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На этой странице содержатся фонетические символы алфавита МФА, которые могут некорректно отображаться в некоторых обозревателях.
Если символы образуют пару, справа помещается звонкий согласный. Затенение указывает, что данная артикуляция считается невозможной.

Pulmonic consonants

A pulmonic consonant is a consonant made by obstructing the glottis (the space between the vocal cords) or oral cavity (the mouth) and either simultaneously or subsequently letting out air from the lungs. Pulmonic consonants make up the majority of consonants in the IPA, as well as in human language. All consonants in the English language fall into this category.^[1]

The pulmonic consonant table, which includes most consonants, is arranged in rows that designate manner of articulation, meaning how the consonant is produced, and columns that designate place of articulation, meaning where in the vocal tract the consonant is produced. The main chart includes only consonants with a single place of articulation.

View this table as an image.
Place of articulation →	Labial		Coronal				Dorsal				Radical				Glottal
Place of articulation →	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular		Pharyngeal		Epiglottal
Manner of articulation ↓	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular		Pharyngeal		Epiglottal
Nasal	m	ɱ	n			ɳ	ɲ	ŋ	ɴ
Plosive	p b	p̪ b̪	t d			ʈ ɖ	c ɟ	k ɡ	q ɢ				ʡ		ʔ
Fricative	ɸ β	f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ ʒ	ʂ ʐ	ç ʝ	x ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	ʜ	ʢ	h ɦ
Approximant	β̞	ʋ	ɹ			ɻ	j	ɰ		ʁ		ʕ		ʢ	h ɦ
Trill	ʙ		r						ʀ				я*
Tap or Flap	ⱱ̟^†	ⱱ^†	ɾ			ɽ			ɢ̆				ʡ̯
Lateral Fricative			ɬ ɮ			*	*	*
Lateral Approximant			l			ɭ	ʎ	ʟ
Lateral Flap			ɺ			*	ʎ̯	ʟ̆

Notes

Asterisks (*) next to symbols mark reported sounds that do not (yet) have official IPA symbols. See the respective articles for ad hoc symbols found in the literature.
Daggers (†) mark IPA symbols that have recently been added to Unicode. As of Unicode 5.1.0, this is the case of the labiodental flap, symbolized by a v with a right-hook: . These display properly with a recent version of Charis SIL, Doulos SIL or DejaVu fonts installed.
In rows where some symbols appear in pairs (the obstruents), the symbol to the right represents a voiced consonant (except breathy-voiced [ɦ]). However, [ʔ] cannot be voiced, and the voicing of [ʡ] is ambiguous.^[2] In the other rows (the sonorants), the single symbol represents a voiced consonant.
Although there is a single symbol for the coronal places of articulation for all consonants but fricatives, when dealing with a particular language, the symbols may be treated as specifically dental, alveolar, or post-alveolar, as appropriate for that language, without diacritics.
Shaded areas indicate articulations judged to be impossible.
The symbols [ʁ, ʕ, ʢ] represent either voiced fricatives or approximants.
In many languages, such as English, [h] and [ɦ] are not actually glottal, fricatives, or approximants. Rather, they are bare phonation.^[3]
It is primarily the shape of the tongue rather than its position that distinguishes the fricatives [ʃ ʒ], [ɕ ʑ], and [ʂ ʐ].

Coarticulation

Coarticulated consonants are sounds that involve two simultaneous places of articulation (are pronounced using two parts of the vocal tract). In English, the [w] in "went" is a coarticulated consonant, because it is pronounced by rounding the lips and raising the back of the tongue. Other languages, such as French and Swedish, have different coarticulated consonants.

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ʍ	Voiceless labialized velar approximant
w	Voiced labialized velar approximant
ɥ	Voiced labialized palatal approximant
ɕ	Voiceless palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative
ʑ	Voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative
ɧ	Voiceless "palatal-velar" fricative

Note

[ɧ] is described as a "simultaneous [ʃ] and [x]".^[4] However, this analysis is disputed. (See voiceless palatal-velar fricative for discussion.)

Affricates and double articulation

Affricates and doubly articulated stops are represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar, either above or below the symbols. The six most common affricates are optionally represented by ligatures, though this is no longer official IPA usage,^[5] because a great number of ligatures would be required to represent all affricates this way. Alternatively, a superscript notation for a consonant release is sometimes used to transcribe affricates, for example tˢ for t͡s, paralleling kˣ ~ k͡x. The symbols for the palatal plosives, ‹c ɟ›, are often used as a convenience for [t͡ʃ d͡ʒ] or similar affricates, even in official IPA publications, so they must be interpreted with care.

View this table as an image.
Tie bar	Ligature	Description
t͡s	ʦ	voiceless alveolar affricate
d͡z	ʣ	voiced alveolar affricate
t͡ʃ	ʧ	voiceless postalveolar affricate
d͡ʒ	ʤ	voiced postalveolar affricate
t͡ɕ	ʨ	voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
d͡ʑ	ʥ	voiced alveolo-palatal affricate
t͡ɬ	–	voiceless alveolar lateral affricate
k͡p	–	voiceless labial-velar plosive
ɡ͡b	–	voiced labial-velar plosive
ŋ͡m	–	labial-velar nasal stop

Note

On browsers that use Arial Unicode MS to display IPA characters, the following incorrectly formed sequences may look better due to a bug in that font: ts͡, tʃ͡, tɕ͡, dz͡, dʒ͡, dʑ͡, tɬ͡, kp͡, ɡb͡, ŋm͡.

^ Fromkin, Victoria (1998) [1974]. An Introduction to Language (6th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. ISBN 0-03-018682-X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Ladefoged and Maddieson, 1996, Sounds of the World's Languages, §2.1.
^ Ladefoged and Maddieson, 1996, Sounds of the World's Languages, §9.3.
^ Ladefoged, Peter (1996). The sounds of the world's languages. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 329–330. ISBN 0-631-19815-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Cite error: The named reference IPA_1999 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[1] Fromkin, Victoria (1998) [1974]. An Introduction to Language (6th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. ISBN 0-03-018682-X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[2] Ladefoged and Maddieson, 1996, Sounds of the World's Languages, §2.1.

[3] Ladefoged and Maddieson, 1996, Sounds of the World's Languages, §9.3.

[4] Ladefoged, Peter (1996). The sounds of the world's languages. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 329–330. ISBN 0-631-19815-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[IPA_1999-5] Cite error: The named reference IPA_1999 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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