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Tobacco 21

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Tobacco 21 is a campaign to prevent youth tobacco use in the United States, primarily through laws that raise the minimum legal age to purchase tobacco and nicotine in the United States to 21.[1][2] It also refers to various federal, state, and local laws based on Tobacco 21's model policy, raising the minimum sales age to 21.[3][4]

History

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See also: U.S. history of tobacco minimum purchase age by state

Tobacco 21 is produced and funded by the Preventing Tobacco Addiction Foundation, a public health nonprofit organization established in 1996.[5] Several national non-profit organizations, including the American Cancer Society in Oregon,[6] had supported raising the tobacco age.

The Tobacco 21 movement emerged in February 2003 when Needham, Massachusetts became the first municipality to enact a law raising the minimum legal sales age to 21.[7]

On December 20, 2019, President Donald Trump signed the 2020 United States federal budget which raised the federal smoking age to 21.[8]

Rationale

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Studies show that around 95% of adult smokers tried cigarettes before turning 21, while 80% of them had their first cigarette before their 18th birthday.[9] Adult smokers may supply tobacco products to younger consumers.[citation needed] Tobacco 21 law supporters believe that teenagers have fewer acquaintances aged 21 who could purchase nicotine delivery products for them.

The chosen age limit also has a precedent in the alcohol industry. The U.S.-wide legal age of 21 for the purchase of alcohol products is credited for reduced consumption among young people, as well as decreased alcohol addiction and drunk driving cases, but this claim is widely disputed and further research suggests raising the age had no effect on underage access and drunk driving rates.[10][11][12][13]

Scientific aspect

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The major scientific publication in support of Tobacco 21 is the Institute of Medicine's report "Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age of Legal Access to Tobacco Products",[14] which concluded by saying: "if the MLA were raised now to 21 nationwide, there would be approximately 223,000 fewer premature deaths, 50,000 fewer deaths from lung cancer, and 4.2 million fewer years of life lost for those born between 2000 and 2019."

An editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine called Tobacco 21 "An idea whose time has come".[15]

There is mixed scientific evidence on the impact a tobacco-purchase age limit of 21. Older studies, including a review in 2011, provided evidence against the idea that raising the drinking age to 21 has actually saved lives in the long run.[16][17][18][13] In one study, Miron and Tetelbaum (2009) discovered that when the federally coerced and non-coerced states were separated out, any lifesaving effect is no longer statistically or practically significant in the coerced states, and even in the voluntary-adopting states the effect does not seem to last beyond perhaps the first year or two. And while a 2023 study that controlled for state-level differences found that the passage of Tobacco 21 laws is associated with a 2-to-4 percentage-point decline in smoking participation among 18-to-20-year-olds and a spillover effect of a reduction in smoking among youth aged 16-17,[19] a 2024 study found a much weaker effect size (less than one percentage point decline in smoking, vaping, and smokeless tobacco use) for the federal Tobacco 21 law, and no significant effect for state-level Tobacco 21 laws among young adults.[20]

Endorsements

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The following organizations have endorsed Tobacco 21 at the national level, either through their own statements or through endorsement of Senate Bill 2100, the federal bill to raise the tobacco age to 21:

United States

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State and national movement

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Hawaii

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Hawaii’s Tobacco 21 bill was signed by Governor David Ige and raised the legal age to purchase tobacco products, including electronic smoking devices, to 21, beginning on January 1, 2016.[36]

The legislation of this bill arose after the Institute of Medicine released a report explaining that raising the age to 21 would have significant public health benefits. The report estimated that making the minimum age 21 would result in avoiding nearly 250,000 premature deaths and 50,000 fewer deaths from lung cancer among individuals born between 2000 and 2019.

Under the bill, anyone caught breaking the law faces a $10 fine for the first offense and a $50 fine or community service for a second offense. Retailers caught selling to individuals under the age of 21 pay penalties ranging from $500 to $2,000.

A press release on the governor’s website explained the decision by referencing that in the United States, 95 percent of adults smokers begin smoking before the age of 21. Almost half of those become regular smokers before the age of 18 and another 25% become regular smokers between the ages of 18 and 21.[37]

California

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California became the second state to implement a statewide Tobacco 21 law. Governor Jerry Brown signed a group of bills on May 4, 2016.[38] The bills were described as the “most expansive” attempt to regulate tobacco use within the state of California in over a decade. The bills were supported by various organizations and medical groups including the American Heart Association, American Cancer Society, American Lung Association, and California Medical Association. The bill was approved in a special health care session and became effective on June 9, 2016.

Washington, D.C.

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On October 1, 2018, Washington, D.C., raised the legal age of buying tobacco to 21.[39] This was paired with raising the tax on cigarettes by 68% – to $4.94.

