Seshemnefer (III)
| Seshemnefer sṠm-nfr | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
| Vizier of Egypt | |
| Tenure | c. 2450 BC |
| King | Nyuserre Ini |
| Burial | |
| Spouse | Heteperes[1] |
| Issue |
|
| Dynasty | Fifth Dynasty of Egypt |
| Father | Seshemnefer II |
| Mother | Meritités |
Seshemnefer (III) "Ṡshm-nfr" (fl. c. 2450 BC) was vizier, during the era of King Nyuserre Ini, ruler of the 5th dynasty. He was the third generation in the family line and had his own tomb, G 5170[2] on the west side of Khufu's pyramid. Information about his life and family has been drawn from the decoration in his tomb and the documented history of his ancestors too.[1]
Genesis
[edit]
.jpg)
On the west side of the Khufu's pyramid lies the necropolis of the 4th–5th dynasty, extending into the 6th dynasty. The oldest tombs, dating back to the reign of Khufu, are arranged in orderly rows behind the dominant tomb G 4000 of the prince and architect Hemiunu, while others date back to the later periods of the 5th dynasty, including the tomb of Seshemnefer III. G 5170. The tomb was discovered in 1910 by the archaeologist Ernst von Sieglin[note 1] who had the decorations removed from the chapel and transported to Berlin, where they were later donated to the Landesuniversität Tübingen and in 1938, were examined and described in detail by Junker.[1]
Seshemnefer's wife, Hetepheres, was priestess of Neith, but also king's daughter of his body. He had four sons, three of whom were also called Seshemnefer; the fourth was called Neferseshemptah. One of these sons, Seshemnefer (IV), was buried at Dahshur and had mastaba there.
Mastaba
[edit]The tomb is located in the western necropolis roughly on the edge of the aforementioned row behind G 4000 of the vizier Hemiunu in a group of mastabas dated to the late 5th dynasty.[3] The original dimensions of the building were disturbed by later reconstructions, firstly by the addition of the southern side of the cult serdab in the part connected to the mastaba of Rawer I. Seshemnefer's son. From the spacious columned portico (5.8 × 2.8 m) there was an entrance to the sacrificial chamber in the shape of the letter "L" (3.64 × 1.43 m) with two false doors on the west, as well as a large serdab on the south side. The southern burial chamber is located in a shaft, where there is also a massive sarcophagus. The northern shaft was completed to a depth of 3.2 m and the sarcophagus was built directly into the rock in the chamber.[4]
Chapel
[edit]The preserved decoration of the chapel talks about the life of Seshemnefer and his family and the preparation for the departure to the underworld with full material security, members of his family, his servants. Numerous inscriptions list his numerous functions in the royal administration.
Some functions express his active powers as a vizier, 
others numerous and often recurring, are rather symbolic of his social status. These are, Chief justice and vizier, Overseer of scribes of the king's documents, Overseer of all works of the king, Privy to the secret of all decrees of the king, Overseer of the two houses of weapons.[4]
On the west wall of the chapel and through two false doors through which his soul leaves for the afterlife, he sits with his wife Heteperes at a sacrificial table, where all the food offerings are also named, below is a depiction of the slaughter of sacrificial bulls. On the north wall, a group of maidservants bring gifts from noble kings distinguishable cartouches in the upper register – King Khufu, Sahure, Userkaf, in the second register Nyuserre Ini, and in the third register Khafra and Snofru again.[5] The south wall depicts him seated, supervising the preparations for the ceremony, at his feet are his three sons with the scribe's sign, the third on the right Nfrsshmptah. His mind is entertained by a dancers group 
, accompanied by music on harps 
. A similar scene is on the east wall, above, scribes recording supplies under the supervision of Seshemnefer, who leans on the staff of the magnate.[1]
Tomb G 5170 of the vizier and royal scribe a representative of the elite during the 5th Dynasty, approximately dated to the reign of King Nyuserre Ini,[note 2] whose interior decoration has been preserved, provides data that fits into the overall picture of the character and historical development of government structures.
