User:Bandile Masilela/Internet addiction disorder

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Internet addiction disorder (IAD) can otherwise be referred to as Problematic internet use or pathological internet use. It generally defined as problematic, compulsive use of the internet, that results in significant impairment in an individual's function in various aspects of life over a prolonged period of time. Young people are at particular risk of developing internet addiction disorder, with case studies highlighting students whose academic performance plummets as they spend more and more time online. Some also experience health consequences from loss of sleep, as they stay up later into the night to chat online, check for social network status updates or to further progress in a game.

The World Health Organization has not yet recognized excessive Internet use as a disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). However, the diagnosis of Gaming disorder has been included in the ICD-11. Controversy exists around the diagnosis including whether the disorder is a separate clinical entity, or if it is a manifestation of underlying psychiatric disorders such as Depression and Anxiety. Research has approached the question from a variety of viewpoints, with no universally standardized or agreed definitions, leading to difficulties in developing evidence based recommendations.

As adolescents (12–19 years) and emerging adults (20–29 years) access the Internet more than any other age groups and undertake a higher risk of overuse of the Internet, the problem of Internet behavior disorder is most relevant to young people.

Consequences

Social consequences

Mustafa Savci and Ferda Aysan, reviewed existing research on internet addiction and identified a number of social and emotional factors that have been linked to this phenomenon. These include loneliness, social anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. They argued that these factors can lead individuals to use the internet as a way of coping with negative emotions or social isolation, which can in turn lead to addictive behavior.

As a result of its complex nature, some scholars do not provide a definition of Internet addiction disorder and throughout time, different terms are used to describe the same phenomenon of excessive Internet use. Internet addiction disorder is used interchangeably with problematic Internet use, pathological Internet use, and Internet addictive disorder. In some cases, this behavior is also referred to as Internet overuse, problematic computer use, compulsive Internet use, Internet abuse, harmful use of the Internet, and Internet dependency.

Theoretical model

Current researchers have proposed different theoretical models of IAD from different perspectives.

Effect of COVID-19

A study conducted by Nassim Masaeli and Hadi Farhadi found that the prevalence of internet-based addictive behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic has increased compared to pre-pandemic levels. Specifically, the prevalence of IAD ranged from 4.7% to 51.6%, SMA ranged from 9.7% to 47.4%, and gaming addiction ranged from 4.4% to 32.4%. The authors also identified several risk factors that contribute to the development of internet-based addictive behaviors during the pandemic, including boredom, stress, anxiety, and social isolation. They also highlighted the importance of interventions to prevent and treat internet-based addictive behaviors during the pandemic. These interventions can include psychological therapies, educational interventions, and pharmacological treatments. The authors recommended that these interventions should be tailored to specific age groups and populations to maximize their effectiveness.

Another study that looked further into the effect of COVID-19 on the prevalence of IAD was "Internet Addiction Increases in the General Population During COVID‐19". The study looked at how the likely increase in stress related to COVID-19 induced quarantine contributed to an increase in IAD among the Chinese population. The study was conducted among 20,472 participants who were asked to fill out the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) online. The study ultimately shows that the overall prevalence of Internet addiction amounted to 36.7% among the general, and according to IAT scores the level of severe Internet addiction was 2.8%. The conclusion drawn was that the pandemic increased the prevalence and severity of Internet addiction among the general population in China.

Risk factors[edit]

Neurobiological factors[edit]

A conducted by Aviv Weinstein and Michel Lejoyeux (2020) titled "Neurobiological mechanisms underlying internet gaming disorder" highlights that IGD is associated with alterations in brain regions involved in reward processing, impulse control, decision-making, and executive functioning. These changes in neural activity may result in the persistent and excessive use of internet gaming and may contribute to the development of IGD. The study also highlights the role of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, in the reinforcement and reward-seeking behavior associated with IGD. They suggest that the neurobiological mechanisms involved in IGD are similar to those observed in substance use disorders, and they propose a framework for understanding IGD as a behavioral addiction. The authors also discuss the potential implications of these findings for the treatment of IGD, suggesting that interventions targeting the neurobiological mechanisms underlying IGD may be effective in reducing problematic internet gaming behaviors.

