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2010 United States Senate special election in New York

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For the other Senate election in New York held in parallel, see 2010 United States Senate election in New York.

2010 United States Senate special election in New York
← 2006 November 2, 2010 2012 →
 
Nominee Kirsten Gillibrand Joe DioGuardi
Party Democratic Republican
Alliance
Parties
 Conservative
Popular vote 2,836,361 1,581,834
Percentage 62.95% 35.11%
County results
Gillibrand:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%
DioGuardi:      50–60%
U.S. senator before election

Kirsten Gillibrand[a]
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Kirsten Gillibrand[1]
Democratic

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The 2010 United States Senate special election in New York took place on November 2, 2010, concurrently with other elections to the United States Senate in other states as well as elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections. Governor David Paterson had appointed Kirsten Gillibrand to serve as United States Senator from New York until the 2010 special election, replacing former senator Hillary Clinton, who resigned to serve as Secretary of State in the Barack Obama administration. The winner of the special election was to complete the term ending in January 2013. The special election took place concurrently with the regular election for the Senate seat held by Charles Schumer and the 2010 New York gubernatorial election.

Due to this special election, 2010 marked the first time since the ratification of the 17th Amendment in 1913 that all of New York's six statewide offices were up for popular election on the same day. These elections coincided with the elections of all United States representatives from New York, all members of the New York State legislature, and many other officeholders.[2]

Appointment history

[edit]

During the appointment process, a large number of candidates were mentioned, including:

Speculation

[edit]

An early favorite for selection was New York Congresswoman Nita Lowey, who in the late 1990s had been planning a run for the 2000 Senate election, but had stepped aside once then-First Lady of the United States Clinton had decided to run for the office.[9] But Lowey soon withdrew from consideration, having gained enough seniority to become one of the powerful "cardinals" on the House Appropriations Committee and did not want to relinquish that position.[10] Another who withdrew from consideration was New York Congresswoman Nydia Velázquez.[16]

Senator Schumer did not publicly indicate a preference,[3] but reportedly favored Congresswoman Gillibrand.[4] The indication by Caroline Kennedy that she was possibly interested in being appointed drew the most media attention.[4] Her family legacy (including that her uncle Robert F. Kennedy had previously held the seat) and star power was balanced against her inexperience in politics and elections.[4] Her uncle Senator Ted Kennedy, in a battle with brain cancer, encouraged her to seek the position.[18] On December 15, Kennedy indicated that she was definitely seeking the appointment, making phone calls to Paterson and other prominent Democrats.[18] Kennedy and her uncle had backed Obama over Clinton at a crucial time in the long presidential nomination struggle, and some past Clinton supporters initially disparaged Kennedy's qualifications for the senate seat.[19] But soon Clinton told her supporters not to stand in the way of a Kennedy selection;[19] Clinton said she herself would have no public comments on any of the possible choices.[20]

Public opinion polls showed that Kennedy and Cuomo were the two most popular choices of New York residents, with their large name recognition factors playing a role.[4] Paterson faced a complex set of factors in making the choice. Women's groups were pressuring him to replace Clinton with another woman,[3] while upstate groups were dissatisfied at their lack of representation in top-level statewide offices. Paterson's own gubernatorial election campaign could benefit from a Democratic star such as Kennedy in the senate race, which would help him raise money and increase voter enthusiasm, while the choice of Kennedy would also bolster his relations with the Obama administration.[3] Whatever candidate is chosen would be faced with likely having to raise $35 million for the 2010 special election and then, if victorious, another $35 million for the 2012 regular election two years later.[8]

By later in December, Kennedy had mounted a concerted effort to gain support around the state, and had made several trips and appearances as well. Kennedy's appointment was supported by Congresswoman Louise Slaughter,[21] State Assemblyman Vito Lopez,[22] New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg,[23] former New York City Mayor Ed Koch[24] and the New York Post editorial page.[25] She received criticism for not voting in a number of Democratic primaries and general elections since registering in 1988 in New York City[22] and also for not providing details about her political views.[24]

