Szabó | |||
| Lajos Rácz | |||
| József Futó | |||
| Antal Ravasz | |||
| János Gálik | |||
| János Gyuska | |||
| István Szirmai | |||
| Imre Birkás | |||
| András Vári | |||
| János Hegyesi | |||
| Ferenc Szeder | |||
| Erzsébet Müller | |||
| Péter Kurunczi | |||
| Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok | 16 | János Gyöngyösi | |
| Mihály Guba | |||
| Ferenc Z. Nagy | |||
| Kornél Milassin | |||
| Béla Mizsei | |||
| Mihály Kerék | |||
| Sándor Csíkos | |||
| Dezső Udvary | |||
| Ferenc Gaál | |||
| Antal Ragó | |||
| Antal Gyenes | |||
| Kálmán Bakó | |||
| Győző Vidor | |||
| László Nánási | |||
| József Takács | |||
| József Kiss | |||
| Hajdú-Bihar | 19 | István Vásáry | |
| Lajos Bihari Nagy | |||
| Ferenc Kálmán | |||
| Lászó Csősz | |||
| Lajos Csizmadia | |||
| Miklós Zsom | |||
| Zoltán Lévay | |||
| Gyula Szigethy | |||
| Kálmán Hajdu | |||
| Lajos N. Gál | |||
| Gyula Kállai | |||
| István Szabó | |||
| Sándor Zöld | |||
| Pál Szabó | |||
| Imre Kondor | |||
| Ferenc Gém | |||
| István Szabó | |||
| János Kovács | |||
| Sándor Kállai | |||
| Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg | 21 | Mária Bende | |
| János Erőss | |||
| István Szabó | |||
| Mihály Tomasosvszky | |||
| József Virág | |||
| Sándor Kiss | |||
| Dániel Andrássy | |||
| Menyhért Veress | |||
| István Ternay | |||
| József Gyulai | |||
| György Papp | |||
| Sándor Csoma | |||
| Sándor Lengyel | |||
| József Mócsán | |||
| Imre Nagy | |||
| András Pintér | |||
| László Bartha | |||
| János Tóth | |||
| István Mikita | |||
| Roland Kiss | |||
| József Pásztor | |||
| Borsod-Gömör-Zemplén-Abaúj | 25 | József Vásáry | |
| Gábor Rácz | |||
| Tivadar Pártay | |||
| László Acsay | |||
| Endre Cziáky | |||
| József G. Tóth | |||
| István Dubay | |||
| Ferenc Augusztin | |||
| János Szabó Pap | |||
| József Szabó | |||
| József Szakács | |||
| László Pocsai | |||
| Sándor Illés | |||
| István Brunszvik | |||
| János Bodnár | |||
| Sándor Nógrádi | |||
| Mihály Fekete | |||
| Gyula Leniczky | |||
| Mihály Urbancsek | |||
| József Fülöp | |||
| József Darvas | |||
| Sándor Rónai | |||
| Ferenc Reisinger | |||
| Júlia Nemes | |||
| István Juhász | |||
| Heves-Nógrád-Hont | 23 | Géza Mátéffy | |
| József Adorján | |||
| Ender Baráth | |||
| István Szántó Vezekényi | |||
| János Piatrik | |||
| Jószef Csépány | |||
| Károly Vértesy | |||
| László Nagy | |||
| Ferenc Szabó | |||
| István Miskolczy | |||
| Lajos Nagy | |||
| János Nagy | |||
| László Kováts | |||
| János Kádár | |||
| János Oczel | |||
| György Sulyán | |||
| Ferenc Hermann | |||
| Ferenc Dömötör | |||
| Péter Veres | |||
| Márton Buzás | |||
| Antal Bán | |||
| István Szurdi | |||
| Károly Spitálszky | |||
| National list | 50 | Béla Varga | |
| Béla Kovács | |||
| Lajos Szentiványi | |||
| Samu Filó | |||
| Zoltán Tildy Jr. | |||
| Gergely Kiss | |||
| Vince Nagy | |||
| Vince Vörös | |||
| Gyula Ortutay | |||
| Mihály Vaskó | |||
| Jenő Tombor | |||
| Gyula Kanta | |||
| Béla Andaházi-Kasnya | |||
