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St. George Utah Temple

Coordinates: 37°6′1.450800″N 113°34′41.17439″W / 37.10040300000°N 113.5781039972°W / 37.10040300000; -113.5781039972
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St. George Utah Temple
Map
Number1[1] [2]
DedicationApril 6, 1877, by Daniel H. Wells
Site6.5 acres (2.6 ha)
Floor area143,969 sq ft (13,375.2 m2)
Height80 ft (24 m)
Official website • News & images
Church chronology
←
Nauvoo Temple
St. George Utah Temple 		→
Logan Utah Temple
Additional information
AnnouncedJanuary 31 1871, by Brigham Young
GroundbreakingNovember 9, 1871, by Brigham Young
RededicatedNovember 11, 1975, by Spencer W. Kimball
December 10, 2023, by Jeffrey R. Holland
Designed byTruman O. Angell
LocationSt. George, Utah, United States
Geographic coordinates37°6′1.450800″N 113°34′41.17439″W / 37.10040300000°N 113.5781039972°W / 37.10040300000; -113.5781039972
Exterior finishNative red sandstone quarried from Little Cottonwood Canyon and plastered white.
Temple designCastellated Neo-Gothic
Baptistries1
Ordinance rooms3 (stationary)
Sealing rooms18
Clothing rentalAvailable
Visitors' centerYes
(edit)

The St. George Utah Temple, formerly known as the St. George Temple, is a temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in St. George, Utah. Completed in March 1877, it was the third temple constructed by the church and the first in Utah, following the westward migration of Mormon pioneers from Nauvoo, Illinois, after the death of church founder Joseph Smith.

The temple was built over swampy land. Workers created a dry foundation by using a French cannon, used by Napoleon during his Russian campaign, which they lifted thirty feet to use as a pile driver for compacting the foundation. Local members worked for over six years, walking five miles daily and donating one day in ten as tithing labor. Brigham Young, the church president, thought the finished tower was squat. Two years after Young's death, the tower was struck by lightning and destroyed; it was rebuilt to align with his preference. It is the oldest temple in active use by the church and the only one completed during Young's tenure.

In August 1877, Wilford Woodruff, then the temple president, recorded that the spirits of "eminent" historical figures appeared to him in the temple and requested that ordinances be performed on their behalf. These were recorded by Woodruff over the span of two days and nights, which lead to proxy baptisms and endowment ceremonies being performed for 100 historical men and women.

Situated in southwestern St. George, the temple was designed by Truman O. Angell with an interior layout similar to the earlier Kirtland and Nauvoo temples. It has exterior elements that can give it the appearance of a fortified castle. It has three ordinance rooms and 18 sealing rooms, covering a total floor area of 143,969 square feet (13,400 m2). Its architectural style combines Neo-Gothic and French Norman Revival design. Dedicated in April 1877, the St. George Temple was the first where church members could perform all temple ordinances for the dead. The temple has gone through ten major renovations throughout its history. Only church members with a current temple recommend may enter, while the nearby visitors' center is open to the public.

History

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St. George was founded by 309 families as part of an initiative announced at general conference called the "Cotton Mission", intended to support the local economy through cotton production.[3][4][5] Bruce C. Hafen has said of those assembled that there were "mixed emotions"- this was the first that they had heard about it.[4][6] Andrew Karl Larson wrote of the event that the groups response resembled a comment and a shout of apostle Erastus Snow: "Glory! Hallelujah!" Hafen also described that this response was characteristic of those called to live in the area.[4] The settlement period posed challenges of starvation and economic hardship.[4][7]

Planning

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Brigham Young, the second church president, called a special meeting on January 31, 1871, in which he proposed the idea of constructing a temple in St. George.[5][8] This was agreed to with a unanimous vote.[8] Projects in the area were still underway, such as the St. George Tabernacle.[9] The temple's site dedication and groundbreaking ceremony was held on November 9, 1871.[10][11] Young selected St. George for the temple's location due to the presence of loyal area church members and a desire to unify a region considered challenging to settle.[6] The construction of the temple provided both employment and a source of economic stability.[7] Because the area had a similar climate to the deep south and was intended to grow cotton, the members began to call it Utah's "Dixie".[12][13]