Kennedy declined to make disclosures of her financial dealings or other personal matters, stating that she would not release the information publicly unless she was selected by Paterson, at which time she would be subject to the same background checks as all appointees.[26] Kennedy acknowledged that she was going to have to prove herself: "Going into politics is something people have asked me about forever. When this opportunity came along, which was sort of unexpected, I thought, `Well, maybe now. How about now?' [I'll have to] work twice as hard as anybody else ... I am an unconventional choice ... We're starting to see there are many ways into public life and public service."[27]

The apparent effort by Kennedy forces to make her appear the "inevitable" choice drew reports of resistance among Democratic officials, including Paterson himself.[28] Kennedy said she will not run for the seat in 2010 if she is not appointed by Paterson.[29] In late December 2008, Kennedy drew criticism from several media outlets for lacking clarity in interviews, and for using the phrase "you know" 168 times during a 30-minute interview with NY1.[30] At one point, there was speculation among Democratic Party officials that Paterson would make a caretaker appointment, meaning someone who would pledge to only serve the two years and not run in 2010.[31] This would allow Paterson to avoid choosing among competing choices and give them a level playing field two years hence.[31] Speculation even focused on former President Bill Clinton as the caretaker,[31] but on New Year's Day Paterson seemed to indicate he was not inclined towards the idea: "In the United States Senate, the most effective senators are the ones that have seniority."[32]

By early January 2009, Kennedy's support had dropped in public opinion polls, with 44 percent of New Yorkers saying they had a lesser impression of her since she began her campaign for the appointment, versus 23 percent having a better impression.[33] A mid-January Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll showed Cuomo 7 percentage points ahead of Kennedy in voter preference, and more voters than not thinking Kennedy was unqualified for the position.[34] Paterson made all interested candidates submit lengthy vetting documents as part of their candidacy.[14] An official of the League of Women Voters criticized Paterson for not making the vetting questions public.[14] Paterson said he would announce his decision shortly after the Obama inauguration.[35]

On January 22, 2009, after several conflicting reports,[17] Kennedy released a statement withdrawing from consideration for the seat, citing personal reasons.[36] The following day, further conflicting reports ensued over what the specific reason was for Kennedy's withdrawal, and whether or not Paterson would have picked her had she stayed in.[37] Some of the reports were based on Paterson's office planting false stories with the press that Kennedy had serious problems with the hiring of a nanny or unpaid taxes.[38][39]

Appointment

[edit]

On the same day that Kennedy dropped out, WPIX-TV and the Albany Times Union reported that Governor Paterson was expected to announce he was appointing Kirsten Gillibrand.[40] The Governor made the official announcement of Gillibrand's appointment at a press conference in Albany on January 23, 2009.[41]

By a month later, Paterson had conceded that his office had been responsible for leaks at the end of the appointment process, intended to contest the Kennedy camp's claim that she had been his first choice for the position.[39] Paterson said, however, that he had not expected the level of attacks that ensued from his office at the time: "The things said about Caroline I found despicable and shocking and very painful. I never would have imagined removing the idea that this is my first choice meant a character assassination."[39]

Democratic primary

[edit]

The Democratic primary election was held on September 14, 2010.[42]

Background

[edit]

Paterson's appointment of Gillibrand alienated Caroline Kennedy and Andrew Cuomo supporters as well as some key liberal Democratic ideological constituencies, and made it possible that the centrist Gillibrand would face a primary challenge in 2010.[43] She did not have the full backing of the New York congressional delegation either, and one state Democratic operative said, "I think she's going to get a serious primary in 2010."[44]

Carolyn McCarthy, formerly a colleague of Gillibrand's in the New York delegation to the United States House of Representatives, said that if Gillibrand was appointed, she would mount a primary campaign against her in 2010 if no other candidate who favored stricter gun control laws did so.[45] McCarthy is known as a staunch advocate of gun control laws, after her husband was murdered in a 1993 commuter train shooting spree, while Gillibrand was endorsed by the National Rifle Association of America.[46][47] Gillibrand also served as a lawyer for Philip Morris, Inc.[48]

