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The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces

Founded	2000
Type of organisation	Non-profit Foundation
Headquarters	Geneva, Switzerland
Permanent Regional Offices	Beirut, Brussels, Ljubljana, Ramallah, Tripoli, Tunis
Member states	61
Members with permanent observer status	Four governments and two international organisations
Director	Amb. Theodor H. Winkler
Staff	130+
Web address	www.dcaf.ch

The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) is an international foundation whose primary fields of activity include Security Sector Reform (SSR) and Security Sector Governance (SSG). DCAF was founded in 2000 under Swiss law and on the initiative of the Swiss government. Its stated aim is to "support effective, efficient, and democratically governed security sectors, which are accountable to the state and its citizens".

According to the 2012 DCAF Annual Report, the organisation's thematic fields of expertise include:

• Border police management
• Defence reform
• Gender and security
• Intelligence governance
• Justice sector reform
• Ombuds institutions for the armed forces
• Parliamentary oversight of the security sector
• Police reform
• Private security governance
• Public-private partnerships and security governance

The Centre's core services include:

• Strategic advice to governments and international organisations on the development of SSR and SSG policies
• Assessments
• Programme design and implementation
• Monitoring and evaluation
• Capacity-building and training
• Knowledge services and the development of instructive resources for SSR practitioners

DCAF collaborates with governments, international organisations, regional organisations, and expert networks. The Centre operates globally with particular emphasis on sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, and Southeast Asia. DCAF’s outreach projects also cover the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Latin America.

DCAF is one of the main stakeholders in the ongoing creation of the Maison de la Paix – a complex scheduled to open in September 2013 in the international organisation quarter of Geneva – which will house, in addition to DCAF, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, and the Geneva Centre for Security Policy.

Organisation

DCAF's Foundation Council comprises 61 governments as well as four governments and two international organisations that hold observer status. DCAF's headquarters are located in Geneva, Switzerland, and it maintains permanent regional and country offices in Beirut, Brussels, Ljubljana, Ramallah, Tripoli, and Tunis. Mr Christophe Keckeis of Switzerland is the President of the Foundation Council. The Director of DCAF is Amb. Theodor H. Winkler.

The member states and permanent observers include, in alphabetical order:

Member States

• Albania
• Argentina
• Armenia
• Austria
• Azerbaijan
• Belarus
• Belgium
• Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Bulgaria
• Burkina Faso
• Burundi
• Canada
• Côte d'Ivoire
• Croatia
• Cyprus
• Czech Republic
• Denmark
• Estonia
• Finland
• France
• Geneva (Canton of Switzerland)

• Georgia
• Germany
• Ghana
• Greece
• Hungary
• Indonesia
• Ireland
• Italy
• Kyrgyzstan
• Latvia
• Lebanon
• Liechtenstein
• Lithuania
• Luxembourg
• Macedonia
• Mali
• Malta
• Moldova
• Montenegro
• The Netherlands

• Nigeria
• Norway
• The Philippines
• Poland
• Portugal
• Romania
• Russia
• Senegal
• Serbia
• Slovakia
• Slovenia
• South Africa
• Spain
• Sweden
• Switzerland
• Tunisia
• Turkey
• Ukraine
• United Kingdom
• United States

Permanent Observers

• Cambodia
• Chile
• Kazakhstan
• Thailand
• Turkey
• International Organisation of La Francophonie(OIF)
• Inter-Parliamentary Union(IPU)

The Centre's work is carried out by the following divisions:

• The Deputy Director’s office – Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Latin America
• Operations I – Southeast Europe
• Operations II – Middle East and North Africa
• Operations III – sub-Saharan Africa & Gender and SSR
• Operations IV – Public-Private Partnerships
• The International Security Sector Advisory Team (ISSAT)
• The Research Division

As of 2012, DCAF employs over 130 staff from 37 countries. DCAF's budget in 2012 was 32.3 million Swiss francs, of which the government of Switzerland financed 47.9 per cent and other member states and international organisations 52.1 per cent.

DCAF's Activities

Engagements with International Organisations – Ongoing and/or Completed in 2012

With the United Nations (UN), DCAF:

• Provides advisory support, training, and policy research mandates for various UN agencies and departments, both at headquarters and in the field, including the Department for Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), Office of Rule of Law and Security Institutions (OROLSI), Peacebuilding Support Office (PBSO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), UN Department of Political Affairs (DPA), Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), United Nations Office for West Africa (UNOWA), United Nations Political Office for Somalia (UNPOS), United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL), UN Women, UN Inter-agency SSR Task force (IASSRTF), and United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR).
• Supported the development of the first (2008) and second (2013, forthcoming) United Nations Secretary General's reports on SSR.
• Supported the development of the UN Integrated Technical Guidance Notes on SSR (ITGNs), the UN integrated DDR standards (IDDRS), as well as impact assessment methodologies concerning the rule of law and security institutions.

