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Tropical cyclones in India

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Cyclone Amphan, the costliest cyclone ever recorded in the North Indian Ocean, at peak intensity over the Bay of Bengal.
1999 Odisha cyclone on 29 October at its record peak intensity, as it made landfall on Odisha

India is a country in the north of Indian Ocean that is the most vulnerable to getting hit by tropical cyclones in the basin, from the east or from the west. On average, 2–3 tropical cyclones make landfall in India each year, with about one being a severe tropical cyclone or greater.[1]

Background

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India is a country in South Asia that is bounded by the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal, while it shares land borders with Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan. India is also located within the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar and Indonesia. On average around 2 to 4 tropical cyclones impact India every year, while most of these tropical cyclones impact the east coast of Indian states of West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.

From the 1960s to the mid-2000s, 65% of global tropical cyclone fatalities were located in the Bay of Bengal.[2]

The West Coast of India is less prone to cyclones with one cyclone out of 2 to 4 hits the west coast with majority of them attacking the state of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka and Kerala.[1][3]

The Four Stage Warning

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The IMD issues warnings in four stages for the Indian coast.[4]

Stages Warning Meaning
Stage 1 Cyclone Watch Issued 72 hours in advance, it discusses the likelihood of development of a cyclonic disturbance in the north Indian Ocean and the coastal region likely to experience adverse weather.
Stage 2 Cyclone Alert Issued 48 hours in advance of the commencement of adverse weather over the coastal areas.
Stage 3 Cyclone Warning Issued 24 hours in advance of the commencement of adverse weather over the coastal areas. The location of landfall is discussed at this stage.
Stage 4 Landfall Outlook Issued 12 hours in advance of the commencement of adverse weather over the coastal areas. The track of the cyclone after the landfall and the possible impact inland is discussed at this stage.

List of tropical cyclones by year

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Note that records before 1960 are largely unreliable and storms that stayed at sea were often only reported by ship reports.

1860s

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Main article: Pre-1890 North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons
Main article: 1864 Calcutta cyclone
The 1864 Calcutta Cyclone

A powerful cyclone hit Calcutta, India on 5 October 1864, killing an estimated 60,000 people.[5]

November 1867 Great Calcutta cyclone

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The anemometer in the city was blown away during the cyclone. A lack of storm surge minimized the overall damage from this system.[6]

1880s

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June 1885 Aden cyclone

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A cyclone had formed near the Laccadive Islands on May 24, 555 kilometres (345 mi) west of southern India. The SS Mergui encountered the cyclone off the Horn of Africa, 400 kilometres (250 mi) east of Socotra on June 1 and reported it stronger than the tropical cyclone which struck Calcutta in 1864. Just before midnight on the night of June 1, the Diomed reported winds of hurricane force and a pressure of 984 millibars (29.1 inHg). The ship Peshawar reported a westerly hurricane at the east end of the Gulf of Aden towards midnight on the night of June 2. At noon on June 3, the Tantallon reported a pressure of 943 millibars (27.8 inHg) near 12.5N 45.5E. On June 3, the German corvette Augusta, the French dispatch boat Renard, and the British ship SS Speke Hall were lost in the storm in the Gulf of Aden. The system continued westward and shrank in scale as it moved into the entrance of the Red Sea, crossing the coast of Djibouti. It became the first North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone in recorded history to transit the gulf of Aden with fully hurricane intensity and held the record of westernmost landfalling North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone ever and also the only recorded tropical cyclone to make landfall in the nation of Djibouti.[7]

1885 Odisha cyclone

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An intense cyclone struck Odisha.[8] It may killed many lives however there was no evidence of this during those era.

1888 Gujarat Cyclone

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In November a violent cyclonic storm with hurricane-force winds strikes Gujarat causing a ship to sink. Around 1,300 people are killed during the storm.[citation needed]

1891 Siam Cyclone has formed in Philippine Sea as depression and made landfall on Philippines. And continue to its path, developed to Tropical Storm before entered Gulf Of Thailand. As it entered, it became typhoon and strengthening into Category-5 Status Tropical Cyclone. It made landfall on Thailand and then toward to Port Blair as Category-5 Tropical Cyclone. Siam Cyclone had weakening into Category-3 Status before made landfall at Northern India.

1900s

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1902

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  • In May 1902, a cyclonic storm struck the coast in the vicinity of Karachi.[9]

1907

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  • In June 1907, a tropical storm struck the coast near Karachi.[10]

1910s

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1910s

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1920s

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1928

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1928 North Indian Ocean cyclone season summary
  • December 31, 1927 – January 5, 1928 – A depression existed over the southern Bay of Bengal.[12]
  • February 29 – March 6, 1928 – A depression existed over the northeaster Arabian Sea.[12]
  • March 24–28, 1928 – A cyclonic storm existed over the southern Bay of Bengal.[12]

1929

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There are 15 depressions and 6 cyclonic storms.[13]

1930s

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  • May 2–7, 1930 – A cyclonic storm existed over the southern Bay of Bengal.[14]
  • May 10–13, 1930 – A cyclonic storm existed over the northern Bay of Bengal.[14]
  • June 14–16, 1930 – A shallow depression existed over the northeastern Bay of Bengal.[14]
  • June 20–23, 1930 – A depression existed over the southeastern Arabian Sea.[14]
  • June 27–30, 1930 – A cyclonic storm existed over the eastern Arabian Sea.[14]
  • June 28 – July 1, 1930 – A cyclonic storm existed over the eastern Bay of Bengal.[14]
  • July 8–10, 1930 – A shallow depression existed over the northern Bay of Bengal.[14]
  • July 11–13, 1930 – A cyclonic storm existed over the northern Bay of Bengal.[14]
  • July 21–24, 1930 – A depression existed over the northern Bay of Bengal.[14]
  • September 6–8, 1930 – A depression existed over the Andaman Sea.[14]