Despite the potential for a primary challenge, Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee chairman Bob Menendez, Senator from New Jersey, suggested that by the election, Gillibrand "will have convinced her fellow Democrats that she deserves their support."[49] However, a February 2009 Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll showed Gillibrand losing a hypothetical primary matchup to McCarthy, and Gillibrand was said to be worried that Governor Paterson's declining popularity would pull her down too.[50] Congresswoman Carolyn Maloney[50] and Manhattan Borough President Scott Stringer[51] were also seriously considering a primary challenge to Gillibrand, as was Long Island Congressman Steve Israel.[51][52] In April 2009, Stringer formed an exploratory committee towards that end.[52] Despite the possible challenges, by April 2009 Gillibrand had raised $2.3 million in campaign funds since joining the Senate.[52]

In May 2009, Obama persuaded Israel to forsake a run, in the interests of not having a messy primary.[53][54] Obama's intervention was largely at the request of Gillibrand patron Charles Schumer.[55] However, Congresswoman Maloney indicated that she was still considering a primary challenge and that Israel's decision would not influence hers.[54] Several days later, Stringer said he would not run either, for the same reasons as Israel.[56] In the wake of their withdrawals, Congressman José Serrano considered running for a while.[57]

In early June 2009, Congresswoman McCarthy took herself out of any run.[58] McCarthy, who had raised only a small fraction of the amount of money Gillibrand had, said her declining was for personal reasons.[58] Maloney, however, still seemed likely to run, and a conversation with Vice President Joe Biden did not change her mind.[55] Several House Democrats from New York said that the White House's interventions to forestall a primary race had been unwise.[55]

As July 2009 began, a senior advisor to Maloney indicated that the congresswoman definitely was in, saying "She's decided to run because she believes there needs to be a debate on the real issues and she wants to give New Yorkers a choice."[59] However, after facing difficulties in hiring staff, and losing some longtime supporters and organizational support in preparation for a bid,[60] Maloney backed out in August 2009.[61]

In September 2009, a New York Post report that former Governor Eliot Spitzer was considering a Senate run[62] were labeled "totally untrue" and "ridiculous" by Spitzer and his allies.[63]

During 2009, Suffolk County legislature Majority Leader Jon Cooper seriously considered running against Gillibrand,[64] but at the end of the year he opted out of running and endorsed Gillibrand instead.[65]

Labor activist and 2006 Senate challenger Jonathan Tasini announced his candidacy as a Democratic opponent to Gillibrand in late 2009.[66] Thereafter, however, he withdrew from the race, choosing instead to mount a primary challenge to Congressman Charles Rangel.

In January 2010, The New York Times reported that former congressman Harold Ford Jr. of Tennessee was considering a primary challenge against Senator Kirsten Gillibrand. Ford moved to New York City after his unsuccessful senate run in Tennessee and was working as a vice-president of Merrill Lynch. He was reportedly backed by several high-profile Democrats, prominent Democratic donors and Wall Street executives who were dissatisfied with Senator Gillibrand.[67] The New York Times originally reported that New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg might support Ford in a primary challenge. They later reported however, that Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid called Mayor Bloomberg to discuss the possibility of Bloomberg backing Ford but they reported that he assured the Majority Leader "that he was not personally involved in the effort to promote a Ford candidacy." Senator Schumer reportedly met with Ford to try and dissuade him from challenging Gillibrand but said the meeting had been planned months in advance.[68] Ford had already drawn fire from liberal advocacy groups and Gillibrand supporters who criticized Ford as being too conservative for the state, citing his anti-abortion stance, support for gun rights, and his previous opposition to same-sex marriage and pro-business stance.[68][69] Ford sought to portray himself as an independent voice for New Yorkers saying that he wouldn't be "intimidated or bullied" by "Albany and Washington." Gillibrand's allies sought to portray Ford as opportunistic and out-of-step with New York Democratic voters, citing his conservative record as a Representative of a southern state in Congress. Gillibrand's camp denied intimidation efforts against Ford, saying that Gillibrands supporters "aren't bullying, they're informing New Yorkers." .[68][70]

