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Alaskans are the citizens and nationals of the U.S. state of Alaska. The majority of immigrants in Alaska are of Filipino, Mexican, Thai, Korean, and Canadian origins.[1]
It is believed that ancient humans crossed the Beringia land bridge, which connected northeastern Siberia and western Alaska, during the Last Glacial Maximum. This migration continued until rising sea levels during the Holocene submerged the land bridge,[2][3] making further migration by this route impossible.[4]
Racial groups
[edit]Native Americans and Alaska Natives
[edit]According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 111,575 Native Americans and Alaska Natives reside in Alaska, making up 33.4% of the total population of Native Americans and Alaska Natives in the United States.[5] According to the 2020 Census, approximately 2,251,699 Americans, or 0.7% of the population, identify as Native Americans or Alaska Natives.[6][7]
In 1990, the Alaska Natives Commission estimated there were approximately 86,000 Alaska Natives living in Alaska, with an additional 17,000 living outside the state.[8] A 2013 study by the Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development documented over 120,000 Alaska Native people in Alaska.[9] While most still live in small villages or remote regional hubs like Nome, Dillingham, and Bethel, the percentage residing in urban areas has been increasing. By 2010, 44% lived in urban areas, up from 38% in 2000. As of 2018, Alaska Natives make up 15.4% of the state's population.[10]
Asian Americans
[edit]According to the U.S. Census Bureau, approximately 44,032 Asian Americans live in Alaska.[5] Approximately 4.4% of Alaska's Asian American population is Filipino, 0.3% Chinese, 0.2% Laotian, 0.2% Japanese, 0.1% Indian, 0.1% Vietnamese, and 0.1% Thai.
Black or African American
[edit]According to the U.S. Census Bureau, approximately 21,898 Black or African Americans live in Alaska, making up about 3.7% of the state's population.[5]
Hispanic or Latino
[edit]According to the U.S. Census Bureau, approximately 49,824 Hispanic or Latino Americans live in Alaska, making up about 7.7% of the state's population.[5]
Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders
[edit]According to the U.S. Census Bureau, approximately 12,698 Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders live in Alaska, making up about 1.7% of the state's population.[5] Of this, around 0.7% of the population is Samoan, 0.1% is Hawaiian, and 0.1% is Tongan.
Not Hispanic or Latino
[edit]According to the U.S. Census Bureau, approximately 421,758 Not Hispanic or Latino Americans live in Alaska, making up about 57.5% of the state's population.[5]
Two or more races
[edit]According to the U.S. Census Bureau, approximately 89,524 people in Alaska identify as two or more races, making up about 8.2% of the state's population.[5]
Some other race
[edit]According to the U.S. Census Bureau, approximately 18,272 people in Alaska identify as another race, making up about 1.7% of the state's population.
Ethnic groups
[edit]Alaskan Athabaskans
[edit]The Alaskan Athabascans, also known as the Alaskan Athapascans, or Dena, is an Alaskan Native Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group. They are the original inhabitants of the interior of Alaska.[citation needed] The Athabascans descended from Asian hunter-gatherers, which likely originated from Mongolia, who crossed the Bering Strait and settled in North America.[11]
Ahtna people
[edit]The Ahtna, also known as the Ahtena, Atna, Ahtna-kohtaene, or Copper River people, are an Alaskan Native group speaking Athabaskan languages. Their homeland, called Atna Nenn', is located in the Copper River area of southern Alaska. The name Ahtna comes from the local name for the Copper River. The total population of Ahtna is estimated at around 1,427.[12]
Deg Hitʼan
[edit]Deg Hitʼan, also known as Deg Xitʼan or Kaiyuhkhotana, is a group of Alaskan Athabaskan peoples. They speak Deg Xinag and live in Alaska along the Anvik River in Anvik, the Innoko River in Shageluk, and the lower Yukon River in Holy Cross.[citation needed]
The Deg Hitʼan are part of the federally recognized Alaska Native tribes of Anvik Village, Shageluk Native Village, and Holy Cross Village. The Iditarod Trail's origins trace back to the native trails of the Denaʼina and Deg Hitʼan Athabaskan Indians, as well as the Inupiaq Eskimos.[13]
Denaʼina