1936

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Main article: 1936 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

1940s

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  • May 17–25, 1940 – A severe cyclonic storm existed over the Bay of Bengal.[15]
  • June 23–27, 1940 – A cyclonic storm existed over the Bay of Bengal.[15]
  • June 29 – July 5, 1940 – A severe cyclonic storm existed over the Bay of Bengal.[15]
  • July 6–11, 1940 – A severe cyclonic storm existed over the Bay of Bengal.[15]
  • August 1–11, 1940 – A cyclonic storm existed over the Bay of Bengal.[15]
  • August 11–16, 1940 – A depression existed over the Bay of Bengal.[15]
  • August 18–26, 1940 – A depression existed over the Bay of Bengal.[15]
  • August 26 – September 1, 1940 – A depression existed over the Bay of Bengal.[15]
  • September 14–24, 1940 – A depression existed over the Bay of Bengal.[15]
  • September 17–21, 1940 – A depression existed over the Bay of Bengal.[15]
  • October 9–20, 1940 – A severe cyclonic storm existed over the Arabian Sea.[15]
  • October 19–22, 1940 – A severe cyclonic storm existed over the Bay of Bengal.[15]
  • November 3–13, 1940 – A severe cyclonic storm existed over the Arabian Sea.[15]
  • November 11–18, 1940 – A depression existed over the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.[15]
  • November 14–24, 1940 – A cyclonic storm existed over the Bay of Bengal.[15]
  • December 19–30, 1940 – A depression existed over the Bay of Bengal.[15]

November 1940 Mumbai Cyclone

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In November 1940, a severe cyclone struck Mumbai, with gusts reaching reached 121 km/h in Colaba. There were bodies floating in floodwaters, and the cyclone cost the city 25 lakh rupees.[16][17]

1950s

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season summary
  • April 8–13, 1950 – A deep depression existed over the Bay of Bengal.[18]
  • May 23–30, 1950 – A deep depression existed over the Bay of Bengal.[18]
  • June 8–12, 1950 – A cyclonic storm existed over the Bay of Bengal.[18]
  • June 23–28, 1950 – A depression existed over the Bay of Bengal.[18]
  • July 10–12, 1950 – A depression existed over the Bay of Bengal.[18]
  • July 11–15, 1950 – A depression existed over land.[18]
  • July 25–30, 1950 – A depression existed over the Bay of Bengal.[18]
  • August 3–7, 1950 – A depression existed over land.[18]
  • August 9–15, 1950 – A depression existed over the Bay of Bengal.[18]
  • September 1–5, 1950 – A depression existed over land.[18]
  • September 9–11, 1950 – A depression existed over the Bay of Bengal.[18]
  • September 12–19, 1950 – A cyclonic storm existed over the Bay of Bengal.[18]
  • September 22–24, 1950 – A depression existed over the Bay of Bengal.[18]
  • October 17–22, 1950 – A depression existed over the Bay of Bengal.[18]
  • November 16–20, 1950 – A cyclonic storm existed over the Bay of Bengal.[18]
  • December 2–6, 1950 – A cyclonic storm existed over the Bay of Bengal.[18]
  • In June 1956, a cyclone struck Midnapore and killed 480 people.

1960s

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1960

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Main article: 1960 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Ten

The season was above average with five cyclones forming and one making landfall over India.

1961

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Main article: 1961 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

The season was above average with five cyclones forming and three making landfall over India.

  • Severe Cyclonic Storm Four struck Southwestern India in May and did a considerable amount of damage.

1962

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Main article: 1962 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

The season includes four cyclones with one cyclone entering from the West Pacific Ocean making a total five cyclones.

1963

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Main article: 1963 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Two

The season was above average with seventeen depressions forming. Out of them, six cyclones formed with four making landfall in India. The season includes the first Super Cyclonic Storm to be recorded in the satellite era.

1964

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Main article: 1964 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Super Cyclonic Storm Sixteen

The season was above average with seven cyclones forming with three making landfall over India and one threatened the coast.

  • Super Cyclonic Storm Sixteen was the most powerful cyclone to strike Tamil Nadu and Ceylon. It also overturned a passenger train which killed 200 people on board.[19] It destroyed the town of Dhanushkodi because of a 25 ft (7.6 m) storm surge and after that, the Government of Madras said that it was 'unfit for human civilization' and declared as a ghost town.[20]

1965

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Main article: 1965 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
1965 Bangladesh Cyclone

This season includes three deadly back-to-back cyclones affected West Bengal and Bangladesh collectively in the months of May, June and November killing up to 50,000 people.

1966

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Main article: 1966 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
1966 Madras Cyclone

The season was above average with eight cyclones forming and six Intensifying further into severe cyclonic storms.

  • A cyclone struck Madras (now Chennai), India on November 3, killing over 50 people and leaving 800,000 people homeless.[21]

1967

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Main article: 1967 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclonic Storm Two

1968

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Main article: 1968 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
1968 Myanmar cyclone

1969

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Main article: 1969 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Ten

This season includes two back-to-back cyclones affecting Andhra Pradesh in the months of May and November killing 900 people collectively.

1970s

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1970

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Main article: 1970 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Thirteen

The season was above average with seven cyclones forming with two making landfall over India.