The tussle was enough to bring renewed attempts to lure Congressman Steve Israel into reconsidering a race to represent liberal interests, but his spokesperson said, "The congressman appreciates the encouragement he's received to reconsider his decision regarding the U.S. Senate race in New York. That said, it's hard to imagine a scenario in which he'd re-enter the race."[71] On March 1, Ford indicated that he would not in fact run.[72] On July 14, 2010, New York City attorney Gail Goode delivered 45,000 petitions to the state Board of Elections in order to qualify for a slot on the Democratic line in the September 14 primary against Gillibrand.[73]

Candidates

[edit]

Disqualified[74]

Withdrew

Declined

Hypothetical Polling

[edit]
Poll Source Dates Administered Caroline Kennedy Andrew Cuomo Steve Israel Thomas Suozzi Carolyn Maloney Kirsten Gillibrand
Public Policy Polling[79] January 3–4, 2009 27% 58% –– –– –– ––
Quinnipiac[80] January 8–12, 2009 24% 31% 2% –– 6% 5%
Marist[81] January 12–14, 2009 25% 40% 5% 6% 5% 3%
Research 2000[82] 31% 26% 2% –– –– ––

Polling

[edit]
Poll Source Dates administered Kirsten Gillibrand Carolyn McCarthy Carolyn Maloney Bill Thompson Harold Ford Jr. Eliot Spitzer Jonathan Tasini Undecided
Quinnipiac[83] February 10–15, 2009 24% 34% –– –– –– –– –– ––
Marist Poll[84] February 25–26, 2009 36% 33% –– –– –– –– –– ––
Qunnipiac[85] April 1–5, 2009 29% 33% –– –– –– –– –– ––
Politico[86] June 9, 2009 25% –– 49% –– –– –– –– ––
32% – 34% –– –– –– –– ––
Qunnipiac[87] June 24, 2009 23% –– 27% –– –– –– 4% 44%
Marist Poll[88] July 1, 2009 37% –– 38% –– –– –– –– 25%
Rasmussen Reports[89] July 14, 2009 27% –– 33% –– –– –– –– 30%
Marist Poll[90] September 17, 2009 57% –– –– –– –– 29% –– 14%
Quinnipiac[91] December 7–13, 2009 28% –– –– 41% –– –– –– 28%
Marist Poll[92] January 15, 2010 43% –– –– –– 24% –– –– 33%
Siena Poll[93] January 10–14, 2010 41% –– –– –– 17% –– 5% 37%
Rasmussen Reports[89] January 18, 2010 48% –– –– –– 23% –– –– 18%
Marist Poll[94] January 25–27, 2010 44% –– –– –– 27% –– 4% 25%

Results

[edit]
Democratic Primary results[95]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Kirsten Gillibrand (Incumbent) 464,512 76.1%
Democratic Gail Goode 145,491 23.9%
Total votes 610,003 100.00%

Republican primary

[edit]

The Republican primary election was held on September 14, 2010.[42]

Background

[edit]

Congressman Peter T. King made his likely candidacy clear in December 2008,[96] partly to mention that he was not challenging former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani as the latter was not in the running and partly to counter the wave of publicity for Caroline Kennedy.[97] By January 2009, King was still deliberating over whether he would run, with the main factor being whether he could raise the estimated millions he would need.[33] National Republican Senatorial Committee Chair John Cornyn was said to support King,[33] which could keep other Republican contenders out of play. However, Cornyn reportedly met with former Governor George Pataki to discuss his potential candidacy,[98] which other Republicans were advocating.[99] In June 2009, due to an appointment to the House Intelligence Committee, King said he was much less likely to run.[100] As August 2009 closed, King announced officially that he would not run, saying: "Senator Gillibrand generates neither strong support nor opposition. This makes it virtually impossible for me to raise the campaign funds I would need to overcome the built-in Democratic registration advantage and the countless millions of dollars which the Democrats will make available to Senator Gillibrand."[101] In September 2009, Giuliani reiterated that he had no interest at all in running for the Senate seat,[102] though, much like Andrew Cuomo's anticipated desire to run for governor, it did not stop speculation that Giuliani might change his mind, and by October 2009, speculation continued that Giuliani would run for the Senate seat, particularly if Cuomo ran for governor.[103] On November 19, 2009, the New York Daily News reported Giuliani would not run for governor, and in fact would run for the Senate to fill out the last two years of the Clinton term, then use that as a springboard for another presidential run.[104][105] However, a Giuliani spokesperson quickly dismissed the notion that any such plan was in place, saying "When Mayor Giuliani makes a decision about serving in public office, he will inform New Yorkers on his own."[106] On November 26, 2009, Mayor of Larchmont Liz Feld said she's considering running for the seat.[107]