Seshemnefer family
[edit]The development of social and administrative structures, inextricably linked to the development of the economy and with deeply rooted religious rituals, in the 4th dynasty reached the stage of forming family and power relations outside the circle of exclusively members of the monarch's family. The development of social structures in the 4th dynasty, which was completed during the implementation of complex construction and logistical projects on the Giza plateau, was based on the central power of the king and his closest officials in the established administrative system. In the later period of the 5th dynasty, the monarch asserted his power by applying marriage unions of his descendants with non-royal officials of a central administration. The importance of several dignitaries and their families was than strengthened through marriages with royal daughters, most likely in the middle of the 5th dynasty. The social and political position of these men was strengthened, they became privileged. Each such union can be considered as evidence of the connection between the king and the dignitary and a reflection of the gradual transformation of the distribution of power. This was a new type of social relationship, not documented before the 5th Dynasty. The changes that took place in the middle of the 5th Dynasty also affected the country's administrative system. Kinship with the king was also a decisive factor in inheriting offices, positions, and professions, so-called nepotism.[7][8]
Seshemnefer I.
[edit]The first relevant tomb of the family is G 4940 in the western burial ground, located in the first group behind tomb G 4000 described in more detail by Reisner[note 3]
The chapel was decorated with figurative reliefs depicting Seshemnefer and his family, servants in the traditional ritual of preparing for the afterlife. On the west wall, in the upper register, are his numerous titles, and in the niche by the sacrificial table with his wife Imendjefes, there are again inscriptions of owner’s titles.
[10]
In the central relief, Seshemnefer is dressed in the garb of a nobleman, with his four daughters in front of him and his sons in the lower register, and his son Rawer (I) holding the ruler's staff at his left foot. Overall, it is a picture of a certain canon of tomb decoration in late 4th dynasty tombs, similar to those found in the Mastaba of Kaninisut[11]or also in tomb Merib G 2100-I[12] and Kagemni, all dated to the same period late 4th dynasty up to en early 6th dynasty, approximately.
According to inscriptions on the western wall of the cult chapel Seshemnefer boasted a number of titles, only two of which are preceded by the king’s symbol 
, namely Superintendent of Royal Buildings, the second one 
Royal chamberlain of the mansion of Djedefre which includes king's serekh [13] identified in the Mortuary temple of Djedefre at Abu Rawash[14]
So Sashemnefer I. could be a server as a priest and a temple administrator here.[note 4][15][16]
Seshemnefer II.
[edit]He had a similar high social standing as his father. The tomb G 5080 is situated in the second row of the west cemetery behind G 2000.[17] The most prominent titles of Seshemnefer II. were recorded in the centre of west wall, mainly Overseer of the scribes of the king's documents , Scribe of the document-case of the king and Privy to the secret of the document-case of the king, Decoration of his chamber are described in detail by Kanawati.[10]
| data | I. | II. | III. | [ref] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FATHER |
|
Seschemnefer I. | Seshemnefer II. | [7][18] | ||
| MOTHER |
|
 Meritites [note 5] |
 Hanutsen |
[7][19][18] | ||
| WIFE |  Imendjefes, |
Hanutsen |
Heteperes |
[19][18] | ||
| CHILDS | Sons: Sešemnofernedjes, Pehenptah[note 6] Aba, Rawer (I.),[note 7] Chufuanch, Seshemnofer IV., Noferseshemptah, Ranehotep, Rawer (II.)[note 8] Pehenptah, Satschu, daughters: Neferthakhufu, Weretka, Sobekrementes, Neferhathor |
Seschemnofernedjes (later Seshemnefer II.), Seschemnofer child, Pehenptah, Aba, Rawer und Chufuanch | Three sons of the same father’s name Seschemnofer and Noferseschemptah |
[4][1][20] | ||
| TITLES[note 9] |  Royal chamberlain of the mansion of Djedefre, Prophet of Heqet, Judge and boundary official Overseer of the king's works Overseer of the scribes of the document-case of the king |
 Overseer of the scribes of the king's documents, Overseer of all works of the king, Privy to the secret of all decrees of the king |
King's son of his body, Count Chief justice and vizier, Overseer of scribes of the king's documents, Overseer of all works of the king, Overseer of the two houses of weapons |
[7][4] | ||
| MASTAB | Giza G 4940 | Giza G 5080 | G 5170 | [1][10][17] | ||
| RIGNE | Shepseskaf –Neferirkare Kakai | ~ Niuserre | Niuserre - Djedkare Isesi | [4][21] |
Gallery
[edit]Symbolic barges in other mastabas with striking similarity and iconographic depiction, all dating at the end 4.th dynasty
-
Tomb GL 45 east wall, Barges with crew tomb in the chapel of Seshemnefer I. -
Relief of barges in the chapel G2100-I -
Mastaba Kenininsut, two trading barges with rowers -
Barges above en entrance of the chapel G5150
Note
[edit]- ^ Ernst Wilhelm von Sieglin (1848–1927) was a Stuttgart entrepreneur, antiques lover and cultural patron
- ^ 2402–2374 BC[6]
- ^ The tomb was discovered by Lepsius[9]
- ^ The valley temple is located about 1.5 km northeast of the pyramid complex
and is connected to it by a road. On the east side of the pyramid
lies a mortuary temple and south of it a ship pit.
