User:Artinstk/sandbox
Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 8, 2016. The Democratic ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Vermont senior senator Bernie Sanders defeated the Republican ticket of Texas Senator Ted Cruz and businesswoman Carly Fiorina.
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 Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Trump/Sanders and red denotes those won by Cruz/Fiorina. Numbers indicate electoral votes cast by each state and the District of Columbia. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 2016 U.S. presidential election | |
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Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 8, 2016. The Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket of former secretary of state and former first lady Hillary Clinton and Virginia junior senator Tim Kaine, in what was considered one of the biggest political upsets in American history.[3] It was the fifth and most recent presidential election in which the winning candidate lost the popular vote.[2][4] It was also the sixth and most recent presidential election in U.S. history in which both major party candidates were registered in the same home state.
| 2016 U.S. presidential election | |
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Incumbent Democratic president Barack Obama was ineligible to pursue a third term due to the term limits established by the Twenty-second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Clinton secured the nomination over U.S. senator Bernie Sanders in the Democratic primary and became the first female presidential nominee of a major American political party. Initially considered a novelty candidate, Trump emerged as the Republican front-runner, defeating several notable opponents, including U.S. senators Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio, as well as governors John Kasich and Jeb Bush.[5] Trump's right-wing populist, nationalist campaign, which promised to "Make America Great Again" and opposed political correctness, illegal immigration, and many United States free-trade agreements,[6] garnered extensive free media coverage due to Trump's inflammatory comments.[7][8] Clinton emphasized her extensive political experience, denounced Trump and many of his supporters as a "basket of deplorables", bigots, and extremists, and advocated the expansion of Obama's policies, racial, LGBT, and women's rights, and inclusive capitalism.[9]
The tone of the election campaign was widely characterized as divisive, negative, and troubling.[10][11][12] Trump faced controversy over his views on race and immigration, incidents of violence against protesters at his rallies,[13][14][15] and numerous sexual misconduct allegations including the Access Hollywood tape. Clinton's popularity and public image were tarnished by concerns about her ethics and trustworthiness,[16] and a controversy and subsequent FBI investigation regarding her improper use of a private email server while serving as secretary of state, which received more media coverage than any other topic during the campaign.[17][18] Clinton led in almost every nationwide and swing-state poll, with some predictive models giving Clinton over a 90 percent chance of victory.[19][20]
On election day, Trump over-performed his polls, winning several key swing states, while losing the popular vote by 2.87 million votes.[21] Trump received the majority in the Electoral College and won upset victories in the Democratic-leaning Rust Belt states of Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. The pivotal victory in this region, which Trump won by fewer than 80,000 votes in the three states with the combined 46 electoral votes, was the catalyst that won him the Electoral College vote. Trump's surprise victories were perceived to have been assisted by Clinton's lack of campaigning in the region, the rightward shift of the white working class,[22] and the influence of Sanders–Trump voters who refused to back her after Bernie Sanders dropped out.[23][24][25] Ultimately, Trump received 304 electoral votes and Clinton 227, as two faithless electors defected from Trump and five from Clinton. Trump flipped six states that had voted Democratic in 2012: Florida, Iowa, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, as well as Maine's 2nd congressional district. Trump was the first president with neither prior public service nor military experience.
With ballot access to the entire national electorate, Libertarian nominee Gary Johnson received nearly 4.5 million votes (3.27%), the highest nationwide vote share for a third-party candidate since Ross Perot in 1996,[26] while Green Party nominee Jill Stein received almost 1.45 million votes (1.06%). Independent candidate Evan McMullin received 21.4% of the vote in his home state of Utah, the highest share of the vote for a non-major party candidate in any state since 1992.[27]
On January 6, 2017, the United States Intelligence Community concluded that the Russian government had interfered in the 2016 elections,[28][29] and that it did so in order to "undermine public faith in the U.S. democratic process, denigrate Secretary Clinton, and harm her electability and potential presidency".[30] A Special Counsel investigation of alleged collusion between Russia and the Trump campaign began in May 2017,[31][32] and ended in March 2019, concluded that Russian interference in favor of Trump's candidacy occurred "in sweeping and systematic fashion" but did not establish that members of the Trump campaign conspired or coordinated with the Russian government.[33][34]
This was the first of two elections won by Trump, the second being in 2024 against Kamala Harris, following his defeat by Joe Biden in 2020.