Alaska

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As of 2023, Alaska does not enforce the federal Tobacco 21 policy. State law mandates a minimum age of 19 for the sale of nicotine and tobacco products.[40]

Bipartisan efforts have been made to raise the state smoking age. On September 8, 2022, Governor Mike Dunleavy vetoed SB 45,[41][42] which proposed increasing the smoking age from 19 to 21, as well as levying a 35% wholesale price tax on electronic smoking devices.[43] On March 1, 2023, Senate President Gary Stevens introduced SB 89, which would raise the smoking age to 21 and tax electronic smoking devices at 25% of their retail price.[44]

National minimum age increase

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On December 20, 2019, as a part of the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was amended, raising the federal minimum age for sale of tobacco products in the US from 18 to 21. This legislation (known as “Tobacco 21” or “T21”) was effective immediately, and it is now illegal for a retailer to sell any tobacco product—including cigarettes, cigars, and e-cigarettes—to anyone under 21 across the United States. The new federal minimum age of sale applies to all retail establishments and persons with no exceptions.[8] Some commentators[who?] have condemned the act for its questionable legality, considering it unconstitutional in violating a state's right to choose its own laws regarding setting an age for certain legal capacities, such as the ability to purchase tobacco.[45] In August 2024, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced a final rule that raises the minimum age for certain restrictions on tobacco product sales.[46]

Local movements

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Needham

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In 2005, Needham, Massachusetts became the first jurisdiction worldwide to pass and enact a Tobacco 21 policy.[47]

New York City

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In November 2013, New York City enacted legislation that raised the age to purchase tobacco products to 21, and also set a minimum price of $10.50 per pack of cigarettes, among other provisions.[48] The law went into effect on May 18, 2014. The bill came with significant penalties for those who do not comply with the law. Failure to post required signage can result in fines of up to $500. Sales of cigarettes, other tobacco products or electronic cigarettes to people under age 21 can result in New York City fines of up to $1,000 for the first violation and any other violation found that same day, and up to $2,000 for the second violation and any subsequent violation within three years. A second violation may result in revocation of the cigarette retail dealer license. New York State may impose additional fines and penalties for sales of these products to people under age 18.

Boston

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In December 2015, Boston followed New York City by passing an ordinance to raise the tobacco sales age to 21.[49] Boston's Tobacco 21 law went into effect on February 15, 2016.

Chicago

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In March 2016, Chicago passed its Tobacco 21 ordinance.[50] The law went into effect on July 1, 2016.[51]

Kansas City

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Kansas City approved its Tobacco 21 bill on November 19, 2015 and quickly put it into effect a week later on November 26.[52]

Springfield, Missouri

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Springfield, Missouri approved the local Tobacco 21 bill on July 15, 2019, which went into effect the next day.[53]

Cleveland

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In December 2015, Cleveland passed a local ordinance to ban the sale of tobacco and nicotine products to any persons under the age of 21. The law went into effect on April 14, 2016.[54]

San Francisco

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In March 2016, San Francisco joined the ranks of major American cities to pass an ordinance to raise the tobacco and nicotine sales age to 21.[55] The ordinance went into effect on June 1, 2016. Eight days later, California's Tobacco 21 bill went into effect statewide.[citation needed]

International movements

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Australia

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In Australia, the Minderoo Foundation runs Tobacco21.com.au and advocates for the smoking age in Australia to be raised to 21.[56] The Australian state of Tasmania has considered raising its smoking age from 18 to 21 but has faced some opposition from the Tasmanian Liberal government.[57][58]

Canada

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A similar organization, named Tobacco21.ca,[59] has advocated increasing the smoking age in Canada to 21.[60] On March 1, 2020, Prince Edward Island became the first Canadian province to raise its smoking age from 19 to 21.[61]

United Kingdom

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Sajid Javid, the former UK Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, advocated for raising smoking age in the United Kingdom to 21.[62] It has been heavily criticized by some commentators.[63]

Criticism

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Some have called into question the usefulness of raising the smoking age to 21,[64] pointing to studies showing the ineffectiveness of raising the drinking age to 21 in the long-term for the United States, as it only had a minor effect on teen drinking.[65][66][67][13] Some suggest that the age restriction laws are merely a way to placate critics of "Big Tobacco", in that setting a higher age limit would appease people looking for bigger solutions. [68]