The remains of several statues of the king have been found here. - ^ Possibly 2nd wife of Seshemnefer I.
- ^ Later mastab G 5280
- ^ Later mastab G 5270
- ^ Later mastab G 5470
- ^ The most prominent[7]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g Herman Junker, Giza III. Grabungen auf dem Friedhof des Alten Reiches; Die Mastaba des V. Dyanastie, Holder-Pichler-Tempsky 1938
- ^ "Digital Giza | Seshemnefer (in G 5170)". giza.fas.harvard.edu. Giza Project at Harvard University. Retrieved 2025-01-06.
- ^ Georg Andrew Reisner, A History of the Giza Necropolis [online]. London: Cambridge University Press,1942.[1]
- ^ a b c d e Ingrid Gamer-Wallert, Die bewegte Geschichte der Mastaba Seschemnofers III. (G 5170). Michael Haase, 2004.[2]
- ^ Henri Gauthier, Le livre des rois d'Égypte. Paris: D'Archeolgie Oriental, 1907. S. 61–103.
- ^ Erik Hornug, Ancient Egyptian Chronology, Brill 2006
- ^ a b c d e Nigel Strudlick, The Administration of Egypt in the Old Kingdom, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985 p. 138-140 [3]
- ^ Veronica Dudíková, Radek Mařík, Complex network analysis in Old Kingdom society: a nepotism case, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prag 2017
- ^ Karl Richard Lepsius, Denkmäler aus Aegypten und Ethiopien, Altes Reich Dyn.IV., Berlin 1853, [4]
- ^ a b c d Naguib Kanawati, Kaiemankh (G4561) and Seshemnefer I (G4940), The Australian Centre for Egyptology 2001,[5]
- ^ Hermann Junker, Gíza IV. Grabungen auf dem Friedhof des Alten Reiches, Die Mastaba des Kҙjmˁnh (Kai-em-anch), Holder-Pichler-Tempsky, Leipzig 1940 [6],
- ^ The Giza Project at Harvard University [7]
- ^ Henri Gauthier, Le livre des rois d'Égypte. Paris: D'Archeolgie Oriental, 1907. p.84.
- ^ Émile Chassinat, d’Abou Roash (1900-1901) par l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale du Caire, l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 1901, p.616-619
- ^ Dietrich Wildung, Die Rolle ägyptischer Könige im Bewußtsein ihrer Nachwelt. Teil I. München / Berlin 1969, S. 193
- ^ Hermann Junker, Gíza VII. Grabungen auf dem Friedhof des Alten Reiches, Der Ostabschnitt des Westfriedhof, Holder-Pichler-Tempsky, 1944, p.26 [8]
- ^ a b Naguib Kanawati, Seshathetep/Heti (G5150), Nesutnefer (G4970) and Seshemnefer II (G5080),The Australian Centre for Egyptology, 2002 [9]
- ^ a b c Herman Junker, Giza II. Grabungen auf dem Friedhof des Alten Reiches bei dem Pyramiden Giza, Leipzig 1934, [10]
- ^ a b Michel Baud, Famille royale et pouvoir sous l’Ancient Epirem Égyptien, Tom.2 , Institute Français D’Archologie Oriental, 1999. p.444-512, [11]
- ^ Hermann Ranke, Die Ägyptische Perosenennamen Vol.1, J-Augustin, Glückenstadt 1935
- ^ Peter Janosi, Giza in der 4. dynastie,Östereichische Akademie der Wissenschften, Wien 2005, [12]
External links
[edit]
- Georg Andrew Reisner, A History of the Giza Necropolis I., Harvard University Cambridge 1942, [14]
- Naguib Kanawati, Nepotism in the Egyptian Sixth Dynasty, Vol 14. The Australian Centre for Egyptology, Macquarie University, Australia [15]
- Zahi Hawass, Mark Lehner, Treasures of the Pyramids, Chapter 3. Building an Old Kingdom Pyramid, Egyptian Museum Cairo, 2003, ISBN 88-8095-233-1 [16]
- Julia Clare Francis Hamilton, Hedgehogs and Hedgehog-Head Boats in Ancient Egyptian Religion in the Late 3rd Millennium BCE, Leiden University, 2022 [17]