Background
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Article Two of the Constitution of United States provides that the President and Vice President of the United States must be natural-born citizens of the United States, at least 35 years old, and residents of the United States for a period of at least 14 years.[35] Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the political parties, in which case each party devises a method (such as a primary election) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position. Traditionally, the primary elections are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate. The party's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party's behalf. The general election in November is also an indirect election, where voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College; these electors in turn directly elect the president and vice president.[36]
President Barack Obama, a Democrat and former U.S. senator from Illinois, was ineligible to seek reelection to a third term due to the restrictions of the American presidential term limits established by the Twenty-second Amendment; in accordance with Section 1 of the Twentieth Amendment, his term expired at noon eastern standard time on January 20, 2017.[37][38]
Both the Democratic and Republican parties, as well as third parties such as the Green and Libertarian parties, held a series of presidential primary elections and caucuses that took place between February and June 2016, staggered among the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories. This nominating process was also an indirect election, where voters cast ballots for a slate of delegates to a political party's nominating convention, who in turn elected their party's presidential nominee. Speculation about the 2016 campaign began almost immediately following the 2012 campaign, with New York magazine declaring that the race had begun in an article published on November 8, two days after the 2012 election.[39] On the same day, Politico released an article predicting that the 2016 general election would be between Clinton and former Florida Governor Jeb Bush, while an article in The New York Times named New Jersey Governor Chris Christie and Senator Cory Booker from New Jersey as potential candidates.[40][41]
Nominations
[edit]Republican Party
[edit]Primaries
[edit]With seventeen major candidates entering the race, starting with Ted Cruz on March 23, 2015, this was the largest presidential primary field for any political party in American history,[42] before being overtaken by the 2020 Democratic presidential primaries.[43]
Prior to the Iowa caucuses on February 1, 2016, Perry, Walker, Jindal, Graham, and Pataki withdrew due to low polling numbers. Despite leading many polls in Iowa, Trump came in second to Cruz, after which Huckabee, Paul, and Santorum withdrew due to poor performances at the ballot box. Following a sizable victory for Trump in the New Hampshire primary, Christie, Fiorina, and Gilmore abandoned the race. Bush followed suit after scoring fourth place to Trump, Rubio, and Cruz in South Carolina. On March 1, the first of four "Super Tuesday" primaries, Rubio won his first contest in Minnesota, Cruz won Alaska, Oklahoma, and his home state of Texas, and Trump won the other seven states that voted. Failing to gain traction, Carson suspended his campaign a few days later.[44] On March 15, the second "Super Tuesday", Kasich won his only contest in his home state of Ohio, and Trump won five primaries including Florida. Rubio suspended his campaign after losing his home state.[45]
Between March 16 and May 3, only three candidates remained in the race: Trump, Cruz, and Kasich. Cruz won the most delegates in four Western contests and in Wisconsin, keeping a credible path to denying Trump the nomination on the first ballot with 1,237 delegates. Trump then augmented his lead by scoring landslide victories in New York and five Northeastern states in April, followed by a decisive victory in Indiana on May 3, securing all 57 of the state's delegates. Without any further chances of forcing a contested convention, both Cruz[46] and Kasich[47] suspended their campaigns. Trump remained the only active candidate and was declared the presumptive Republican nominee by Republican National Committee chairman Reince Priebus on the evening of May 3.[48]
A 2018 study found that media coverage of Trump led to increased public support for him during the primaries. The study showed that Trump received nearly $2 billion in free media, more than double any other candidate. Political scientist John M. Sides argued that Trump's polling surge was "almost certainly" due to frequent media coverage of his campaign. Sides concluded "Trump is surging in the polls because the news media has consistently focused on him since he announced his candidacy on June 16".[49] Prior to clinching the Republican nomination, Trump received little support from establishment Republicans.[50]
Nominees
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Candidates
[edit]Major candidates were determined by the various media based on common consensus. The following were invited to sanctioned televised debates based on their poll ratings.