At the time of the St. George Temple's announcement, the Salt Lake Temple was still in the early stages of construction and would not be completed until 1893.[14][15] The St. George Temple met an immediate need for a place to conduct temple ceremonies.[16] The temple became the third completed by the church (besides the Kirtland and Nauvoo temples) and the first in Utah[17] following the westward migration of the Mormon pioneers after the death of church founder Joseph Smith.[18] It is the first in the list of operating temples.[19][20] The St. George Temple was the first place where the endowment was performed on behalf of deceased individuals, also making it the first temple where all temple ordinances could be performed for the dead,[5] and the opening of this temple renewed the practice of sealings on behalf of deceased individuals (since the migration from Nauvoo).[21][22] The wording of the temple ordinances was passed down by memory and word of mouth until the dedication of the St. George Temple, where the ordinances were written down for the first time.[23][5]

Construction

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Old plan of the cupola

When local leaders stated that they were unable to choose a site for the temple, Young took them on a wagon ride and selected a site southwest of St. George.[24] Young chose a six-acre plot as the temple site,[16] and, despite health difficulties, supervised construction from his nearby home.[25][26] When workers encountered swampy conditions at the site and suggested relocation, Young remained firm that this was the site for the temple.[27] A 1942 interview with a local resident stated that Young said the location had been dedicated by ancient Nephites for a temple.[28] However, this account surfaced nearly 70 years after Young's death and is not documented during his lifetime.[28] Young also sent scouts to explore additional potential sites for the temple.[28]

To address the conditions, workers created drains to eliminate as much water as possible before adding in stone for the foundation. Teams of oxen brought large lava rocks from a nearby quarry in Little Cottonwood Canyon to the site to be crushed into gravel, creating a dry foundation. Workmen suggested using a cannon the city had acquired to crush the stone.[21]

St. George temple cannon, used by Napoleon in the [[French invasion of Russia]], that used to hang in the visitors center in St. George.
The cannon used as a pile driver

The cannon, originally made in France, was used by Napoleon during his siege on Moscow. It was left behind during his retreat, finding its way to Siberia, then Alaska, and later to California. Members of the Mormon Battalion acquired the cannon, mounted it on wheels, and brought it to Utah. After creating a pulley system using horsepower, workers filled the cannon with lead, encased in timbers, lifted it thirty feet in the air, and used it as a pile driver to compact the foundation.[29] Young advised the workmen to test the foundation's strength by dropping the cannon, and that if it bounced three times, then the foundation was solid.[3]

An old photo of the St. George Temple. The upper half is covered in a white plaster, the bottom half is exposed sandstone brick. Workers can be seen on the scaffolding, which is on the lower half.
The temple under construction, the lower half of the sandstone being prepared for a whitewash coating

Following the stabilization of the foundation, construction began. The walls were built with locally sourced red sandstone, finished with a white epoxy paint.[30][15] Historians James Allen and Glen M. Leonard said the temple was a "labor of love, and a striking example of the painstaking handwork of pioneer artisans."[21] Allen and Leonard also said that the St. George Temple symbolized the Latter-day Saint dedication to temple work, along with the determination of Young and church members to carry out the work established by Smith. The temple was a symbol of exemplary work and craftsmanship, along with self-sufficiency and independence.[21]

Many worked long hours in the quarry after walking five miles to the site, often for minimal pay, and still contributed half their earnings to the temple.[21] Others donated food, clothing, and other goods to support those working full-time on the construction, and members contributed one day in ten as tithing labor.[21]

Women decorated the interior with handmade carpets, along with fringe made for the altars and pulpits from Utah-produced silk.[21] It took six years to complete construction.[31] At its completion, it contained 1,000,000 board feet (2,000 square meters) of lumber,[32] which had been hand-chopped and hauled 80 miles (100 km).[33] They carved two types of volcanic rock from a nearby quarry.[27][34] Average stones were about the size of a coffin, and weighed 5,500 pounds.[27][34][35]