References

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  1. ^ "Preventing Tobacco Addiction Foundation - About US". Tobacco 21. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  2. ^ "Tobacco 21 Fact Sheet". Tobacco 21. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
  3. ^ "Tobacco 21". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 26 September 2022. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
  4. ^ "Tobacco 21 – Counter Tobacco". countertobacco.org. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
  5. ^ "Tobacco 21 - Preventing Tobacco Addiction Foundation". Tobacco 21. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  6. ^ MyCentralOregon.com (March 18, 2016). "American Cancer Society Wants Oregon to Raise Tobacco Age". MyCentralOregon.com. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
  7. ^ Reynolds, Matthew J.; Crane, Robert; Winickoff, Jonathan P. (November 2019). "The Emergence of the Tobacco 21 Movement From Needham, Massachusetts, to Throughout the United States (2003–2019)". American Journal of Public Health. 109 (11): 1540–1547. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305209. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 6775922. PMID 31536403.
  8. ^ a b "Tobacco 21". FDA. 21 February 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  9. ^ "Mental Health and Substance Abuse Data". January 16, 2020.
  10. ^ Grant, Darren (2011), "EVIDENCE AND EVALUATION: THE NATIONAL MINIMUM DRINKING AGE ACT OF 1984" (PDF), Sam Houston State University
  11. ^ Males, Mike (2008). "Should California Reconsider Its Legal Drinking Age?" (PDF). Californian Journal of Health Promotion. 6 (2): 1–11. doi:10.32398/cjhp.v6i2.1304.
  12. ^ Miron, J; Tetelbaum, E (2009). "Does the Minimum Legal Drinking Age Save Lives?". Economic Inquiry. 47 (2): 317–336. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00179.x. S2CID 1048320.
  13. ^ a b c Asch, Peter; Levy, David (1990). "Young Driver Fatalities: The Roles of Drinking Age and Drinking Experience". Southern Economic Journal. 57 (2): 512–520. doi:10.2307/1060627. JSTOR 1060627.
  14. ^ "Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age of Legal Access to Tobacco Products" (PDF). nationalacademies.org. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  15. ^ Winickoff, Jonathan P.; Gottlieb, Mark; Mello, Michelle M. (23 January 2014). "Tobacco 21 — An Idea Whose Time Has Come". New England Journal of Medicine. 370 (4): 295–297. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1314626. PMID 24401021.
  16. ^ Grant, Darren (2011), "EVIDENCE AND EVALUATION: THE NATIONAL MINIMUM DRINKING AGE ACT OF 1984" (PDF), Sam Houston State University
  17. ^ Males, Mike (2008). "Should California Reconsider Its Legal Drinking Age?" (PDF). Californian Journal of Health Promotion. 6 (2): 1–11. doi:10.32398/cjhp.v6i2.1304.
  18. ^ Miron, J; Tetelbaum, E (2009). "Does the Minimum Legal Drinking Age Save Lives?". Economic Inquiry. 47 (2): 317–336. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00179.x. S2CID 1048320.
  19. ^ Hansen, B; Sabia, J; McNichols, D; Bryan, C (2023). "Do tobacco 21 laws work?". Journal of Health Economics. 92 (102818). doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2023.102818. PMID 37950948.
  20. ^ Hawkins, Summer Sherburne; Carey, Naoka; Coley, Rebekah Levine; Baum, Christopher F. (2024-03-25). "Associations between tobacco 21 and state flavour restrictions with young adult tobacco use". Tobacco Control. doi:10.1136/tc-2023-058448. ISSN 0964-4563. PMID 38527790.
  21. ^ "INCREASING THE MINIMUM LEGAL SALE AGE FOR TOBACCO PRODUCTS TO 21" (PDF). Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  22. ^ "States Should Heed Strong Support for Raising Tobacco Age of Sale, Says American Heart Association". American Heart Association. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  23. ^ "Statement from National President and CEO of the American Lung Association Harold P. Wimmer, in response to the IOM Report "Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age of Legal Access to Tobacco Products"". American Lung Association. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
  24. ^ "AMA Strengthens Policy on Electronic Cigarettes to Further Protect Youth". American Medical Association. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  25. ^ Bonnie, R. J.; Stratton, K.; Kwan, L. Y. (2015). Bonnie, Richard J; Stratton, Kathleen; Kwan, Leslie Y (eds.). Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age of Legal Access to Tobacco Products. National Academies. doi:10.17226/18997. ISBN 978-0-309-31624-8. PMID 26269869. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  26. ^ "Tobacco Use, Prevention and Cessation". American Academy of Family Physicians. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  27. ^ "The American Academy of Pediatrics Issues Sweeping Recommendations on Tobacco and E-Cigarettes". American Academy of Pediatricians. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  28. ^ "Senators Schatz, Durbin, Brown, Colleagues Introduce Legislation to Raise Smoking Age to 21: Raising Smoking Age to 21 Would Lead to 4.2 Million Fewer Years of Life Lost". Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
