Grevilleoideae

Grevilleoideae
Inflorescence and leaves of the pin-cushion hakea (Hakea laurina)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Proteales
Family:	Proteaceae
Subfamily:	Grevilleoideae Engl.
Genera
See text

The Grevilleoideae are a subfamily of the plant family Proteaceae. Mainly restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, it contains around 46 genera and about 950 species. Genera include Banksia, Grevillea, and Macadamia.

Description

The Grevilleoideae grow as trees, shrubs, or subshrubs. They are highly variable, making a simple, diagnostic identification key for the subfamily essentially impossible to provide. One common and fairly diagnostic characteristic is the occurrence of flowers in pairs that share a common bract. However, a few Grevilleoideae taxa do not have this property, having solitary flowers or inflorescences of unpaired flowers. In most taxa, the flowers occur in densely packed heads or spikes, and the fruit is a follicle.

Distribution and habitat

Grevilleoideae are mainly a Southern Hemisphere family. The main centre of diversity is Australia, with around 700 of 950 species occurring there, and South America also contains taxa. However, the Grevilleoideae are barely present in Africa, where almost all of Proteaceae taxa belong to the subfamily Proteoideae. The lone exception and only grevilleoid in Africa is the Brabejum tree of Cape Town.

Taxonomy

Stenocarpus sinuatus (firewheel tree)

Lomatia silaifolia

Telopea oreades, the Gippsland waratah

Grevillea banksii

Banksia sessilis (parrotbush)

The framework for classification of the Proteaceae was laid by L.A.S. Johnson and Barbara Briggs in their 1975 monograph "On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family". Their classification has been refined somewhat over the ensuing three decades, most notably by Peter H. Weston and Nigel Barker in 2006. The Grevilleoideae are now considered one of five subfamilies of the Proteaceae. The placement and circumscription of the Grevilleoideae in four tribes, according to Weston and Barker can be summarised as:

• Tribe incertae sedis

Sphalmium — Carnarvonia

Roupaleae

Authority: Meisn.

incertae sedis

Megahertzia — Knightia — Eucarpha — Triunia

Subtribe Roupalinae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs

Roupala — Neorites — Orites

Subtribe Lambertiinae (Venk.Rao) L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs

Lambertia — Xylomelum

Subtribe Heliciinae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs

Helicia — Hollandaea

Subtribe Floydiinae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs

Darlingia — Floydia

Banksieae

Authority: Rchb.

fossil form genera

Banksieaeidites  — Banksieaeformis  — Banksieaephyllum

Subtribe Musgraveinae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs

Musgravea — Austromuellera

Subtribe Banksiinae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs

Banksia

Embothrieae

Authority: Rchb.

Subtribe Lomatiinae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs

Lomatia

Subtribe Embothriinae Endl.

Embothrium — Oreocallis — Alloxylon — Telopea

Subtribe Stenocarpinae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs

Stenocarpus — Strangea

Subtribe Hakeinae Endl.

Opisthiolepis — Buckinghamia — Hakea — Grevillea — Finschia

Macadamieae

Authority: Venk.Rao

Subtribe Macadamiinae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs

Macadamia — Panopsis — Brabejum

Subtribe Malagasiinae P.H.Weston & N.P.Barker

Malagasia — Catalepidia

Subtribe Virotiinae P.H.Weston & N.P.Barker

Virotia — Athertonia — Heliciopsis

Subtribe Gevuininae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs

Cardwellia — Euplassa — Gevuina — Bleasdalea — Hicksbeachia — Kermadecia 

Uses

Edible nuts of Macadamia

The nursery industry cultivates many Grevilleoideae species as barrier plants and for their prominent and distinctive flowers and foliage. Some species are of importance to the cut-flower industry, especially some Banksia and Dryandra species. Two species of the genus Macadamia and the Chilean species Gevuina avellana (Chilean hazel) are grown commercially for edible nuts. Chilean hazel has an acceptable frost tolerance.