[edit]The Denaʼina, formerly known as Tanaina, are an Alaskan Athabaskan group originally inhabiting the south-central regions of Alaska. Their homeland, Denaʼina Ełnena, spans over 41,000 sq mi (110,000 km2), covering areas from Seldovia to Pedro Bay.[14] They arrived in this region between 1,000 and 1,500 years ago and were the only Alaskan Athabaskan group to live on the coast. The Denaʼina have a hunter-gatherer culture and a matrilineal system. The native trails of the Denaʼina, along with those of the Deg Hitʼan and the Inupiaq, were precursors to the Iditarod Trail.[15]
Aleuts
[edit]The Aleuts, also known as Unangan, Unangas, or Unangax̂, are the Indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands, an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean. Today, there are approximately 6,752 Aleuts in the United States,[16] and around 482 in Russia.[17]
Alaskan Creoles
[edit]Alaskan Creoles are an ethnic group in Alaska descended from the Russian Creoles, who were citizens of colonial Alaska during the Russian Empire's rule.[18]
References
[edit]- ^ "www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org" (PDF). www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org. American Immigration Council. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
- ^ Hu, Aixue; Meehl, Gerald A.; Otto-Bliesner, Bette L.; Waelbroeck, Claire; Han, Weiqing; Loutre, Marie-France; Lambeck, Kurt; Mitrovica, Jerry X.; Rosenbloom, Nan (2010). "Influence of Bering Strait flow and North Atlantic circulation on glacial sea-level changes". Nature Geoscience. 3 (2): 118. Bibcode:2010NatGe...3..118H. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.391.8727. doi:10.1038/ngeo729.
- ^ Meiri, M.; Lister, A. M.; Collins, M. J.; Tuross, N.; Goebel, T.; Blockley, S.; Zazula, G. D.; Van Doorn, N.; Dale Guthrie, R.; Boeskorov, G. G.; Baryshnikov, G. F.; Sher, A.; Barnes, I. (2013). "Faunal record identifies Bering isthmus conditions as constraint to end-Pleistocene migration to the New World". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1776): 20132167. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2167. PMC 3871309. PMID 24335981.
- ^ Pringle, Heather (March 8, 2017). "What Happens When an Archaeologist Challenges Mainstream Scientific Thinking?". Smithsonian.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Alaska - Census Bureau Profile". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
- ^ Grieco, Elizabeth M.; Acosta, Yesenia D.; de la Cruz, G. Patricia; Gamino, Christina; Gryn, Thomas; Larsen, Luke J.; Trevelyan, Edward N.; Walters, Nathan P. (May 2012). "The Foreign Born Population in the United States: 2010" (PDF). American Community Survey Reports. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 9, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
- ^ Tina Norris; Paula L. Vines; Elizabeth M. Hoeffel (January 2012). "The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 5, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
- ^ "Alaska Natives Commission". www.alaskool.org.
- ^ "The Alaska Native Population Is on an Upward Trend". KOLG Public Radio for Bristol Bay. May 4, 2013.
- ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Alaska". www.census.gov. Retrieved 2019-10-15.
- ^ Stockel, Henrietta (15 September 2022). Salvation Through Slavery: Chiricahua Apaches and Priests on the Spanish Colonial Frontier. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4327-7.
These words do not explain why the Athapaskans initially left their home somewhere in Asia, probably Mongolia, to settle in cold country just south of the Arctic Circle.
- ^ "Ahtna". Languages. University of Alaska Fairbanks. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
- ^ The Iditarod National Historic Trail Seward to Nome Route: A Comprehensive Management Plan, March 1986. Prepared by Bureau of Land Management, Anchorage District Office, Anchorage, Alaska.
- ^ Patricia H. Partnow 2013. Denaʼinaqʼ Huchʼulyeshi: The Denaʼina Way of Living Archived 2014-03-20 at the Wayback Machine. Anchorage Museum.
- ^ The Iditarod National Historic Trail Seward to Nome Route: A Comprehensive Management Plan, March 1986. Prepared by Bureau of Land Management, Anchorage District Office, Anchorage, Alaska.
- ^ "Aleut alone". factfinder.census.gov. US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
- ^ "ВПН-2010". gks.ru. Archived from the original on April 24, 2012.
- ^ Bakker, Peter; Borchsenius, Finn; Levisen, Carsten; Sippola, Eeva M. (2017). Creole Studies – Phylogenetic Approaches. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 15.