With the European Union (EU), DCAF:

• Provides advisory support, training, and policy research mandates for several EU bodies and field missions, including the European Commission (EC); the European Parliament (EP); FRONTEX; EU Delegations in the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Guinea; the EU Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine (EUBAM); the EU–UNDP Border Management Programme in Central Asia (BOMCA 8); the European Security and Defence College (ESCD); and the European Court of Auditors (ECA).

With the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), DCAF:

• Provides advisory support, training, and policy research mandates for various OSCE bodies and field missions, including the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), the OSCE Secretariat’s Transnational Threats Department (TNT), the OSCE’s Borders Team, and the OSCE Border Management Staff College (BMSC).
• Supports the Swiss government in advance of its Chairmanship-in-Office of the OSCE in 2014.

With The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), DCAF:

• Provides advisory support, training, and policy research mandates to support various NATO programmes and NATO-associated bodies, including the Partnership for Peace (PfP), the Partnership Action Plan on Defence Institution Building (PAP-DIB), NATO’s Building Integrity (BI) Programme, the South-Eastern Europe Defence Ministerial Process (SEDM), the NATO Liaison Office in Ukraine (NLO), the NATO Committee on Gender Perspectives (NCGP), the NATO Parliamentary Assembly (NATO PA), the NATO School in Oberammergau, Germany, and the George C. Marshall European Center of Security Studies.
• Chairs the PfP Consortium Working Group on SSR.

With the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), DCAF:

• Supported the drafting of the Code of Conduct for Armed Forces and Security Services of ECOWAS.

Regional Initiatives – Ongoing and/or Completed in 2012

In Southeast Europe, DCAF is active in:

• Albania,
• Bosnia and Herzegovina,
• Bulgaria,
• Croatia,
• Kosovo,
• Macedonia,
• Moldova,
• Montenegro,
• Romania,
• Serbia, and
• Slovenia

In these countries DCAF:

• Operates regional and bilateral programmes focusing on border police cooperation, police integrity building, modernising power ministries, strengthening intelligence oversight, gender mainstreaming, parliamentary assistance, and civil society empowerment.
• Hosts the permanent secretariat of the Police Cooperation Convention for Southeast Europe (PCC) at the DCAF regional office in Ljubljana.
• Supports the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) in the implementation of the Swiss Regional Police Cooperation Programme in the Western Balkans (SPCP 2012-16). DCAF also serves as a member of the Swiss Intermediate Body responsible for the management of migration-focused projects in Romania and Bulgaria.

In Western Europe, the following EU countries, as well as Switzerland and Norway, are members of DCAF:

• Austria,
• Belgium,
• Bulgaria,
• Croatia,
• Cyprus,
• Czech Republic,
• Denmark,
• Estonia,
• Finland,
• France,

• Germany,
• Greece,
• Hungary,
• Ireland,
• Italy,
• Latvia,
• Lithuania,
• Luxembourg,
• Malta,

• the Netherlands,
• Poland,
• Portugal,
• Romania,
• Slovakia,
• Slovenia,
• Spain,
• Sweden, and
• the United Kingdom.

In affiliation with these countries DCAF:

• Conducts advisory field support mandates on behalf of Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.
• Conducts training courses on Security Sector Reform for civil servants and security sector actors, which in 2012 took place in Austria, Finland, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.
• Maintains close cooperation with the Norwegian Parliamentary Intelligence Oversight Committee (EOS), the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC).

In the Newly Independent States region, DCAF is active in:

• Armenia,
• Azerbaijan,
• Georgia,
• Kyrgyzstan,
• Moldova,
• Tajikistan, and
• Ukraine

In these countries DCAF:

• Supports the United Nations Development Programme—European Union Border Management Programme in Central Asia (BOMCA 8), which assists the five Central Asian states in the creation of modern and efficient border security systems.
• Works with the European Union Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine (EUBAM) to implement a comprehensive advanced distance learning course on ‘Modern Border Control Practices and Related EU Standards’ for border police station commanders and mid-level border security managers.

In the Middle East and North Africa, DCAF is active in:

• Egypt,
• Iran,
• Iraq,
• Lebanon,
• Libya,
• Morocco,
• occupied Palestinian territory,
• Qatar, and
• Tunisia

In these countries and/or the occupied Palestinian territory DCAF:

• Operates regional and bilateral programmes focusing on strengthening oversight and accountability of security sector actors, improving transparency and communication between power ministries and the population, the training and capacity building of civil servants, gender mainstreaming, civil society empowerment, and the training of journalists in the coverage of security issues and the monitoring of security forces’ activities.
• Maintains the Trust Fund for Security Sector Development Assistance in North Africa, which supports security sector reform processes specifically in Egypt, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia.

