Right-Bank Uprising (1664–1665)
| Right-Bank Uprising | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) and The Ruin | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
Right-Bank rebels Left-Bank Hetmanate Zaporozhian Sich Tsardom of Russia |
 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Crimean Khanate Right-Bank Hetmanate  | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Local leaders Ivan Briukhovetsky Ivan Sirko Grigory Romodanovsky |
Stefan Czarniecki (DOW) Mehmed IV Giray Pavlo Teteria Ivan Vyhovsky  [a] | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 20,000[1] |
22,000–25,000 10,000–15,000[1] Unknown | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
|
Heavy combat losses; 1,500 executed[1] | Heavy | ||||||||
|
116,000 civilians killed Unknown, but heavy | |||||||||
The Right-Bank Uprising was initiated by Right-Bank peasantry, supported by Cossack–Russian troops against Right-Bank Hetman Pavlo Teteria and Poland-Lithuania in January 1664–1665.
Prelude
[edit]Right-Bank peasantry was dissatisfied by the attempts of Pavlo Teteria and Jan II Casimir to restore the privileges of szlachta, which would bring back the situation in Right-Bank Ukraine to when before Khmelnytsky Uprising occurred. After Poland-Lithuania suffered a major defeat during Siege of Hlukhiv, it was forced to abandon their campaign in Left-Bank Ukraine. Right-Bank peasants were inspired by this and launched an uprising in the Right-Bank.[1] Ivan Sirko was an external instigator of this uprising.[2]
Uprising
[edit]First Phase
[edit]The Uprising began in January 1664. Cossack–Russian troops entered Right-Bank to assist the rebels in their uprising, but they had a decentralized leadership structure, their leaders were operating independently.[1][3] Ivan Sirko captured Bratslav and Uman.[2] The uprising spread to all of Right-Bank.[1]
Despite the difficulty of situation, Pavlo Teteria and Ivan Vyhovsky remained loyal to the Polish King, trying to hold Chyhyryn and Bila Tserkva. On March 27, Vyhovsky was accused of collaborating with rebels and was executed by the Polish authorities.[4][1] 1,500 captured rebels were executed, but this only further provoked the rebels and intensified the uprising even further.[2][1]
In April, as the rebels were capturing more cities, Pavlo Teteria and Polish troops retreated to Poland, surrendering Right-Bank to the rebels.[5][6]
Second Phase
[edit]Stefan Czarniecki arrived with his 22,000–25,000 troops and 10,000–15,000 Tatars. Czarniecki was able to challenge the Cossack and Russian leaders, taking advantage of their lack of coordination. He ravaged many villages and towns, depriving Right-Bank rebels and Cossack–Russian troops of local support. This was a major blow to Hetman Briukhovetsky and Otaman Sirko, forcing them to withdraw from Right-Bank.[7] By early summer, Czarniecki managed to push out the remaining Cossack–Russian troops out of Right-Bank Ukraine and crush Right-Bank rebels.[1]
In January 1665, Right-Bank rebels made their last attempt to resist Polish rule, revolting in Stavyshche and taking it over. Despite their effort, Stefan Czarniecki eventually suppressed the uprising.
Massacres and repressions
[edit]Stefan Czarniecki massacred 116,000 civilians during his pacifications of Stavishche. Crimean Tatars took civilians into slavery.[1]
Right-Bank rebels massacred Poles and Jews during the uprising.[8]
Aftermath
[edit]Stefan Czarniecki suppressed the uprising in Right-Bank Ukraine, but Czarniecki himself was wounded and didn't manage to recover from his wounds. Despite the failure to seize Right-Bank by Cossack–Russian troops, the uprising weakened Polish influence over the region and forced Poland-Lithuania to begin negotiations process with Tsardom of Russia.[5] The instability caused by uprising undermined Pavlo Teteria's position as Hetman and he was replaced by Petro Doroshenko, which created the basis for rapture of Right-Bank in the coming years.[1]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Executed by Polish authorities
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "ПРАВОБЕРЕЖНЕ ПОВСТАННЯ 1664–1665". resource.history.org.ua. Retrieved 2024-12-14.
- ^ a b c W. E. D. Allen (1940). The Ukraine: A History. Cambridge University Press. p. 154. ISBN 1107641861.
- ^ Zenon E. Kohut (2010). The A to Z of Ukraine. Scarecrow Press. p. 537. ISBN 081087220X.
- ^ Nicholas L. Chirovsky (1981). Introduction to Ukrainian history. Philosophical Library. p. 188. ISBN 080222248X.
- ^ a b Wladyslaw Serczyk (1979). Historia Ukrainy. Zaklad Narodowy im. Ossolin?skich. p. 157. ISBN 8304035855.
- ^ Zenon E. Kohut (2010). The A to Z of Ukraine. Scarecrow Press. p. 588. ISBN 081087220X.
- ^ W. E. D. Allen (1940). The Ukraine: A History. Cambridge University Press. p. 155. ISBN 1107641861.
- ^ Sobchenko Ivan Sergeevich (2020). Kosh Otaman of Zaporozhian Sich I.D. Sirko (In Russian). Moscow: Ваш формат. p. 94.