Diagnosis[edit]

Initial indicators

A study conducted by Lori C. Soule, L. Wayne Shell, and Betty A. Kleen (2003) titled "Exploring Internet Addiction: Demographic Characteristics and Stereotypes of Heavy Internet Users" found that heavy internet users were more likely to be male and younger than non-heavy users. The study also found that heavy internet users were more likely to use the internet for gaming and entertainment purposes, rather than for work or education. It also went on further to suggest that heavy internet use may be related to certain personality traits, such as sensation-seeking and impulsivity, and highlight the need for further research to better understand the psychological factors that contribute to internet addiction. The study also highlights the need for interventions that target specific groups, such as young males who are heavy internet users, and that address the underlying factors that contribute to problematic internet use behaviors.

Public concern[edit]

Internet addiction has raised great public concern in Asia and some countries consider Internet addiction as one of the major issues that threatens public health, in particular among adolescents.

A study conducted by David S. Bickham (2021) titled "Current Research and Viewpoints on Internet Addiction in Adolescents" found that internet addiction is a growing concern among adolescents, with many spending a significant amount of time online and exhibiting problematic use behaviors, such as compulsive internet use and withdrawal symptoms when offline. The study also highlighted that certain demographic factors, such as gender and socioeconomic status, may be associated with higher rates of internet addiction.

Bickham further discussed the various factors that may contribute to the development of internet addiction, including individual factors such as depression, anxiety, and poor self-regulation, as well as environmental factors such as parental monitoring and peer influence. The study also discussed the potential negative consequences of internet addiction, such as poor academic performance, disrupted sleep patterns, and social isolation.

References

• Mustafa Savci & Ferda Aysan (2017) Social-emotional model of internet addiction, Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 27:4, 349-358
• Aviv Weinstein & Michel Lejoyeux (2010) Internet Addiction or Excessive Internet Use, The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36:5, 277-283
• Chin-Siang Ang, Nee-Nee Chan & Cheng-Syin Lee (2018) Shyness, Loneliness Avoidance, and Internet Addiction: What are the Relationships?, The Journal of Psychology, 152:1, 25-35
• Lori C. Soule, L. Wayne Shell & Betty A. Kleen (2003) Exploring Internet Addiction: Demographic Characteristics and Stereotypes of Heavy Internet Users, Journal of Computer Information Systems, 44:1, 64-73
• Bickham, D. S. (2021). Current Research and Viewpoints on Internet Addiction in Adolescents. Current Pediatrics Reports, 9(1), 1–10.
• Mustafa Savci & Ferda Aysan (2017) Social-emotional model of internet addiction, Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 27:4, 349-358
• Li, Y. Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S. Q., Bao, Y. P., Cheng, J. L., Chang, X. W., Ran, M. S., Sun, Y. K., Kosten, T., Strang, J., Lu, L., & Shi, J. (2021). Internet Addiction Increases in the General Population During COVID-19: Evidence From China. The American journal on addictions, 30(4), 389–397.
• Chang, C.-H., Chang, Y.-C., Yang, L., & Tzang, R.-F. (2022). The Comparative Efficacy of Treatments for Children and Young Adults with Internet Addiction/Internet Gaming Disorder: An Updated Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5), 2612.
• Nassim Masaeli & Hadi Farhadi (2021) Prevalence of Internet-based addictive behaviors during COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review, Journal of Addictive Diseases, 39:4, 468-488
• Wölfling, K., Müller, K. W., Dreier, M., Ruckes, C., Deuster, O., Batra, A., Mann, K., Musalek, M., Schuster, A., Lemenager, T., Hanke, S., & Beutel, M. E. (2019). Efficacy of Short-term Treatment of Internet and Computer Game Addiction: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA psychiatry, 76(10), 1018–1025.