User:Earthslug/Urban sprawl
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[edit]History
[edit]Many theories speculate as to the reason for the creation of urban sprawl. The theory of "flight from blight" explains that aspects of living in urban areas, such as high taxes, crime rates, poor infrastructure and school qualities lead to many people moving out of urban areas and into surrounding suburban cities. [1]
Many theories suggest that Urban Sprawl is a natural product of population increases, higher wages, and therefore better access to housing. Improvement in transportation also means that individuals are able to live further from large cities and industrial hubs, thus increasing demand for better housing further from the noise of cities. This leads to the creation of sprawling residential land development surrounding densely packed urban cities.[2]
Debate
[edit]Transportation Inequality
[edit]Critics of Urban Sprawl point to the United States' improper treatment of minority groups' access to transportation as a major downside to the continuation of Urban Sprawl. In urban centers, such as Los Angeles and San Francisco, transportation in minority areas is lacking. As found by Kate Baldridge of Golden Gate University Law, Areas with high minority populations typically see less than adequate transportation options, leading to overcrowded and unsafe transportation routes that do not provide a comprehensive means of transportation. [3] This disparity is made more evident because minority residents are more reliant on public transportation. According to Baldridge, This creates a situation where minority groups are unable to move from urban areas, while individuals with higher incomes and thus better access to transportation are able to move out of urban areas and into surrounding suburbs.
Alternative development styles
[edit]Early attempts at combatting urban sprawl
[edit]Maryland
[edit]Maryland underwent many "Smart Growth" initiatives, starting in 1997 with the Smart Growth Areas Act. This act allocated funding towards areas that either were already undergoing growth, or areas that had plans of growth. [4] Maryland also implemented the 1997 Rural Legacy Act, which distributed grants to private land owners and allowed them to purchase development rights. Brownfields Voluntary Cleanup and Revitalization Incentive Programs also incentivized the usage of previously contaminated properties by allowing property owners to avoid liability for the property. The state also offered incentives, such as tax breaks and loans for repairs to contaminated areas. Another program created by the state of Maryland was the Job Creation Tax Credit Program, which encouraged businesses to relocate into select areas, reducing the intensity of urban sprawl in some areas. The Live Near Your Work Program also incentivized employees to purchase homes in areas closer to their work. This led to a reduced commute time, and more of an emphasis on homeownership rather than renting.
Contemporary anti-sprawl initiatives
[edit]Land use policies are one potential avenue to reduce the effects of urban sprawl. These policies take the form of boundaries to urban growth, regional development rights, and development centralized in urban cities. Housing policies, such as inclusionary zoning, rental vouchers in suburban areas, and a focus on employer-assisted housing are another approach to combatting urban sprawl. Gasoline taxes and increased funding towards the construction of public transportation also help to reduce the necessity of commuting in and out of urban areas. [5]
References
[edit]- ^ Wassmer, Robert; Edwards, David (2005-01-01). "Causes of urban sprawl (decentralization) in the United States: natural Evolution, flight from blight, and the fiscalization of land use".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Brueckner, Jan K. (2000-04). "Urban Sprawl: Diagnosis and Remedies". International Regional Science Review. 23 (2): 160–171. doi:10.1177/016001700761012710. ISSN 0160-0176.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Baldridge, Kate (February 2013). "If You Give a Mouse a Cookie: California's Section 11135 Fails to Provide Plaintiffs Relief in Darensburg v. Metropolitan Transportation Commission". Golden Gate University Law Review. 43: 7–9.
- ^ Squires, Professor of Sociology Public Policy and Public Administration Gregory D. (2002). Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences, & Policy Responses. The Urban Insitute. ISBN 978-0-87766-709-4.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help) - ^ Squires, Professor of Sociology Public Policy and Public Administration Gregory D. (2002). Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences, & Policy Responses. The Urban Insitute. ISBN 978-0-87766-709-4.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help)