Opening and reconstruction

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On January 1, 1877, a partial dedication of the temple was held, making the basement, ground floor, and sealing room available for ordinances before the structure was fully completed.[18][36] The dedication was performed by Wilford Woodruff, Erastus Snow, and Brigham Young Jr..[5]

To commemorate the finished structure, on April 6, 1877, the church's general conference was held there, during which the temple was dedicated.[37][18] It was dedicated by Daniel H. Wells, Young's second counselor in the First Presidency.[38] It is the only temple completed during Young's tenure as church president and is the oldest still actively used by the church.[5][39] After the temple was dedicated, members of the church from Arizona would travel a long distance to be married in the temple; this wagon trail was traveled so often by couples that this path was called the Honeymoon Trail.[40]

St. George Utah Temple Squatty, Short Dome. A team of workers pose in front of the temple, currently under process for a whitewash.
Front view of the temple with the shorter dome

Young was initially displeased with the height of the tower, he felt that it was squat.[41][6] Since construction had taken so much time, historians speculate that he did not want to delay the project any longer.[6] In 1883, two years after his death, the tower was struck by lightning, resulting in a fire that destroyed the tower and left the rest of the temple unharmed.[6] Local legends vary in interpretation: some narratives suggest the lightning strike and subsequent fire were perceived as a means to appease Young, while others propose that he may have instigated the event.[41][42] The reconstructed tower was doubled in height to reflect Young's expressed preference.[6]

In an August 1877 account, Wilford Woodruff said the spirits of the Founding Fathers and other historical figures appeared to him in the St. George Temple.[43][44] They requested that the rite of the endowment be performed on their behalf, noting that it had not been done despite the Endowment House's long use.[45][46][47][43] Woodruff documented these occurrences over multiple occasions spanning two days and two nights in his personal journals.[46][43][44] Subsequently, baptisms and endowments were performed for these individuals in the temple by John D. T. McAllister, Woodruff, and other church members in the area, contributing to ordinance work for a total of 100 men and women.[45] Some historical figures individuals mentioned in these records include George Washington,[46] Christopher Columbus,[47] John Wesley,[47] Marie Antoinette, Jane Austen, and Dolley Madison.[44][47][46]

Renovations and later history

[edit]
The St. George temple in the background, with the annex in the foreground, a garden can be seen in the front.
The former temple annex

Between 1917 and 2023, the temple had ten renovations, including repairs to the cupola necessitated by a lightning strike.[48] Upgrades in 1917 included an enlargement of the annex.[49] In 1938, significant modifications were made to the floor plan, involving the relocation of endowment rooms from the basement to the main level, the introduction of murals, and the alignment of the temple with architectural trends of the 20th century.[49] In 1975, the annex was expanded to facilitate the transition from live actors to a film presentation of the endowment.[49][50] The temple was rededicated on November 11-12, 1975 by church president Spencer W. Kimball.[51][5] In 1977, the temple was added to the National Register of Historic Places.[52][53]

On November 4, 2019, the temple closed for renovations.[54][55] During this project, crews removed certain 20th-century additions to restore the original architectural style and incorporated seismic upgrades.[56] Renovations included motifs such as a five-point gold star and a quatrefoil.[56] Other additions included a skylight, a bride's exit, trees and landscaping improvements, an entrance to the baptismal font, steel trusses, murals, a new annex, and updated electrical, heating, and cooling systems.[48][56][57] During the renovations completed in 2023, new murals were introduced for each instruction room, commissioned by three different artists.[56] Each was designed to "capture the rugged natural beauty of the southwest Utah landscape."[56] The temple was rededicated on December 10, 2023 by Jeffrey R. Holland, a native of St. George and the acting president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.[58][59]

Notable temple presidents include Wilford Woodruff (1877–84);[60] John D. T. McAllister (1884–93);[61][62] J. Thomas Fyans (1992–95);[63] and Bruce C. Hafen (2010–13).[64]

Design and access

[edit]
The Southeast corner of the St. George Utah Temple
The temple seen from the southeast corner