Trump received 14,010,177 total votes in the primary. Trump, Cruz, Rubio and Kasich each won at least one primary, with Trump receiving the highest number of votes and Ted Cruz receiving the second highest.
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| Ted Cruz | John Kasich | Marco Rubio | Ben Carson | Jeb Bush | Rand Paul | Chris Christie | Mike Huckabee | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| U.S. senator from Texas (2013–present) |
69th Governor of Ohio (2011–2019) |
U.S. senator from Florida (2011–present) |
Dir. of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital (1984–2013) |
43rd Governor of Florida (1999–2007) |
U.S. senator from Kentucky (2011–present) |
55th Governor of New Jersey (2010–2018) |
44th Governor of Arkansas (1996–2007) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| W: May 3 7,811,110 votes |
W: May 4 4,287,479 votes |
W: Mar 15 3,514,124 votes |
W: Mar 4 857,009 votes |
W: Feb 20 286,634 votes |
W: Feb 3 66,781 votes |
W: Feb 10 57,634 votes |
W: Feb 1 51,436 votes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [51][52][53] | [54] | [55][56][57] | [58][59][60] | [61][62] | [63][64][65] | [66][67] | [68][69] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carly Fiorina | Jim Gilmore | Rick Santorum | Lindsey Graham | George Pataki | Bobby Jindal | Scott Walker | Rick Perry | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| CEO of Hewlett-Packard (1999–2005) |
68th Governor of Virginia (1998–2002) |
U.S. senator from Pennsylvania (1995–2007) |
U.S. senator from South Carolina (2003–present) |
53rd Governor of New York (1995–2006) |
55th Governor of Louisiana (2008–2016) |
45th Governor of Wisconsin (2011–2019) |
47th Governor of Texas (2000–2015) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| W: Feb 10 40,577 votes |
W: Feb 12 18,364 votes |
W: Feb 3 16,622 votes |
W: December 21, 2015 5,666 votes |
W: December 29, 2015 2,036 votes |
W: November 17, 2015 222 votes |
W: September 21, 2015 1 write-in vote in New Hampshire |
W: September 11, 2015 1 write-in vote in New Hampshire | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [70][71] | [72][73] | [74][75] | [76][77] | Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). ( 1.5 pp)
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image_size = 200x200px | image1 = Donald Trump official portrait (3x4a).jpg | nominee1 = Donald Trump | party1 = Democratic Party (United States) | home_state1 = New York | running_mate1 = Bernie Sanders | electoral_vote1 = 332[a] | states_carried1 = 26 + DC | popular_vote1 = 66,796,480[2] | percentage1 = 48.9% | image2 = Ted Cruz, official portrait, 113th Congress.jpg | nominee2 = Ted Cruz | party2 = Republican Party (United States) | home_state2 = Texas | running_mate2 = Carly Fiorina | electoral_vote2 = 206[a] | states_carried2 = 24 | popular_vote2 = 62,041,862[2] | percentage2 = 45.4% | map_size = 350px | map =
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map_caption = Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Trump/Sanders and red denotes those won by Cruz/Fiorina. Numbers indicate electoral votes cast by each state and the District of Columbia. | title = President | before_election = Barack Obama | before_party = Democratic Party (United States) | after_election = Donald Trump | after_party = Democratic Party (United States)
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Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 8, 2016. The Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket of former secretary of state and former first lady Hillary Clinton and Virginia junior senator Tim Kaine, in what was considered one of the biggest political upsets in American history.[78] It was the fifth and most recent presidential election in which the winning candidate lost the popular vote.[2][4] It was also the sixth and most recent presidential election in U.S. history in which both major party candidates were registered in the same home state. Incumbent Democratic president Barack Obama was ineligible to pursue a third term due to the term limits established by the Twenty-second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Clinton secured the nomination over U.S. senator Bernie Sanders in the Democratic primary and became the first female presidential nominee of a major American political party. Initially considered a novelty candidate, Trump emerged as the Republican front-runner, defeating several notable opponents, including U.S. senators Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio, as well as governors John Kasich and Jeb Bush.