In January 2010, Congressman Peter T. King said he was reconsidering running for the seat.[108] Real estate magnate and publisher Mort Zuckerman was seriously considering a bid by February 2010.[109] Nominally a Democrat, Zuckerman was more likely to run as a Republican or independent in order to avoid an expensive primary fight.[109] But in early March, he indicated he would not run, saying he had not the time to do it.[110] In April 2010, despite a Quinnipiac University Polling Institute result placing him five points ahead of Gillibrand in a potential matchup, Pataki removed himself from consideration.[111] The former governor instead said he would instead run an organization dedicating itself to repealing the Affordable Care Act.[111]

Bruce Blakeman, a former Nassau County legislator and losing candidate in the New York Comptroller election, 1998, was the first to enter the race, doing so in February 2010. On March 16, 2010, former U.S. Representative Joe DioGuardi announced his entrance into the race,[112] followed shortly by economist David Malpass. Blakeman and Malpass gained the requisite 25% of delegate votes at the state Republican convention in June 2010, with Blakeman gaining the majority of delegate votes to be the designated nominee; DioGuardi did not, despite leading in primary polls and having the Conservative Party endorsement. DioGuardi filed over 25,000 petitions to get onto the primary ballot and was eligible to compete against Blakeman and Malpass in the Republican primary.[113]

Each candidate had an additional ballot line to run on regardless of whether they won the Republican primary; DioGuardi was backed by the Conservative Party of New York State, Malpass by Carl Paladino's Taxpayers Party of New York, and Blakeman by the Nassau County-based Tax Revolt Party. Malpass cleared the Taxpayers line after the primary loss and ceded it to DioGuardi, but Blakeman remained on the general election ballot as the TRP candidate.[114]

Candidates

[edit]

Declined

Polling

[edit]
Poll Source Dates Administered Bruce Blakeman Joe DioGuardi David Malpass Undecided
Siena College[127] May 17–20, 2010 8% 15% 4% 74%
Siena College[127] June 7–9, 2010 7% 21% 3% 69%
Siena College July 2010 7% 25% 5% 63%
Quinnipiac[128] July 20–26, 2010 19% –– 12% 62%

Results

[edit]
Results by county:
  DioGuardi
  •   30–40%
  •   40–50%
  •   50–60%
  Malpass
  •   30–40%
  •   40–50%
Republican Primary results[95]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Joe DioGuardi 185,483 41.8%
Republican David Malpass 167,151 37.7%
Republican Bruce Blakeman 91,312 20.5%
Total votes 443,946 100.0%

General election

[edit]

Candidates

[edit]

Major

[edit]

Minor

[edit]

Campaign

[edit]

Gillibrand claimed to be an independent thinker and takes a back seat to no one. She also released television advertising touting her experience as from upstate New York.[129] DioGuardi criticized Gillibrand's recent photos in Vogue magazine.[130][131]

Debates

[edit]

Predictions

[edit]
Source Ranking As of
Cook Political Report[134] Solid D October 31, 2010
Rothenberg[135] Safe D October 28, 2010
RealClearPolitics[136] Likely D October 31, 2010
Sabato's Crystal Ball[137] Safe D October 28, 2010
CQ Politics[138] Safe D October 31, 2010