  • Cyclonic Storm Four made landfall over Odisha in the month of June and brought widespread rainfall over East and Central India. Many places received more than 10 cm of rainfall at a single day.
  • Cyclonic Storm Eight formed as a land depression in the month of September and skirted the whole nation before entering into the Arabian Sea and intensifying up to the stage of cyclonic storm. Many states which were located in the track received heavy rainfall up to 40 cm.
  • Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Twelve on its initial stages brought heavy rainfall over Tamil Nadu and made landfall at West Bengal in the month of November. Kolkata received gust winds as high as 120 kmph and Shillong received heavy rainfall up to 22 cm. Bangladesh suffered worst damage by the storm killing 290 people. Damages in India were unknown.
  • Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Thirteen was the deadliest tropical cyclone in tropical cyclone history. It made landfall in East Pakistan (now called Bangladesh) but also caused significant effect in West Bengal and heavy rainfall in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. This cyclone made landfall within few days after Cyclone Twelve attacked the same area and brought additional damages there.

1971

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Main article: 1971 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
1971 Odisha cyclone

This season was above average with seven cyclones forming and four making landfall over India.

  • Three cyclones hit back-to-back over the states of Odisha and West Bengal which brought considerable damages to livelihood and agricultural crops. 160 people were reported to be killed by the three storms.
  • 1971 Odisha cyclone hit the city of Paradip in the month of October and became deadly storm by killing 11,000 people. Whole state of Odisha has suffered damages due to gust winds up to 185 kmph.

1972

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Main article: 1972 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
1972 Tamil Nadu Cyclone

1973

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Main article: 1973 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Severe Cyclonic Storm Four

1974

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Main article: 1974 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
August 1974 Very Severe Cyclonic Storm

1975

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Main article: 1975 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Two

1976

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Main article: 1976 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclonic Storm Seven

1977

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Main article: 1977 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Super Cyclonic Storm 06B

The season was above average with six cyclones forming with three making landfall over India. The season includes a Super Cyclonic Storm which later became the most intense to make landfall at Andhra Pradesh. The season includes two simultaneous cyclones on either side of the North Indian Ocean basin (Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea) at a same time which became the first instance of such incident. The next time this would happen would be in 2018.

  • Cyclonic Storm 04B formed in the month of October and hit Kavali in Andhra Pradesh and brought considerable damages to the telegram services, agricultural crops and property. No deaths were reported there.
  • Very Severe Cyclonic Storm 05B hit Nagapattinam in Tamil Nadu in the month of November and brought catastrophic damages to the agricultural crops. Nearly 560 people and 23,000 cattle were reported to be died and 10,00,000 people were affected. It made another landfall over Karnataka which became the first and only recorded cyclone to make landfall at that state.
  • Super Cyclonic Storm 06B became one of the strongest cyclone to hit Andhra Pradesh since reliable records began in 1891. It hit Chirala on 22 November and became the deadliest cyclone worldwide for this year by killing 10,000 people and 5,00,000 cattle. Storm surge as high as 20 ft. hit the Diviseema Island at the time of landfall. It existed simultaneously with Very Severe Cyclonic Storm 04B at Arabian Sea which became the first simultaneous cyclones recorded in either side of Indian Ocean since records began and the next time to happen like this was on 2018.

1978

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Main article: 1978 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Super Cyclonic Storm 04B

The season was near normal with four cyclones forming and two making landfall over India. The season includes the powerful cyclone to hit Sri Lanka in the month of November and second year in a row to have a Super Cyclonic Storm.

1979

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Main article: 1979 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm 01B

The season was above average with six cyclones forming with two making landfall over India and one threatened the coast.

1980s

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1980

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Main article: 1980 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclonic Storm 04B

The season was near normal with four cyclones forming and one making landfall over India. All the cyclones remained weak in the season as no cyclones intensified further than Cyclonic Storm.

  • Cyclonic Storm 01B skirted Cape Comorin after making landfall over Sri Lanka. No damages and deaths were reported in India.
  • Cyclonic Storm 02B made landfall over Andhra Pradesh in the month of October. Damages were unknown.
  • Cyclonic Storm 04B threatened the coast of Tamil Nadu but well remained offshore. It produced heavy rainfall over there.

1981

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Main article: 1981 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Very Severe Cyclonic Storm 03B

The season was above average with five cyclones forming and four making landfall over India.

  • Two depressions hit the states of Odisha and West Bengal in the months of August and September and brought considerable damages to those states.
  • Very Severe Cyclonic Storm 01B made two landfalls over Tamilnadu and Gujarat in the month of November and brought considerable damages there.
  • Very Severe Cyclonic Storm 03B skirted the coasts of Odisha and West Bengal in the month of December before making landfall over Bangladesh. It was the latest storm to hit Bangladesh since reliable records began. 200 people were reported to be died in both the nations.

1982

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Main article: 1982 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm ARB 01

The season was above average with five cyclones forming with all of them making landfall over India.

1983

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Main article: 1983 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclonic Storm 02B

The season was below average with two cyclones forming and one making landfall over India. The season includes one basin crossover from the West Pacific Ocean named as Tropical Storm Kim as a Deep Depression but haven't intensified further in the basin.

1984

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Main article: 1984 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm 03B

The season was near normal with four cyclones forming and three making landfall over India. The season includes the first recorded cyclone to make landfall at Somalia and became the westernmost landfall of a North Indian Ocean cyclone until 2018 Cyclone Sagar.

1985

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Main article: 1985 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclonic Storm BOB 05

This season was an above average season with six cyclones forming and five of them making landfall in India.