[79] Trump's right-wing populist, nationalist campaign, which promised to "Make America Great Again" and opposed political correctness, illegal immigration, and many United States free-trade agreements,[80] garnered extensive free media coverage due to Trump's inflammatory comments.[81][82] Clinton emphasized her extensive political experience, denounced Trump and many of his supporters as a "basket of deplorables", bigots, and extremists, and advocated the expansion of Obama's policies, racial, LGBT, and women's rights, and inclusive capitalism.[83] The tone of the election campaign was widely characterized as divisive, negative, and troubling.[84][85][86] Trump faced controversy over his views on race and immigration, incidents of violence against protesters at his rallies,[87][88][89] and numerous sexual misconduct allegations including the Access Hollywood tape. Clinton's popularity and public image were tarnished by concerns about her ethics and trustworthiness,[90] and a controversy and subsequent FBI investigation regarding her improper use of a private email server while serving as secretary of state, which received more media coverage than any other topic during the campaign.[91][92] Clinton led in almost every nationwide and swing-state poll, with some predictive models giving Clinton over a 90 percent chance of victory.[93][94] On election day, Trump over-performed his polls, winning several key swing states, while losing the popular vote by 2.87 million votes.[95] Trump received the majority in the Electoral College and won upset victories in the Democratic-leaning Rust Belt states of Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. The pivotal victory in this region, which Trump won by fewer than 80,000 votes in the three states with the combined 46 electoral votes, was the catalyst that won him the Electoral College vote. Trump's surprise victories were perceived to have been assisted by Clinton's lack of campaigning in the region, the rightward shift of the white working class,[96] and the influence of Sanders–Trump voters who refused to back her after Bernie Sanders dropped out.[97][98][99] Ultimately, Trump received 304 electoral votes and Clinton 227, as two faithless electors defected from Trump and five from Clinton. Trump flipped six states that had voted Democratic in 2012: Florida, Iowa, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, as well as Maine's 2nd congressional district. Trump was the first president with neither prior public service nor military experience. With ballot access to the entire national electorate, Libertarian nominee Gary Johnson received nearly 4.5 million votes (3.27%), the highest nationwide vote share for a third-party candidate since Ross Perot in 1996,[100] while Green Party nominee Jill Stein received almost 1.45 million votes (1.06%). Independent candidate Evan McMullin received 21.4% of the vote in his home state of Utah, the highest share of the vote for a non-major party candidate in any state since 1992.[101] On January 6, 2017, the United States Intelligence Community concluded that the Russian government had interfered in the 2016 elections,[102][103] and that it did so in order to "undermine public faith in the U.S. democratic process, denigrate Secretary Clinton, and harm her electability and potential presidency".[104] A Special Counsel investigation of alleged collusion between Russia and the Trump campaign began in May 2017,[105][106] and ended in March 2019, concluded that Russian interference in favor of Trump's candidacy occurred "in sweeping and systematic fashion" but did not establish that members of the Trump campaign conspired or coordinated with the Russian government.[107][108] This was the first of two elections won by Trump, the second being in 2024 against Kamala Harris, following his defeat by Joe Biden in 2020. Background[edit]Article Two of the Constitution of United States provides that the President and Vice President of the United States must be natural-born citizens of the United States, at least 35 years old, and residents of the United States for a period of at least 14 years.[109] Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the political parties, in which case each party devises a method (such as a primary election) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position. Traditionally, the primary elections are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate. The party's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party's behalf. The general election in November is also an indirect election, where voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College; these electors in turn directly elect the president and vice president.