Jump to content

User:Clarynt1/Masculinity

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Overview

[edit]

When men do not embody strength, courage, interdependence, leadership, and assertiveness, it can cause men to struggle with their gender identity[1]. Masculinity affects gender identity and men's behavior[2]. When women’s labor participation increased, there were who felt less comfortable in their masculinity because it was increasingly difficult for them to assert reconfirm their status as the breadwinner[3].

East African Cultures

[edit]

During Margrethe Silberschmidt's research of urban and rural men in East Africa, she concludes that men experience disempowerment when they cannot not fulfill their role as breadwinner and feel inferior to women when they cannot provide for their family [4]. The changes in East Africa's cultural and economic framework can partially be attributed to British colonial rule because it altered the gender division of labor[4]. There was an increase in wage labor which led to a demand for more skilled workers in an environment where there were primarily unskilled workers [4]. Eventually, there was a shift to growing cash crops and the emphasis was put on men to be the breadwinner[4]. A man's social value is traditionally connected to his ability to provide so when he can no longer do that, it negatively impacts his ego[4]. Masculinity is seen as an entity to be protected, and when a man feels disempowered, he finds other ways to reaffirm their masculinity[4]. Research that examines the struggles among men and look into their personal experiences can help to understand the social structures of masculinity[1].

User:Aduffy1/Masculinity

[edit]

Household Effects

[edit]

Households require unpaid labor to run. Women and girls provide an estimated 75% of unpaid labor globally, with 42% of women unable to participate in paid labor because caregiving responsibilities[5]. Indira Hirway backs this statement up by explaining “unpaid work is highly unequal in its distribution between men and women, with women shouldering the main burden, in terms of participation as well as the time spent on unpaid work”[6]. A study in Turkey was done on household labor participation which gathered comments from the participants including one respondent who said: "Men are responsible for outside, and women from the home. Men think about the livelihood of their home and children...the man brings, the woman cooks"[7]. Using data from Spain, Javier Cerrato and and Eva Cifre also find that: "traditional gender roles still affect the way men and women manage the work and family interactions."[8].

References

[edit]

Janssens, Angélique. “The Rise and Decline of the Male Breadwinner Family? An Overview of the Debate.” International Review of Social History 42 (1997): 1–23. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44735319, 1.[9]

Glynn, Sarah Jane. “Breadwinning Mothers Continue to Be the U.S. Norm.” Center for American Progress, November 2, 2016. https://www.americanprogress.org/article/breadwinning-mothers-continue-u-s-norm/. [10]

“Unpaid Care Work: Everything You Need to Know.” Global Citizen. Accessed May 5, 2022. https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/womens-unpaid-care-work-everything-to-know/#:~:text=3%20Key%20Facts%20to%20Know,the%20majority%20of%20household%20chores[5] 

Hirway, Indira. “Unpaid Work and the Economy: Linkages and Their Implications.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2015. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2612926[6]

Cerrato, Javier; Cifre, Eva (2018). "Gender Inequality in Household Chores and Work-Family Conflict". Frontiers in Psychology. 9. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01330/full. ISSN 1664-1078.[8]

Eslen-Ziya, Hande; Okman Fişek, Güler; Bolak Boratav, Hale (2021). "Everyday gendered performances at home: Masculine domesticity?". Social Sciences & Humanities Open. 3 (1): 100112. doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100112. ISSN 2590-2911.[7]

  1. ^ a b White, Sarah C (1997-06-01). "Men, masculinities, and the politics of development". Gender & Development. 5 (2): 14–22. doi:10.1080/741922357. ISSN 1355-2074. PMID 12292610.
  2. ^ White, Sarah C (1997-06-01). "Men, masculinities, and the politics of development". Gender & Development. 5 (2): 14–22. doi:10.1080/741922357. ISSN 1355-2074. PMID 12292610.
  3. ^ Pearson, Ruth (2000-12). "All Change? Men, Women and Reproductive Work in the Global Economy". The European Journal of Development Research. 12 (2): 219–237. doi:10.1080/09578810008426773. ISSN 0957-8811. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ a b c d e f Silberschmidt, Margrethe (2001-04-01). "Disempowerment of Men in Rural and Urban East Africa: Implications for Male Identity and Sexual Behavior". World Development. 29 (4): 657–671. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00122-4. ISSN 0305-750X.
  5. ^ a b "Unpaid Care Work: Everything You Need to Know". Global Citizen. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
  6. ^ a b Hirway, Indira (2015). "Unpaid Work and the Economy: Linkages and Their Implications". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2612926. ISSN 1556-5068.
  7. ^ a b Eslen-Ziya, Hande; Okman Fişek, Güler; Bolak Boratav, Hale (2021). "Everyday gendered performances at home: Masculine domesticity?". Social Sciences & Humanities Open. 3 (1): 100112. doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100112. ISSN 2590-2911.
  8. ^ a b Cerrato, Javier; Cifre, Eva (2018). "Gender Inequality in Household Chores and Work-Family Conflict". Frontiers in Psychology. 9. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01330/full. ISSN 1664-1078.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ Janssens, Angélique (1998-04-09), "The Rise and Decline of the Male Breadwinner Family? An Overview of the Debate", The Rise and Decline of the Male Breadwinner Family?, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–24, retrieved 2022-05-09
  10. ^ Glynn, Sarah Jane (Center for American Progress). "Breadwinning Mothers Continue to Be the U.S. Norm". {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)