  • Cyclonic Storm ARB 02 made landfall near Dwarka in Gujarat in the month of June with less damage and no deaths reported.
  • Cyclonic Storms BOB 03,05,06 made back-to-back landfall over Andhra Pradesh in the months of October, November and December. Damages and deaths were unknown.
  • Cyclonic Storm BOB 04 made landfall at Odisha in the month of October killing 38 people there. Storm surge as high as 2 metres hit the coast at the time of landfall which resulted the coastal villages to submerge in sea water for two days.

1986

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Main article: 1986 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclonic Storm 02B

The season was least active as only one cyclone forming from three systems. The one cyclone itself made landfall over India. It was the second least active in the North Indian Ocean basin next to 1993.

  • Cyclonic Storm 02B skirted the coasts of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha before making landfall near the border of India and Bangladesh in the month of November. Damages and deaths were not reported in the nation.

1987

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Main article: 1987 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Very Severe Cyclonic Storm One

The season was above average with five cyclones forming and includes two unofficial storm monitored by the JTWC making a total seven cyclones. Four of them made landfall over India.

  • Cyclonic Storm 04B and Severe Cyclonic Storm 06B made back-to-back landfall over the state of Andhra Pradesh in the months of October and November bringing moderate damages over there.
  • Severe Cyclonic Storm 05B brought worst damage to the state of Andhra Pradesh which was already affected by the Cyclonic Storm 04B a fortnight ago, killing 50 people and 26,000 cattle.
  • Cyclonic Storm 07A made landfall twice over the nation. Once near Tondi as a weak depression and next near Murud-Janjira as a tropical storm. Damages were reported to be minimal.

1988

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Main article: 1988 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Four

The season was below average with three cyclones forming with one making landfall over India.

1989

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Main article: 1989 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclone Gay

The season was below average with two cyclones forming and includes one cyclone entering the basin from the West Pacific Ocean making a total three cyclones. Out of them, all made landfall over India. It was the first time to have a Super Cyclonic Storm since 1977 and it was first in a row to have a Super Cyclonic Storm.

  • Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 01 made landfall over Odisha in the month of May and brought heavy rainfall over there killing 70 people. Its effects were felt as far as Nepal.
  • Cyclonic Storm BOB 05 made landfall over Visakhapatnam in the month of October which became the deadly storm killing near 600 people in flooding over various areas of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra and Karnataka. Its remnants tracked until the Arabian Sea and maintained its circulation without any regeneration there.
  • Super Cyclonic Storm Gay entered the basin from the West Pacific Ocean which became the strongest Indo-Pacific basin crossover since reliable records began in 1891 as a Category 2 equivalent cyclone. Already brought deadly and catastrophic damages to Thailand as a Category 3 Typhoon. It brought hurricane-force winds over Andaman and Nicobar islands for the first time. The next time to have hurricane-force winds over the islands were in 2013 by Cyclone Lehar. In its existence over Bay of Bengal, it intensified further to a Super Cyclonic Storm and Category 5 equivalent cyclone. Soon it made landfall over Kavali in Andhra Pradesh in its immense strength and its remnants tracked till the coast of Gujarat. But land interaction made the storm to get dissipated by that time. 65 people were killed in India associated with the storm.

1990s

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1990

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Main article: 1990 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Super Cyclonic Storm BOB 01

The season was below average with two cyclones forming and one making landfall over India. The season includes one Super Cyclonic Storm which was the second consecutive season with this type of storm.

  • Super Cyclonic Storm BOB 01 formed on 4 May 1990. It made landfall at the equivalent to a Category 3 tropical cyclone on Andhra Pradesh on May 9. As it moved inland it weakened and dissipated on May 10. The cyclone killed 967 people and caused $600 million (1990 USD) in damages. It was the worst storm to hit South India in pre-monsoon season until Cyclone Laila in 2010.
  • Deep Depression BOB 07 formed over southern Bay of Bengal, moved northwestward and made landfall on southern Odisha on November 3. The system caused $110 million in damage and 250 deaths.

1991

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Main article: 1991 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclonic Storm BOB 08

The season was below average with three cyclones forming with one unofficial storm monitored by the JTWC making a total four cyclones but only one makes landfall over India. It was the third and final consecutive season to have a Super Cyclonic Storm.

  • Depression BOB 04 formed on August 21. It made landfall on the same day on the state of Odisha and managed to keep its intensity until dissipating on August 26.
  • Depression BOB 05 formed in the Bay of Bengal on September 21. It struck Andhra Pradesh and dissipated the next day.
  • Depression BOB 07 formed in the Bay of Bengal on October 28. It made landfall on Tamil Nadu and dissipated on October 30.
  • Cyclonic Storm BOB 08 formed on November 9. It hit the state of Tamil Nadu on November 15, and dissipated the next day. The cyclone killed 40 people from flooding. 48 cm of rain fell in Karaikal.

1992

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Main article: 1992 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 07

The season was above average with seven cyclones forming and only one making landfall over India. It was earlier one of the most active North Indian Ocean cyclone season on record but at present tied with 2018 and 2019 seasons as most active ever.

  • Deep Depression BOB 02 formed on June 17 and made landfall on Odisha later that day. The storm killed 41 people.
  • Deep Depression BOB 03 formed on July 24, a rare date for a cyclone to form. It made landfall on July 26. It later dissipated inland.
  • Deep Depression BOB 04 formed on October 6. It moved westward and hit India at that intensity and dissipated on the 9th. Overall, it killed 98 people.
  • Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 07 entered the basin on November 8. After landfall on Sri Lanka, it intensified into a severe cyclonic storm. It finally made landfall as a tropical storm on India on the 17th. The cyclone killed at least 263 people and caused $69 million (1992 USD) in damages.