Polling

[edit]
Poll source Dates administered Joe DioGuardi (R) Kirsten Gillibrand (D)
Marist Poll[139] March 29, 2010 27% 54%
Rasmussen Reports[140] May 12, 2010 38% 51%
Marist Poll[139] June 9, 2010 29% 47%
Rasmussen Reports[141] June 16, 2010 38% 49%
Marist Poll[139] July 12, 2010 29% 51%
Rasmussen Reports[141] August 3, 2010 33% 50%
Rasmussen Reports[142] September 1, 2010 31% 51%
Rasmussen Reports[143] September 16, 2010 39% 49%
Quinnipiac[144] September 16–20, 2010 42% 48%
Survey USA[145] September 20–21, 2010 44% 45%
Marist Poll[139] September 19–22, 2010 41% 52%
Public Policy Polling[146] October 6, 2010 40% 50%
CNN/Time[147] October 1–5, 2010 41% 55%
Quinnipiac[144] October 8, 2010 34% 55%
Survey USA[148] October 13, 2010 44% 55%
New York Times[149] October 15–18, 2010 19% 65%
Rasmussen Reports[150] October 18, 2010 33% 54%
Siena Poll[151] October 21, 2010 31% 60%
Angus Reid Public Opinion[152] October 28–29, 2010 38% 59%
SurveyUSA[153] October 25–28, 2010 36% 56%
Siena College[154] October 27–30, 2010 37% 57%

Fundraising

[edit]
Candidate (Party) Receipts Disbursements Cash On Hand Debt
Kirsten Gillibrand (D) $12,900,217 $11,147,100 $1,955,216 $0
Joe DioGuardi (R) $2,969,087 $2,694,853 $274,504 $500,000
Source: Federal Election Commission[155]

Results

[edit]
United States Senate special election in New York, 2010[156][157][158]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Kirsten Gillibrand 2,478,163 55.00%
Working Families Kirsten Gillibrand 182,624 4.05%
Independence Kirsten Gillibrand 175,574 3.90%
Total Kirsten Gillibrand (incumbent) 2,836,361 62.95% −4.05
Republican Joe DioGuardi 1,337,514 29.69%
Conservative Joe DioGuardi 244,320 5.42%
Total Joe DioGuardi 1,581,834 35.11% +4.11
Green Cecile A. Lawrence 35,497 0.79% +0.41
Libertarian John Clifton 18,407 0.41% −0.12
Rent Is Too Damn High Joseph Huff 17,021 0.38% N/A
Anti-Prohibition Vivia Morgan 11,773 0.26% N/A
Tax Revolt Bruce Blakeman 4,522 0.10% N/A
Total votes 4,505,415 100.0%
Democratic hold

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

[edit]

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
  • Paterson, David (2020). Black, Blind, & in Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity. New York: Skyhorse Publishing

