User:Babamachine/Eastern coyote
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[edit]Although hundreds of northeastern coyotes showed maternal wolf DNA, nearly all were the same haplotype that indicated a past single hybridization between a female wolf and a male coyote. These findings support the hypothesis of sexual interaction based on body size, with the larger species male almost always crossing with the smaller species female.[1] http://en.wiki.x.io/wiki/Eastern_coyote?action=edit The canine Y-chromosome has clarified the evolutionary history of eastern coyotes. The Y-haplotypes chromosome is specifically seen in eastern coyotes, indicating that gray wolf and dog introgression is evident in the Y-chromosome genotypes in eastern coyotes. This is visible in skull morphology and coat colour is clearly distinguishable when using multiple genetic markers. Genetic markers are ideal to assess maternal, paternal, and biparental inherited genes when assessing hybridization between different species like the gray wolf and dog.[2]
Habitat
Eastern coyotes have dens that range between 23.9 cm and 33.9 cm wide. The depth ranged from 2->5 m. Dens can often be made from protruding tree roots from the soil on all sides adding structure and protection to the coyotes. Eastern coyote denning is often dependent on the season. Coyotes will often only use the den during pup season where the females give birth to four to seven pups from late March to early April [3] [4]. Females frequently attend the pups to feed, care for, and protect them, often allowing the male coyotes to reduce their time spent attending the den unless it is to help bring food to the females or guard the den against predators.
However, the male coyotes' presence is still evident to show that both parents and associated care are provided to the pups. During this time the duties are shared with raising, protecting, and caring for them from all the pack members. Adult coyotes are often around the den and surrounding areas until late May-early June while the pups are transitioning from den to outside areas. The adults spend about 68% of their time with the pups to protect them from predators such as red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), domestic dogs, red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), and horned-owls (Bubo virginianus). July to August is defined as the pup foraging and early independence period. This allows the adult coyotes to have more freedom away from the dens until the pups are completely independent. [4]
1. Moore, G. C., & Millar, J. S. (1984). A comparative study of colonizing and longer established eastern coyote populations. The Journal of wildlife management, 691-699.
- This is a journal article published by Wildlife Management, so it should be a reliable source. It covers the colonizing and longer established eastern coyote populations in great detail, so it is helpful in establishing notability.
2. Way, J. G., Auger, P. J., Ortega, I. M., & Strauss, E. G. (2001). Eastern coyote denning behavior in an anthropogenic environment. Northeast Wildlife, 56, 18-30.
- This is a peer-reviewed scientific article, so it should be a reliable source. It covers the topic in depth and is helpful in establishing notability.
3. Wheeldon, T. J., Rutledge, L. Y., Patterson, B. R., White, B. N., & Wilson, P. J. (2013). Y‐chromosome evidence supports asymmetric dog introgression into eastern coyotes. Ecology and evolution, 3(9), 3005-3020.
- This is a peer-reviewed article, so it should be a reliable source for specific information on Y-chromosome in relation to the introgression of dogs and coyotes in the ecology and evolutionary history. It can then be used to establish notability on the topic.
- ^ Monzón, J.; Kays, R.; Dykhuizen, D. E. (2014). "Assessment of coyote-wolf-dog admixture using ancestry-informative diagnostic SNPs". Molecular Ecology. 23 (1): 182–97. doi:10.1111/mec.12570. PMC 3899836. PMID 24148003.
- ^ Wheeldon, Tyler J; Rutledge, Linda Y; Patterson, Brent R; White, Bradley N; Wilson, Paul J (2013-9). "Y-chromosome evidence supports asymmetric dog introgression into eastern coyotes". Ecology and Evolution. 3 (9): 3005–3020. doi:10.1002/ece3.693. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 3790547. PMID 24101990.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Moore, Gary C.; Millar, John S. (1984). "A Comparative Study of Colonizing and Longer Established Eastern Coyote Populations". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 48 (3): 691–699. doi:10.2307/3801416. ISSN 0022-541X.
- ^ a b Way, Jonathan G. (2001). "Eastern coyote denning behaviour in an anthropogenic environment" (PDF). Northeast Wildlife. 56: 18–30.
2nd Edits:
Although hundreds of northeastern coyotes showed maternal wolf DNA, nearly all were the same haplotype that indicated a past single hybridization between a female wolf and a male coyote. These findings support the hypothesis of sexual interaction based on body size, with the larger species male almost always crossing with the smaller species female.[1] http://en.wiki.x.io/wiki/Eastern_coyote?action=edit
The canine Y-chromosome has clarified the evolutionary history of Eastern coyotes. A Y-chromosome is a sec chromosome which is normally present only in male cells, which are designated XY. The Y-haplotypes chromosome is specifically seen in Eastern coyotes. The Y-haplotype is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome. Indicating that Gray wolf and dog introgression is evident in the Y-chromosome genotypes in Eastern coyotes. This is visible in skull morphology and coat colour is clearly distinguishable when using multiple genetic markers. Genetic markers are ideal to assess maternal, paternal, and biparental inherited genes when assessing hybridization between different species like the Gray wolf and dog.[2]
Habitat
Eastern coyotes only frequently use their dens for raising pups during the spring to summer months. Eastern coyotes have dens that range between 23.9 cm and 33.9 cm wide, the depth ranging from 2->5 m. Similar to the Northeastern coyotes their dens can often be made from protruding tree roots from the soil on all sides adding structure and protection to the coyotes. Eastern coyote denning is often dependent on the season. Coyotes will often only use the den during pup season where the females give birth to four to seven pups from late March to early April [3] [4]. Females frequently attend the pups to feed, care for, and protect them, often allowing the male coyotes to reduce their time spent attending the den and allowing them to focus on hunting for food to bring to the females and help guard the den against predators.
However, the male coyotes' presence is still evident to show that both parents and associated care are provided to the pups. During this time the duties are shared with raising, protecting, and caring for them from all the pack members. Adult coyotes are often around the den and surrounding areas until late May-early June while the pups are transitioning from den to outside areas. The adults spend about 68% of their time with the pups to protect them from predators such as red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), domestic dogs, red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), and horned-owls (Bubo virginianus). July to August is defined as the pup foraging and early independence period. This allows the adult coyotes to have more freedom away from the dens until the pups are completely independent, the puppies by this time are around 4-6 months of age. [4]