The temple was designed by Truman O. Angell, under Brigham Young's supervision.[16] Angell, who had worked as a carpenter on the Kirtland and Nauvoo temples, used architectural elements from both.[65] The temple has a rectangular shape made up of two stories, an octagonal spire, and a large assembly hall. The temple is on a 6.5-acre plot (2.6 ha) with multiple pedestrian plazas, along with gardens, seating elements, and a tiered water feature.[65][16]

Exterior

[edit]

While the St. George Temple has a similar overall layout to the Kirtland and Nauvoo temples, the exterior designs differ. The temple combines castellated (resembling fortified castles)[66][67] Neo-Gothic Architecture with a French Norman Revival Style, with parapets and battlements, with hexagonal staircases inside the towers.[16][68] Certain elements, like the neoclassical pilasters of Nauvoo and Kirtland, were replaced with thin buttresses, and in the space between them, Angell added a porthole motif.[22][16] The St George temple is 143,969 square feet (13,400 m2),[65] and is eighty feet tall.[69][16]

Interior

[edit]
Large Oxen hauling a loaded wagon, which contains parts of the Baptismal Font for the St. George Utah Temple
Oxen that hauled the baptismal font from Salt Lake City, 1874

The temple was originally designed with two large assembly halls, like the Kirtland and Nauvoo temples.[65][16] The lower Assembly Hall was divided with curtains to facilitate ordinance rooms for the endowment ceremony.[65] Following the renovations completed in 2023, the temple's interior has a large assembly hall, a baptistry, three ordinance rooms, areas for the initiatory ordinance, and eighteen sealing rooms.[16][70][71] A skylight completed in 2023 uses decorative art glass.[65] The baptismal font of 12 oxen was paid for personally by Brigham Young at a price of $5,000, and the cast oxen were transported by train and oxen drawn wagons from Salt Lake City.[72][73]

Following the renovations in 2023, the temple was updated to reflect architecture from the historical pioneer era.[56] According to Andy Kirby, the director of the church's historic temple renovations, "The interior design matches the historic temple and furnishings that would have been appropriate in the 1870s and 1880s."[74] Lighting fixtures match the time period with wheel-cut glass shades with a gothic/grapevine design.[65][75] The millwork is period-specific throughout the building.[75]

Admittance

[edit]
The St. George Visitors center south side entrance, with a copy of Bertel Thorvaldsen's Christus in the middle, showing a statue of a resurrected Jesus Christ, displaying the wounds in his body with open arms. A mural of the heavens is in the background.
A copy of Bertel Thorvaldsen's Christus in the visitors' center