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ In January 2009, Gillibrand was appointed by Governor David Paterson to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Senator Hillary Clinton, who had appointed U.S. Secretary of State.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ AP, "Democratic Sens. Charles Schumer, Kirsten Gillibrand win N.Y. election: Both Democrats defeated underfunded, largely unknown Republicans. Charles Schumer won a third term while Kirsten Gillibrand will hold the seat she was appointed to last year." November 3, 2010. Found at Los Angeles Times website. Accessed November 3, 2010.
  2. ^ Erie County Board of Elections website page on 2010 Offices to be Elected . Retrieved March 29, 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Berger, Judson (December 16, 2008). "Paterson's Future Could Factor Into Choice for Clinton Successor". Fox News.
  4. ^ a b c d e Pickert, Kate (December 9, 2008). "The Other Senate Vacancy: Who Will Replace Hillary?". Time. Archived from the original on December 12, 2008.
  5. ^ Berger, Judson (December 1, 2008). "Bill Clinton mentioned for wife's Senate seat". CNN.
  6. ^ "Who could be Clinton's Senate replacement? | NBC-WKTV News Channel 2 – Utica News, Weather, Sports – | Local News". Wktv.com. December 1, 2008. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
  7. ^ Tapper, Christina (December 9, 2008). "Can You Say, 'Senator Drescher'?". People.
  8. ^ a b c d Richberg, Keith B. (December 2, 2008). "A Rush for Clinton's Senate Seat". The Washington Post.
  9. ^ a b Ambinder, Marc (November 21, 2008). "Clinton move starts more Senate jockeying". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008.
  10. ^ a b Thrush, Glenn (December 1, 2008). "Lowey withdraws from race to replace Clinton". The Politico.
  11. ^ Miller, Rick. Clerk Griffith suggests Lundine for Senate. Olean Times Herald. January 8, 2009.
  12. ^ Confessore, Nicholas; Halbfinger, David M. (December 28, 2008). "As a Candidate, Kennedy Is Forceful but Elusive". The New York Times. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
  13. ^ Amy Goodwin (Director) (December 23, 2008). "Rep. Jerrold Nadler (D-NY) Calls for Independent Counsel to Investigate Cheney and Rumsfeld for Violating Torture Laws (Interview)". Democracy Now!. Retrieved December 25, 2008.
  14. ^ a b c Hakim and Confessore (January 8, 2009). "Seeking Clinton's Seat, Would-Be Senators Provide Exhaustive Background Details". The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
  15. ^ "Thomas Suozzi: Hillary Clinton's Senate Replacement?". The Huffington Post. November 25, 2008.
  16. ^ a b "Velazquez Bows Out". New York Daily News. December 12, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
  17. ^ a b Confessore, Nicholas & Hakim, Danny (January 22, 2009). "Kennedy Withdraws Senate Bid". The New York Times. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
  18. ^ a b Confessore, Nicholas (December 15, 2008). "Caroline Kennedy Is Seeking Seat Held by Clinton". The New York Times.
  19. ^ a b Smith, Ben (December 16, 2008). "Clinton chides supporters on Kennedy". The Politico.
  20. ^ Sargent, Greg (December 16, 2008). "Hillary Spokesperson: She Won't Say Anything About Her Successor". Talking Points Memo. Archived from the original on December 17, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
  21. ^ Smith, Ben (December 16, 2008). "Kennedy's first endorsement". Politico. Retrieved December 16, 2008.
  22. ^ a b Einhorn, Erin; Saltonstall, David (December 19, 2008). "Records show Caroline Kennedy failed to cast her vote many times since 1988". New York Daily News. Retrieved December 19, 2008.
  23. ^ "Another Senator Kennedy?". New York: WABC-TV. Associated Press. December 5, 2008. Archived from the original on January 29, 2009. Retrieved December 5, 2008.
  24. ^ a b Salstonstall, David (December 17, 2008). "We know Caroline Kennedy's name, but not her views on the issues". New York Daily News. Retrieved December 20, 2008.
  25. ^ "Kennedy for the Senate". New York Post. December 16, 2008. Archived from the original on March 21, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
  26. ^ Halbfinger, David (December 22, 2008). "Kennedy Declines to Make Financial Disclosure". The New York Times. Retrieved December 23, 2008.
  27. ^ Neumeister, Larry (December 26, 2008). "Kennedy says 9/11, Obama led her to public service". Fox News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 31, 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
  28. ^ Confessore, Nicholas (December 23, 2008). "Resistance to Kennedy Grows Among Democrats". The New York Times. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
  29. ^ Smith, Ben (December 26, 2008). "More Caroline: Spoke to Hillary, won't run if not selected". Politico.com. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
  30. ^ Not Ready for SNL: Caroline Kennedy's 168 'you knows.', Wall St. Journal, December 29, 2008
  31. ^ a b c "Bill Clinton A Possible N.Y. Senate 'Caretaker?'". Associated Press, WCBS-TV. January 1, 2009. Archived from the original on January 1, 2009. Retrieved January 2, 2009.
  32. ^ Blain, G. & Lovett, K. (January 2, 2009). "Paterson: No 'caretaker' for Hillary Clinton's Senate seat". New York Daily News. Retrieved January 2, 2009.
  33. ^ a b c Kraushaar, Josh (January 5, 2009). "NRSC chair encourages King candidacy". The Politico. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
  34. ^ "Kennedy Fades As New Yorkers Back Cuomo For Senate, Quinnipiac University Poll Finds; More Voters Don't Think Kennedy Is Qualified". Quinnipiac University. January 14, 2009. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
  35. ^ Smith, Ben (January 16, 2009). "Paterson will choose 'right after inauguration'". The Politico. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
  36. ^ "Caroline Kennedy withdraws Senate bid". NBC News. January 22, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2009.
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