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  30. ^ "Increasing the Minimum Age". Action on Smoking and Health. 5 February 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  31. ^ "In Our View: Raise Smoking Age to 21". Action on Smoking and Health. 28 January 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  32. ^ "Sales Restrictions". Public Health Law Center. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  33. ^ "Increasing the tobacco purchase age to 21" (PDF). Clearway Minnesota. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  34. ^ "Take Action – Support Tobacco 21 Legislation". Oral Health America. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Senators Schatz, Durbin, Brown, Colleagues Introduce Legislation to Raise Smoking Age to 21: Raising Smoking Age to 21 Would Lead to 4.2 Million Fewer Years of Life Lost". Brian Schatz. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
  36. ^ "Hawaii set to become first state to raise smoking age to 21 Sheet". CNN. April 2015. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
  37. ^ LA Times (May 4, 2016). "California's smoking age raised from 18 to 21 under bills signed by Gov. Brown". LA Times. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
  38. ^ Erin Cox; Peter Jamison (30 September 2018). "New laws: Gun restrictions in Maryland, tax hikes in D.C." The Washington Post. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  39. ^ Alaska Tobacco Facts - 2023 Update (PDF) (Report). Alaska Department of Health, Division of Public Health, Section of Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 2023. p. 6.
  40. ^ "Alaska State Legislature". www.akleg.gov. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
  41. ^ Dunleavy, Mike (September 8, 2022). "SB45" (PDF). Letter to Peter Micciche.
  42. ^ Beacon, Alaska; Beacon, Lisa Phu, Alaska (2022-09-11). "Alaska governor vetoes bill to tax e-cigs and raise minimum age for tobacco". KTOO. Retrieved 2024-06-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  43. ^ Rosen, Yereth (March 3, 2023). "Alaska Senate president makes new pitch to tax e-cigarette product and discourage youth vaping". Alaska Beacon. Retrieved June 16, 2024.
  44. ^ "Where were all the Constitution's defenders when the feds raised the smoking age? - Independence Institute". 7 January 2020.
  45. ^ Commissioner, Office of the (2024-08-29). "FDA Issues Final Rule Increasing the Minimum Age for Certain Restrictions on Tobacco Sales". FDA. Retrieved 2024-08-30.
  46. ^ Berman, Micah L. (2016). "Raising the Tobacco Sales Age to 21: Surveying the Legal Landscape". Public Health Reports. 131 (2): 378–381. doi:10.1177/003335491613100223. ISSN 0033-3549. PMC 4765989. PMID 26957675.
  47. ^ "New Law Prohibiting Sale of Cigarettes, Tobacco Products and Electronic Cigarettes to People Under Age 21 in New York City What You Need to Know" (PDF). New York City. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  48. ^ Ellement, John. "Boston raises tobacco-buying age to 21". Boston Globe. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  49. ^ "Chicago Raises Tobacco-Buying Age to 21". NBC Chicago. 16 March 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  50. ^ "City of Chicago :: Tobacco Regulations". www.cityofchicago.org. Archived from the original on June 11, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  51. ^ "KC, Wyandotte County raise legal age for tobacco purchases to 21". Kansas City Star. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  52. ^ "City Council Meeting – July 15, 2019". City of Springfield, Missouri. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
  53. ^ "Cleveland bans tobacco, e-cigarette sales to people under 21". cleveland.com. 8 December 2015.
  54. ^ "San Francisco raises smoking age to 21". CNN. March 2016. Retrieved June 1, 2016.
  55. ^ "WHO IS BEHIND THIS CAMPAIGN AND WHY?". Tobacco21.com.au. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  56. ^ "Renewed push to increase legal smoking age to 21 in Tasmania". ABC News. 10 January 2021.
  57. ^ "Should the legal age for smoking in Australia be raised to 21?". bodyandsoul.com.au. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  58. ^ "Tobacco21.ca Home Page". www.tobacco21.ca. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  59. ^ "Tobacco 21 – More evidence on the benefits of raising the minimum legal age – Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada". Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  60. ^ "Age to buy tobacco, vapes on P.E.I. to increase March 1". CBC News. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  61. ^ "Plan to raise smoking age to 21 to be unveiled amid UK government splits". The Guardian. 7 June 2022.
  62. ^ "There's nothing bold or brave about raising the smoking age to 21". 8 June 2022.
  63. ^ "When is a smoker an adult? Why we shouldn't raise the legal smoking age to 21". 30 March 2016.
  64. ^ Grant, Darren (2011), "EVIDENCE AND EVALUATION: THE NATIONAL MINIMUM DRINKING AGE ACT OF 1984" (PDF), Sam Houston State University
  65. ^ Males, Mike (2008). "Should California Reconsider Its Legal Drinking Age?" (PDF). Californian Journal of Health Promotion. 6 (2): 1–11. doi:10.32398/cjhp.v6i2.1304.
  66. ^ Miron, J; Tetelbaum, E (2009). "Does the Minimum Legal Drinking Age Save Lives?". Economic Inquiry. 47 (2): 317–336. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00179.x. S2CID 1048320.
  67. ^ "Why Tobacco Industry Giants Backed Raising The Minimum Age Of Purchase". NPR. Archived from the original on 2023-04-18.
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