| Vince Gáspár | |||
| Lajos Harmathy | |||
| Lajos Györgyi | |||
| Pál Hegymegi Kiss | |||
| Ferenc Dajkovich | |||
| István Reők | |||
| Albert Bartha | |||
| László Vatai | |||
| József Törő | |||
| István B. Rácz | |||
| György Szintén | |||
| Iván Lenárt | |||
| Ferenc Juhász | |||
| Sándor Pali | |||
| Tibor Horányi | |||
| István Kiss | |||
| András Szobek | |||
| László Rudas | |||
| Károly Olt | |||
| Erzsébet Andics | |||
| Miklós Somogyi | |||
| Aladár Mód | |||
| Lajos Papp | |||
| László Orbán | |||
| László Piros | |||
| Gyula Illyés | |||
| Ferenc B. Farkas | |||
| Ferenc S. Szabó | |||
| Manó Buchinger | |||
| Pál Justus | |||
| Miklós Kertész | |||
| József Kőmüves | |||
| János Pintér | |||
| Imre Vajda | |||
| Ferenc Révész | |||
| Pál Schiffer | |||
| Imre Pásztor | |||
| Honorary mandates | 12 | György Bölöni | |
| Sándor Juhász Nagy | |||
| Mihály Károlyi | |||
| Zoltán Kodály | |||
| Béla Miklós | |||
| Gyula Moór | |||
| Pál Pátzay | |||
| Albert Szent-Györgyi | |||
| István Szőnyi | |||
| Áron Tamási | |||
| Rusztem Vámbéry | |||
| Béla Zsedényi | |||
| Total | 421 | ||
Source (in Hungarian): Az 1945. november 29-ére összehívott nemzetgyűlés képviselőinek lakáskönyve (1946. január)
Category:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Category:Massacres in Hungary Category:Hungarian People's Republic Category:Protests in Hungary Category:Conflicts in 1956 Category:Mass murder in 1956 Category:1950s in Budapest Category:October 1956 events
.jpg) | |
| Premierships of Donald Tusk | |
| Party | Civic Platform |
|---|---|
| Seat | Building of the Chancellery of the Prime MinisterUjazdów Avenue 1/3, Warsaw |
First term 16 November 2007 – 22 September 2014 | |
| Cabinet | |
| Election | |
| Appointed by | President Lech Kaczyński (2007)President Bronisław Komorowski (2011) |
Second term 13 December 2023 – present | |
| Cabinet | Tusk III |
| Election | 2023 |
| Nominated by | Sejm |
| Appointed by | President Andrzej Duda |
 | |
| Library website | |
 | |
| Presidency of Maia Sandu 24 December 2020 – present | |
| Cabinet | Gavrilița CabinetRecean Cabinet |
|---|---|
| Party | Party of Action and Solidarity |
| Election | |
| Seat | Presidential Palace164 Stephen the Great Boulevard, Chișinău |
 | |
My Party
[edit]Freedom and Prosperity | |
|---|---|
| Leader | Szabadság1956 |
| Founder | Szabadság1956 |
| Founded | October 23, 2029 |
| Youth wing | Free and Prosperous Future |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Center to center-right |
| European Parliament group | European People's Party Group |
| International affiliation | |
| Colors | Orange, Purple, and Blue |
- ^ Borhi, p.77-8
- ^ Hungary 1944-1953. 2: Communist take-over, 1946-1949. The Institute for the History of the 1956 Revolution.
- ^ Hungary 1944-1953. 1: An Attempt at a New, Democratic Start, 1944-1946. The Institute for the History of the 1956 Revolution.
- ^ Ibid
- ^ 2: Communist take-over, 1946-1949.
- ^ Ibid
- ^ Ibid
- ^ Ibid