1993

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Main article: 1993 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 02

The season was below average with only two cyclones forming with both of them making landfall over India. The season was least active in the whole North Indian Ocean basin because in overall only four systems formed.

  • Very Severe Cyclonic Storm ARB 01/02 formed as a depression southwest of India on November 8. As a depression, it made landfall on southwestern India and moved northwestward, intensifying into a Very Severe Cyclonic Storm. It dissipated near northwest India. Its landfall as a depression caused 35 deaths.
  • Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 02 formed on the Bay of Bengal on December 1. The system gradually moved towards southeast India, making landfall as an Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm (Category 1 Cyclone) on December 4. It dissipated on the same day. The system caused $216 million (1993 USD) in damages and killed 70 people.

1994

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Main article: 1994 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 03

The season was near normal with four cyclones forming and one making landfall over India.

  • Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 03 formed on October 29. The next day, the IMD upgraded the storm to a severe cyclonic storm. Early on October 31, the system made landfall near Chennai in southwestern India. It dissipated the same day. The storm killed 304 people and caused $115 million (1994 USD) in damage.

1995

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Main article: 1995 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
BOB 06 at its peak intensity

The season was near normal with four cyclones forming and two making landfall over India.

  • Cyclonic Storm BOB 05 made landfall in West Bengal in the month of October and brought heavy rainfall over there. 50 cm of rainfall fell in Malda associated with the storm.
  • Very Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 06 made landfall close to the border of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha and brought widespread rainfall there. 73 people were reported to be killed by the storm and its remnants led to the deadly snow storm and avalanche in Nepal killing 200 people making a total 290 deaths. The damages from the storm were $40 million.

1996

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Main article: 1996 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Very Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 05

The season was above average with five cyclones forming along with one cyclone monitored by the JTWC making a total six cyclones with five of them making landfall over India.

  • Cyclonic Storm BOB 02 formed at a very rare location for the month of June at Southeast Bay of Bengal. It skirted the coasts of Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh up to 45 km from Nellore and made landfall at Visakhapatnam. Chennai recorded its highest June rainfall of 35 cms. in a single day. Total 120 deaths were reported in India due to the storm.
  • Severe Cyclonic Storm ARB 01 made landfall at Gujarat in the month of June and brought considerable damages over there. 48 people were reported to be died due to the storm.
  • Severe Cyclonic Storm ARB 02 tracked a rarest path in the North Indian Ocean on record. Making its first landfall near Sriharikota as a well-marked low pressure area and then intensifying further on reaching the Arabian Sea to become a Severe Cyclonic Storm making a loop off the coast of Gujarat and then moving towards Somalia in southwest direction. It caused worst damages to Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh as a low killing 388 people.
  • Very Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 05 made landfall at Kakinada in the month of November as a Category 4 equivalent tropical cyclone with windspeed of 215 kmph. It brought catastrophic damages to the state killing 1077 people which became deadliest cyclone for the year worldwide. It was the worst storm for the state since 1990 Andhra Pradesh cyclone.
  • Very Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 06 made a rare and long four-day loop in the ocean before making landfall over Tamil Nadu in the month of December. 7 people were killed due to the storm and damage was less than expected.

1997

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Main article: 1997 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
BOB 07 near Odisha Coast

The season was below average with two cyclones forming and includes Tropical Storm Linda which entered the basin from the West Pacific Ocean and an unofficial storm monitored by the JTWC making a total four cyclones. But not even a single cyclone made landfall over India despite the season is in El Nino . But one threatened the coast.

  • Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 07 skirted the coasts of Odisha and West Bengal before making landfall over Bangladesh. Its outer bands brought rainfall in India. Damages to India was relatively less.

1998

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Main article: 1998 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm ARB 02

The season was above average with six cyclones forming and three making landfall over India and one threatened the coast.

  • Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 01 strengthened into a Tropical Cyclone in May 18. The storm made landfall as a 80 mph Severe Cyclonic Storm. The storm killed 35 people and 504 people were missing in the nation of Bangladesh. It brought heavy rainfall over Northeast India.[22][23][24]
  • Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm ARB 02 strengthened into the equivalent of a major hurricane with winds reaching 195 km/h (115 mph) on 9 June before making landfall near Porbandar in the Indian state of Gujarat[25] between 01:00 and 02:00 UTC.[26] 1173 died from the storm and 1774 were reported missing. It was the worst storm to hit Gujarat since 1982.
  • Cyclonic Storm ARB 05 brought considerable rainfall over Gujarat. Damage was less expected as it was already affected by Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm ARB 02. But 250 fishermen were reported to be missing by the storm.
  • Deep Depression BOB 03 made landfall in Narsapur, Andhra Pradesh. It brought torrential rainfall for the region, causing 101 fatalities.[27]
  • Very Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 05 made landfall between Kakinada and Visakhapatnam in the month of November and brought damages to agricultural crops. 6 people were killed in Andhra Pradesh.
  • Very Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 06 skirted the coasts of Odisha and West Bengal before making landfall over Bangladesh. But most of the damages were in Bangladesh and only brought little rainfall to India.

1999

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Main article: 1999 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Super Cyclonic Storm BOB 06
Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm ARB 01

The season was near normal with four cyclones forming and two making landfall over India. The season includes the most intense cyclone ever recorded in North Indian Ocean basin on record.

  • Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm ARB 01 affected India along with Pakistan. The maximum wind intensity of the storm was 195 km/h (120 mph) and the minimum pressure was 946 hPa (27.94 inHg).[28]
  • Tropical Storm 03B had affected eastern India and its damage and death report is unknown. It was unofficially monitored by JTWC.
  • Deep Depression BOB 02 was formed on June 17 and made landfall in Berhampur, however it was considered as a monsoonal depression by IMD.
  • Deep Depression BOB 03 was formed on July 27 which was weak depression with minimal damage.
  • Depression BOB 04 was formed on August 6 which made landfall in the state of Odisha.
  • Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 05 and the Super Cyclonic Storm BOB 06 made back-to-back over Odisha in the month of October killing more than 15,000 people. The latter one remains the most powerful cyclone to form in overall North Indian Ocean basin on record with windspeed of 260 km/h (160 mph) and 912 hPa (26.93 inHg).

2000s

[edit]

2000

[edit]
Main article: 2000 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 05

The season was above average with five cyclones forming with two Indian landfall and one threatening the coast of India.

2001

[edit]
Main article: 2001 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm ARB 01

The season was above average with four cyclones forming with one Tropical Storm Vamei entering from the West Pacific Ocean making a total of five cyclones. But only one makes landfall over India and another threatening the coast.

  • Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm ARB 01 formed in Arabian Sea on May 21 and impacted the Indian state of Gujarat as a weakening storm. Damage was minimal but nearly 1000 fishermens were feared to be lost in the storm.[29]
  • Cyclonic Storms ARB 02 and 03 brought considerable rainfall over Gujarat but damages were minimal.
  • Depression BOB 01 made landfall near Paradip on June 12. It dropped heavy rainfall on its path
  • Cyclonic Storm BOB 02 formed on October 14 in Bay of Bengal and made landfall near Nellore. While moving ashore, the storm dropped heavy rainfall in Andhra Pradesh and extending into Tamil Nadu, causing floods in some areas for the first time in 40 years. It also caused worst flooding over Kadapa by killing more than 100 people.
  • Depression BOB 03 also impacted East India. 150mm of rainfall was recorded in Paradip.

2002

[edit]
Main article: 2002 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 03

The season was near normal with four cyclones forming and one making landfall over India.

2003

[edit]
Main article: 2003 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
BOB 07 about to make landfall

The season was below normal with three cyclones forming with one making landfall over India. Another storm threatened the coast of India. It was the last season to have unnamed cyclones in the North Indian Ocean basin.

  • Very Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 01 brought little rainfall to the Andaman and Nicobar islands but worsened the condition of heatwave over South India. It resulted in a deadly heatwave outbreak killing 1500 people as it moved away from the Indian coast and hit Myanmar. Due to the heatwave, Chennai recorded its highest maximum temperature in record of 45 °C.
  • Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 07 attacked Diviseema in Andhra Pradesh in the month of December which brought widespread rainfall and agricultural crop damage. 85 people were killed due to the floods associated with the storm.

2004

[edit]
Main article: 2004 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclone Onil

The season was near normal with four cyclones forming and not even a single cyclone making landfall over India. But two cyclones threatened the coast of India. The season was the first instance when naming of storms over North Indian Ocean basin has begun with Cyclone Onil formed in the month of September.

  • Severe Cyclonic Storm ARB 01 brought heavy rainfall over Kerala, Karnataka and Goa which later became the first cyclone to directly threaten Kerala since records began in 1891. It also brought torrential rainfall over Lakshadweep Islands and killed 9 people. 230 cm of rainfall fell over the island of Amindivi which became second wettest storm in North Indian Ocean basin and 15th wettest storm worldwide on record.
  • Severe Cyclonic Storm Onil became the first named storm in the North Indian Ocean basin on record which formed in the month of September. It skirted the coast of Gujarat and brought considerable rainfall there. Nearly 900 fishermens were feared to have lost in the storm. It brought little damage to nearby Pakistan.

2005

[edit]
Main article: 2005 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclone Pyarr

The season was near normal with four cyclones forming and three making landfall over India. This season was the first instance when there were no cyclones intensified further than Cyclonic Storm. The other season to do so was 2012.

2006

[edit]
Main article: 2006 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclone Ogni

The season was below average with three cyclones forming but only one making landfall over India.

  • Deep depression BOB 02 affected eastern India and damage was unknown.[33]
  • Severe Cyclonic Storm Mukda looped off the coast of Gujarat in the month of September and brought considerable and beneficial rains.
  • Cyclonic Storm Ogni made a record in North Indian Ocean basin as smallest cyclone to ever record with 85 km in diameter. It hit Ongole in Andhra Pradesh on 29 October and made damage to the agricultural crops.

2007

[edit]
Main article: 2007 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

The season was near normal with four cyclones forming but the season has no Indian landfall. But depressions formed in this season were the deadliest. It saw the first Super Cyclonic Storm in the basin since 1999 and the first to ever record in the Arabian Sea. It was also the first time to have two category 5 equivalent cyclone in one minute mean in a single season.

2008

[edit]
Main article: 2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclone Nisha about to make landfall

The season was near normal with four cyclones forming and two making landfall over India.

2009

[edit]
Main article: 2009 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclone Aila

The season was near normal with four cyclones forming with two making landfall over India.