[110] President Barack Obama, a Democrat and former U.S. senator from Illinois, was ineligible to seek reelection to a third term due to the restrictions of the American presidential term limits established by the Twenty-second Amendment; in accordance with Section 1 of the Twentieth Amendment, his term expired at noon eastern standard time on January 20, 2017.[111][112] Both the Democratic and Republican parties, as well as third parties such as the Green and Libertarian parties, held a series of presidential primary elections and caucuses that took place between February and June 2016, staggered among the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories. This nominating process was also an indirect election, where voters cast ballots for a slate of delegates to a political party's nominating convention, who in turn elected their party's presidential nominee. Speculation about the 2016 campaign began almost immediately following the 2012 campaign, with New York magazine declaring that the race had begun in an article published on November 8, two days after the 2012 election.[113] On the same day, Politico released an article predicting that the 2016 general election would be between Clinton and former Florida Governor Jeb Bush, while an article in The New York Times named New Jersey Governor Chris Christie and Senator Cory Booker from New Jersey as potential candidates.[114][115] Nominations[edit]Republican Party[edit]Primaries[edit]With seventeen major candidates entering the race, starting with Ted Cruz on March 23, 2015, this was the largest presidential primary field for any political party in American history,[116] before being overtaken by the 2020 Democratic presidential primaries.[117] Prior to the Iowa caucuses on February 1, 2016, Perry, Walker, Jindal, Graham, and Pataki withdrew due to low polling numbers. Despite leading many polls in Iowa, Trump came in second to Cruz, after which Huckabee, Paul, and Santorum withdrew due to poor performances at the ballot box. Following a sizable victory for Trump in the New Hampshire primary, Christie, Fiorina, and Gilmore abandoned the race. Bush followed suit after scoring fourth place to Trump, Rubio, and Cruz in South Carolina. On March 1, the first of four "Super Tuesday" primaries, Rubio won his first contest in Minnesota, Cruz won Alaska, Oklahoma, and his home state of Texas, and Trump won the other seven states that voted. Failing to gain traction, Carson suspended his campaign a few days later.[118] On March 15, the second "Super Tuesday", Kasich won his only contest in his home state of Ohio, and Trump won five primaries including Florida. Rubio suspended his campaign after losing his home state.[45] Between March 16 and May 3, only three candidates remained in the race: Trump, Cruz, and Kasich. Cruz won the most delegates in four Western contests and in Wisconsin, keeping a credible path to denying Trump the nomination on the first ballot with 1,237 delegates. Trump then augmented his lead by scoring landslide victories in New York and five Northeastern states in April, followed by a decisive victory in Indiana on May 3, securing all 57 of the state's delegates. Without any further chances of forcing a contested convention, both Cruz[119] and Kasich[120] suspended their campaigns. Trump remained the only active candidate and was declared the presumptive Republican nominee by Republican National Committee chairman Reince Priebus on the evening of May 3.[121] A 2018 study found that media coverage of Trump led to increased public support for him during the primaries. The study showed that Trump received nearly $2 billion in free media, more than double any other candidate. Political scientist John M. Sides argued that Trump's polling surge was "almost certainly" due to frequent media coverage of his campaign. Sides concluded "Trump is surging in the polls because the news media has consistently focused on him since he announced his candidacy on June 16".[122] Prior to clinching the Republican nomination, Trump received little support from establishment Republicans.[123] Nominees[edit]
Candidates[edit]Major candidates were determined by the various media based on common consensus. The following were invited to sanctioned televised debates based on their poll ratings. Trump received 14,010,177 total votes in the primary. Trump, Cruz, Rubio and Kasich each won at least one primary, with Trump receiving the highest number of votes and Ted Cruz receiving the second highest.
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