To church members, temples are regarded as sacred houses of the Lord.[76] Once a temple has been dedicated, they are only accessible to members with a current temple recommend.[77][78][79] The visitors' center is open to the public.[56][80]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ "List of Temples in the World" (PDF). Church of Jesus Christ Newsroom. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
  2. ^ "The path to 200 houses of the Lord: Temple Nos. 1-20". Church News. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
  3. ^ a b "St. George failed as a Western cotton capital". Deseret News. April 26, 2010. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d "'Brigham Young, Wilford Woodruff, and the St. George Temple'". Church News. May 24, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "St. George Utah Temple | Church News Almanac". Almanac. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Wadsworth, Reuben (October 21, 2018). "St. George Temple day; a significant, sacred beacon for over 140 years". St. George News. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  7. ^ a b "Utah History Encyclopedia". www.uen.org. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  8. ^ a b The St. George Utah Temple Facts (PDF). Washington County Historical Society. pp. 2–3. Retrieved February 10, 2025.
  9. ^ "The St. George Tabernacle: United Effort in Southern Utah". history.churchofjesuschrist.org. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
  10. ^ "St. George LDS Temple, Utah's first, to close Nov. 4 for several years to undergo seismic upgrade and major renovation". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  11. ^ "St. George Utah Temple". newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  12. ^ "History of the Dixie National Forest". Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture.
  13. ^ "The name 'Dixie' lives on in St. George at a second school". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved February 8, 2025.
  14. ^ "The Design, Construction, and Role of the Salt Lake Temple | Religious Studies Center". rsc.byu.edu. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  15. ^ a b "An inside look at the newly renovated St. George Utah Temple". Church News. October 2, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i pls4e (July 17, 2018). "St. George Utah Temple". SAH ARCHIPEDIA. Retrieved November 5, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ "'Absolutely incredible'; LDS church reveals details of pending St. George Temple renovations". Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  18. ^ a b c "Read the original St. George temple dedicatory prayer and why Brigham Young was not the one who gave it". Church News. October 31, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  19. ^ "List of Temples in the World" (PDF). Temples, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
  20. ^ "The path to 200 houses of the Lord: Temple Nos. 1-20". Church News. August 18, 2024. Retrieved February 10, 2025.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g Allen, James B.; Leonard, Glen M. (1976). The Story of the Latter-day Saints (2nd ed.). Deseret Book Company. pp. 377–378.
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  23. ^ "Significant Temple Work Started at St. George Utah Temple - Church News and Events". www.churchofjesuschrist.org. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
  24. ^ "A path still trod". Deseret News. March 29, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
  25. ^ "A look inside the renovated St. George Utah Temple". The Spectrum. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  26. ^ "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to unveil newly renovated St. George Temple". ABC4 Utah. August 30, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  27. ^ a b c "A path still trod". Deseret News. March 29, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  28. ^ a b c Curtis, Kirk (October 19, 1964). HISTORY OF THE ST. GEORGE TEMPLE. Brigham Young University. pp. 23–28. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  29. ^ "How is the St. George temple renovation going?". Deseret News. November 7, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  30. ^ "St. George Utah Temple, Dedicatory Prayer". www.churchofjesuschrist.org. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  31. ^ Beery, Tim. "Alder tells history of St. George Temple". The Spectrum. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  32. ^ The St. George Utah Temple Facts (PDF). Washington County Historical Society. p. 5. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
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  34. ^ a b Romney, T. S. (June 26, 2014). "Explore: A heritage hike along Temple Quarry Trail". St. George News. Retrieved February 11, 2025.
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  40. ^ "Honeymoon Trail | Bureau of Land Management". www.blm.gov. Retrieved November 7, 2024.
  41. ^ a b "Temple burns — but not angel". Deseret News. July 11, 2003. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
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  45. ^ a b "Eminent Spirits Appear to Wilford Woodruff". December 28, 2012. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
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  57. ^ Ashcraft, Emily (September 6, 2023). "Renovations on oldest Latter-day Saint temple still in operation complete; now open for tours". www.ksl.com. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  58. ^ "In an unexpected 'crowning moment,' LDS apostle Jeffrey Holland rededicates a historic temple in his hometown". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
  59. ^ "President Holland Rededicates the St. George Utah Temple". newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org. December 10, 2023. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
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  71. ^ "Lesson 35: The Eternal Family". www.churchofjesuschrist.org. Retrieved November 7, 2024.
  72. ^ Cannon, Margaret M. (1995). "The St. George Temple Baptismal Font". Issuu. Utah Historical Society. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
  73. ^ St. George Utah Temple Renovation (PDF). Church of Jesus Christ Newsroom. p. 4.
  74. ^ "Renovated St. George Utah Temple Ready for Tours". newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org. September 6, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2024.
  75. ^ a b "See inside the newly renovated St. George Utah Temple as media, special-guest tours begin". Church News. September 6, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2024.
  76. ^ "'A special place with a special purpose': Helping open-house visitors see a temple as the house of the Lord". Church News. November 26, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2025.
  77. ^ "Of Chapels and Temples: Explaining Latter-day Saint Worship Services". newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org. November 15, 2007. Retrieved November 7, 2024.
  78. ^ "Temple Open House, Dedications and Rededication Dates". newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org. Retrieved February 8, 2025.
  79. ^ "St. George Utah Temple Public Open House". Temple Open Houses. Retrieved February 10, 2025.
  80. ^ "Artist Julie Rogers' work at Temple Visitors' Center". The Spectrum. May 4, 2016. Retrieved November 7, 2024.

Further reading

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