  • Cyclonic Storm Bijli skirted the coast of Odisha and West Bengal in the month of April which later became the ninth wettest tropical cyclone in India.[34]
  • Severe Cyclonic Storm Aila formed on May 23 and made landfall in the state of West Bengal on May 25. It caused 149 fatalities and more than 100,000 people left homeless and the damage cost was US$1 billion.[35] It was the worst cyclone after Cyclone Sidr.
  • Depression ARB 01 formed on June 23 and made landfall in the state of Gujarat. It killed nine people due to lightning.
  • Depression ARB 02 formed on June 25 and made landfall in the state of Gujarat. It caused heavy rainfall.
  • Deep Depression BOB 03 formed on July 20 and made landfall in Digha, West Bengal. It caused 43 fatalities in Odisha.[36]
  • Deep Depression BOB 04 formed on September 4 and made landfall in Digha. One person was reportedly drowned due to high sea current.
  • Cyclonic Storm Phyan formed on November 4 and made landfall in Pune in Maharashtra. It became the fifth wettest tropical cyclone in India.[37]

2010s

[edit]

2010

[edit]
Main article: 2010 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclone Laila

The season was above average with five cyclones forming with two Indian landfall. The above average activity was influenced by the La Nina.

2011

[edit]
Main article: 2011 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclone Thane

This season was below average with two cyclones forming with one making landfall over India.

2012

[edit]
Main article: 2012 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclone Nilam

This season had the latest start in the North Indian Ocean basin on record by first system forming on 12 October. It was the least active season since 1993 as only five systems formed and two cyclones forming. One made landfall in India out of two cyclones.

2013

[edit]
Main article: 2013 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclone Phailin

The season was above average with five cyclones forming and four making landfall over India.

2014

[edit]
Main article: 2014 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclone Hudhud

The season was below average with only three cyclones forming with only one making landfall over India.

2015

[edit]
Main article: 2015 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclone Komen

The season despite being under powerful El Nino which was near normal with four cyclones forming, but the season haven't feature even a single Indian landfall. But depressions formed during monsoons were the deadliest.

  • Deep Depression ARB 02 affected Gujarat, causing $260 million in damage and 81 deaths.[40]
  • Cyclonic Storm Komen after attacking Bangladesh entered into India and brought worst flooding over East India killing 285 people which makes it the deadliest cyclone worldwide in the year 2015.
  • Deep Depression BOB 03 along with northeast monsoon seasonal low pressures in the months of November and December brought worst flooding over Tamilnadu and Chennai in 100 years. It killed nearly 500 people and unofficially makes one of the costliest disasters in India on record by damages exceeding up to $15 billion.

2016

[edit]
Main article: 2016 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclone Vardah

The season was near normal with four cyclones forming with three affecting India and one threatened the coast.

2017

[edit]
Main article: 2017 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclone Ockhi

The season was below average with three cyclones forming with one affecting India.

  • Cyclonic Storm Maarutha worsened the conditions of the heatwave over South India as it moved away from the Indian landmass and attacked Myanmar. It was one of the only three cyclones to form in the first fifteen days in the month of April in the satellite era as formation of cyclones are very rare during that time.
  • Severe Cyclonic Storm Mora after attacking Bangladesh in the month of May brought deadly landslides over Northeast India which killed 20 people.
  • Depression BOB 04 affected Odisha and caused 7 deaths and $34 million in damage.[41]
  • Land Depression 01 caused dangerous floods in West Bengal. At least 152 people died,[42] while nearly 2 million people were affected in over 160 villages, which were inundated due to heavy rains.
  • Land Depression 02 produced heavy rainfall in East India,[43] and also caused 3 deaths in Odisha by lightning and heavy rainfall.[44] The system caused 200 mm of rainfall in Durgapur.[45] Halisahar recorded 105 mm with strong gusty wind of 65 km/h. Kolkata was badly affected by the dangerous weather receiving rain up to 124.4 mm (4.9 in).[46]
  • Depression BOB 05 caused the Odisha state government on October 20 to declare the heavy rains caused by the storm as a "State-Specific Disaster". Up to 25 blocks of eight districts in the state had received rainfall exceeding 135 mm (5 in), with the Kanas block of the Puri district recording rainfall of 274 mm (10 in). Heavy damage to homes were reported in Balasore and Bhadrak districts, with an infant reported to have died in the former district following the collapse of a wall.[47][48]
  • Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Ockhi lashed heavy rainfall across Southern tip of India as it neared up to 30 km from the coast, killing 318 and displaced many people. It followed a rare path from Bay of Bengal to the Arabian Sea and only one of the five cyclones to do so by attacking the Southern tip of India since reliable records began in 1851. Many fishermens were feared to get lost by this storm as they don't know properly about the cyclone's rare trajectory. It brought rare December rainfall over Maharashtra and Gujarat as a weakening low pressure area combined with a western disturbance.[49]

2018

[edit]
Main article: 2018 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclone Titli

The season was first in the series of three consecutive years of above average activity. Total seven cyclones formed with four attacking India which is the highest number since 1992. The season was first time since 1977 to have simultaneous cyclones in either sides of the North Indian Ocean (Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea) at a same time.

  • Deep Depression BOB 03 caused heavy rainfall in western Uttar Pradesh and the Indian capital of New Delhi. Rainfall peaked at Meerut in Uttar Pradesh which received 226 mm of rain in 24 hours. The river Yamuna crossed the danger level and reached to 205.5 meters by July 29, prompting the evacuation of more than 1,500 people in Delhi.[50]
  • Depression BOB 04, Depression BOB 05 and Deep Depression BOB 06 were short lived storms which affected eastern India during the months of August and September.
  • Cyclonic Storm Daye impacted south Odisha early on September 21, near Gopalpur. Daye continued moving westward, while dropping heavy amounts of rain across India. It was the first September cyclone in the Bay of Bengal since Cyclone Pyarr in the year 2005.[51] Minimal damage was reported.
  • Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Titli made landfall near Palasa, Andhra Pradesh, at peak intensity of 150 km/h. Titli killed at least 77 people in Odisha and left a couple of others missing, due to heavy flooding and landslides.[52] It caused major destruction to East Coast railway.
  • Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Gaja made landfall in southern India, on November 16. The storm survived crossing over into the Arabian Sea later that day; however, it degenerated into a remnant low in hostile conditions only several days later, on November 20. 52 people were killed.
  • Severe Cyclonic Storm Phethai developed in the southern Bay of Bengal on December 13. It steadily strengthened and on December 16, and made landfall at Katrenikona on December 17, with 3-minute sustained winds of 50 mph. 8 people were reported dead.