In Sub-Saharan Africa, DCAF is active in:

• Botswana,
• Burkina Faso,
• Burundi,
• Central African Republic,
• Côte d’Ivoire,
• Democratic Republic of the Congo,
• Ghana,

• Guinea,
• Guinea-Bissau,
• Kenya,
• Liberia,
• Malawi
• Mali,
• Rwanda,

• Senegal,
• Sierra Leone,
• Somalia,
• South Africa,
• South Sudan,
• Uganda, and
• Zimbabwe

In these countries DCAF:

• Coordinates regional and bilateral programmes focusing on the mainstreaming of gender in SSG, parliamentary oversight, and capacity building regarding democratic SSG for civil servants, security sector actors, expert networks, and civil society organisations.
• Provides project-specific SSR guidance to donor countries’ field staff in the areas of assessment, programme design, and monitoring and evaluation.
• Cooperates with the African Union (AU), the African Development Bank (AfDB), ECOWAS, the Southern African Defence and Security Management Network (SADSEM), the African Security Sector Network (ASSN), and the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC).

In Asia, DCAF is active in:

• Cambodia,
• Indonesia,
• Nepal,
• The Philippines,
• Thailand, and
• Timor-Leste

In these countries DCAF:

• Supports the Inter-Parliamentary Forum on Security Sector Governance in Southeast Asia (IPF-SSG-SEA).
• Supports regional and bilateral programmes focusing on the development of national dialogues on SSR and SSG; engages stakeholders from the armed forces, police, power ministries, parliament, academia, and civil society; and provides training and capacity development regarding SSG.

In Latin America and the Caribbean, DCAF is active in:

• Argentina,
• Chile,
• Honduras,
• Mexico, and
• Uruguay

In these countries DCAF:

• Provides support to the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation’s (SDC) office in Honduras for the Swiss Cooperation Strategy for Central America 2013-2017, which entails assistance in the areas of Security Sector Reform, conflict analysis, and conflict sensitivity.
• Is developping recommendations for the European Commission on ‘EU Support to Justice and Security Sector Reform in Latin America and the Caribbean’.

Selected Focus Areas of DCAF's Thematic Programmes

Parliamentary Assistance: DCAF promotes the role of parliaments in SSG, supports capacity building and specific trainings for members of parliaments and parliamentary staff, and develops knowledge products that parliamentarians can refer to when performing their oversight duties.

Private Security Governance: DCAF supports the Swiss government and the International Committee for the Red Cross in promoting the Montreux Document on Pertinent International Legal Obligations and Good Practices for States related to Operations of Private Military and Security Companies during Armed Conflict (Montreux Document). DCAF also facilitated the development, under Swiss government mandate, of the International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers (ICoC) and its Oversight Mechanism to support compliance with the ICoC by member companies.

Ombuds Institutions for the Armed Forces: DCAF supports the annual International Conference of Ombuds Institutions for Armed Forces (ICOAF)., and promotes international cooperation between such bodies, formulating policy recommendations, and documenting best practices and lessons learned.

Gender and Security: DCAF works directly with national law enforcement, defence, security, and justice institutions on mainstreaming gender into their policies and practices, including assisting with institutional gender (self-)assessments, assisting the implementation of National Action Plans for United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325, curriculum development, training of trainers, supporting institutional development of female staff associations, and the promotion of women's participation in the security sector and its reform.

Integrity Building: DCAF supports, in the areas of police reform and defence reform, the building up of institutional integrity, reduction of corruption, and the enhancement of transparency and accountability. The Centre also supports the integrity building self-assessment process in member states of the South-Eastern Europe Defence Ministerial (SEDM) process (which includes Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine, and the United States). DCAF also runs a dedicated Police Integrity Building Programme (PIBP) in Southeast Europe.

DCAF Knowledge Products

Prominent DCAF resources for SSR practitioners include:

• Handbook on Parliamentary Oversight of the Security Sector
• Toolkit on Police Integrity
• Building Integrity and Reducing Corruption in Defence: A Compendium of Best Practices
• Overseeing Intelligence Services: A Toolkit
• Gender and Security Sector Reform Toolkit
• Ombuds Institutions for the Armed Forces: A Handbook
• Handbook on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Armed Forces Personnel

The Centre produces a number of topic-specific publications and publication series to support research into SSR and SSG, as well as related fields, including SSR Papers, Yearly Books, and the DCAF Backgrounders series.

External links

• International Security Sector Advisory Team (ISSAT)
• DCAF Tunisia
• Inter-Parliamentary Forum on Security Sector Governance in Southeast Asia (IPF-SSG-SEA)
• International Conference of Ombuds-Institutions for Armed Forces (ICOAF)
• International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers (ICoC)
• La Législation du secteur de la sécurité en Tunisie (The Legislation of the Security Sector in Tunisia) – an online database containing legislative documents concerning the security sector in Tunisa
• Gender and Security Sector Reform Training Resource Website
• UN Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) - Offers an introductory e-learning course on SSR, jointly developed by DCAF and UNITAR
• The Association for Security Sector Reform Education and Training (ASSET)
• DCAF Ljubljana: Police Cooperation Convention for Southeast Europe (PCC)
• Maison de la Paix