2019

[edit]
Main article: 2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclone Fani
Cyclone Kyarr
  • Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Fani made landfall at Puri on May 3 as a Category 5 equivalent tropical cyclone with official wind speed of 215 km/h (135 mph), however JTWC estimated that it was 280 km/h (175 mph) unofficially beating the record of Gonu in terms of 1 minute sustained wind speed and it is unofficially the strongest cyclone ever recorded in the North Indian Ocean based on the windspeed.[53] It also became the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall in the state of Odisha after 1999 Odisha Cyclone and Phailin.[54] Damages cost was US$8.1 billion.
  • The remnants of Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Vayu impacted Gujarat causing some damage. 8 deaths were reported. Initially the storm skirted the Saurashtra coast of Gujarat as a minimal category 3 major tropical cyclone.[55]
  • Deep Depression BOB 03, around 08:00–09:00 UTC, made landfall along the north Odisha-West Bengal coastline on August 7. Heavy rainfall was recorded in many parts of Odisha, peaking at 382.6 mm (15.06 in) in Lanjigarh. 3 deaths were reported[56]
  • Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Hikaa sunk a boat which carried 11 Indian fishermen. As of October 17, six of them were confirmed dead, and the other five remained missing.[57]
  • Land Depression 01 formed on September 30 and caused minimal damage.
  • The outer bands of Super Cyclonic Storm Kyarr on skirting Maharashtra coast caused heavy rainfall in some portions of Western India.[58] It also caused an increase in vector borne diseases in some areas.
  • Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Maha caused minor damage in western and southern India. It then made landfall near Gujarat as a depression and quickly weakened afterwards.[59]
  • Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Bulbul formed on November 6 from the remnants of Severe Tropical Storm Matmo which traversed into the Bay of Bengal. Bulbul then underwent a rapid intensification, becoming a very severe cyclonic storm on November 8 and made landfall at West Bengal. It produced heavy rain over many parts of West Bengal[60]
  • Deep Depression ARB 06 on its initial stages brought heavy rainfall over South India and killed 25 people.

2020s

[edit]

2020

[edit]
Main article: 2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclone Amphan

The season was third consecutive year of above average activity as five cyclones formed this year with three making landfall over India. The season was the second in a row to have a Super Cyclonic Storm and the first to record in Bay of Bengal since 1999.

2021

[edit]
Main article: 2021 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclone Tauktae

This season was fourth consecutive year of above average activity with five cyclones forming and three making landfall over India and one threatened the coast.

2022

[edit]
Main article: 2022 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
Cyclone Mandous

This season ended the streak of four consecutive years with above average cyclone activity by having only three cyclones forming this year and two making landfall over India.

  • Cyclone Asani becomes a rare cyclone after making landfall in the state of Andhra Pradesh. It was the first cyclone to do so in pre-monsoon since Cyclone Laila of 2010. Rainfall from the storm helped relieve people while a local heatwave was occurring. Three deaths were reported and overall damages were minimal.
  • Deep Depression BOB 06 makes landfall in the state of West Bengal in August as a monsoon depression. Large amounts of rainfall were reported in East and North India and the remnants later contributed to the 2022 Pakistan floods.
  • Cyclone Sitrang - The cyclonic storm abruptly headed north-northeast and early on October 24, it made landfall in Patuakhali, Bangladesh. Sitrang is the first tropical cyclone to hit Bangladesh since Cyclone Mora in 2017, and caused 35 fatalities
  • Cyclone Mandous made landfall close to Chennai in December causing moderate damages in South India. Four deaths were reported in the state of Tamilnadu. Its remnants later entered into the Arabian Sea and regenerated into Deep Depression ARB 03.

2023

[edit]
Main article: 2023 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

2024

[edit]
Main article: 2024 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

● Cyclone Remal

• Cyclone Dana

Climatology

[edit]
Cyclones Affecting India by month
Month Number of Cyclones
January
2
February
0
March
1
April
3
May
19
June
30
July
19
August
24
September
21
October
41
December
17
Cyclones affecting India by period
Period Number of Cyclones
2020s
7

Records

[edit]
  • The most intense tropical cyclone to make landfall was the 1999 Odisha Cyclone which hit the state of Odisha. Its minimum pressure was 912 mbar (26.93 inHg) and maximum wind speed was 260 km/h (160 mph).[72]
  • The costliest tropical cyclone was Cyclone Amphan of 2020 which hit the state of Odisha and West Bengal. The damage cost was US$13 billion beating the record of Cyclone Nargis.[73]
  • The deadliest is the 1839 India cyclone which hit the present day state of Andhra Pradesh. It caused over 300,000 fatalities and 20,000 ship destroyed.[74]
  • The wettest tropical cyclone was the 1968 Severe Cyclonic Storm which hit the state of West Bengal with record breaking rainfall of 2,300 mm (90.55 in).[75]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  75. ^ "Storms and depressions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-01. Retrieved 2022-10-23.
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