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Richard Ingle

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Captain
Richard Ingle
Bornc. 1609
Kingdom of England
Died1653(1653-00-00) (aged 43–44)
St. Mary's City, Province of Maryland, Commonwealth of England?
Cause of deathExecution by hanging?
NationalityEnglish
Other namesMr. Inglee,[1] "Jugle"[citation needed]
Occupation(s)sea captain, tobacco trader, privateer
Known forMaking war with the Catholic colonial Governor Lord Baltimore and Catholics in the Province of Maryland in the name of English Parliament and the Maryland Puritans, plundering ships and attacking and seizing the colonial capital of St. Mary's City
Opponents
  • Catholic colonial Governor Lord Baltimore
  • Catholics in Province of Maryland
Piratical career
AllegianceCommonwealth of England
Commonwealth Parliamentary Navy
Years active1642–1653
RankCaptain
Base of operationsChesapeake Bay, St. Mary's City, Province of Maryland
Battles/warsPlundering Time (1644–1646) Capture of St. Mary's City, Province of Maryland (1645)

Richard Ingle (b. c. 1609 – d. 1653) was an English sea captain, tobacco trader, and privateer in colonial Maryland. Along with William Claiborne, Ingle revolted against Maryland Catholic leaders in the name of English Parliament and Puritans in a period known as the Plundering Time. Ingle and his men attacked ships and captured the colonial capital of the proprietary government in St. Mary's City.

Early life

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Richard Ingle was born in England, possibly in London, into a Protestant family that schooled him. He became a trader and ship captain, transporting the goods of Maryland colonial traders from England and back,[2] and later became a prominent trader of tobacco. Ingle's name appears in records in 1642, when he arrived in Boston captaining the Eleanor with a shipment of tobacco from Virginia.[1]

Ingle's Revolt

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Pope's Fort and the Leonard Calvert House, St. Mary's County, Maryland, c. 1645

When the English Civil War broke out in the early 1640s, Ingle sided with the Puritans. He fell out with the Catholic leaders of the province of Maryland. Royalist proprietary governor Leonard Calvert seized his ship, but Ingle escaped.[when?]

In January 1643/4, Ingle was reported as part owner and master of the trading ship, Reformation.[3] A warrant for his arrest from William Hardrige was made to be carried out by Thomas Cornwallis.[4] With Captain and Councilor James Neale, Cornwallis arrested Richard Ingle but then switched to allow Ingle to sail away.[5] Both Neale and Cornwallis were only fined and suspended for their transgression.[6]

Ingle returned in February 1645 with the ship Reformation and assailed the Maryland colony in the name of English Parliament. Ingle attacked the settlement of St. Mary's City, the colonial capital, and imprisoned leaders of the colony. Governor Calvert fled to Virginia. Ingle's men built a palisade around Leonard Calvert's property and named it "Pope's Fort" in tribute to Colonel Nathaniel Pope, the owner of the Calvert property.[7][8][9]

Plundering Time

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Main article: Plundering Time

Captain Richard Ingle took control of the Maryland colonial government and along with fellow Protestant William Claiborne, an Anglican church adherent, ushered in a period of unrest and lawlessness from 1644 to 1646 known as the "Claiborne and Ingle's rebellion", or "Plundering Time".[10] Under Ingle's leadership, his men looted property of wealthy Roman Catholic settlers. Ingle claimed that he had a letter of marque to cruise the waters of Shesapeake (Chesapeake Bay) by permission of the new Long Parliament in England.[11] Local settlers regarded him as a pirate.[2] Ingle had a council mimicking the previous governing body, called the Assembly of Protestants.[12] He put two Jesuit priests, Andrew White and Thomas Copley, in chains and transported them back to England.

Governor Calvert returned in August 1646 with a military force and re-established his control of the colony.[13] Calvert died in June 1647 due to illness. In 1648, Richard Ingle was called a "notorious and ungrateful villain" by Maryland leaders.[14][15]

Death

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Though most of his men were granted amnesty, Richard Ingle, according to some sources, was specifically exempted from being released, made an example of, and executed as a pirate in 1653.[citation needed]

References

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  1. ^ a b Winthrop, John. Winthrop's Journal, "History of New England, " 1630-1649. United States, C. Scribner's sons, 1908.
  2. ^ a b "Exploring Maryland's Roots: Library: Richard Ingle (1609-1653)". mdroots.thinkport.org.
  3. ^ Henry F. Thompson, "Richard Ingle in Maryland" Maryland Historical Magazine, Volume 1, Issue 2 (June 1906). MSA SC5881-1-2
  4. ^ Ingle, Edward. Captain Richard Ingle, the Maryland "pirate and Rebel," 1642-1653: A Paper. United States, J. Murphy & Company, 1884.
  5. ^ "Leading events of Maryland history; with topical analyses, references, and questions for original thought and research". Boston, Md., The Cushing Co. 1903.
  6. ^ "Leading events of Maryland history; with topical analyses, references, and questions for original thought and research". Boston, Md., The Cushing Co. 1903.
  7. ^ Rose, Mark. "The Forgotten Fight for America." Archaeology, vol. 58, no. 1, 2005, pp. 46–51. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41779871. Accessed 20 Nov. 2024.
  8. ^ Beale, G. W. “Col. Nathaniel Pope and His Descendants.” The William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine, vol. 12, no. 3, 1904, pp. 192–96. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1915552. Accessed 20 Nov. 2024.
  9. ^ "Colonial Encounters: The Lower Potomac River Valley, 1500-1720 AD". colonialencounters.org.
  10. ^ Maryland State Archives Governors of Maryland 1634 – 1689
  11. ^ Jonas, Manfred. “The Claiborne-Calvert Controversy: An Episode in the Colonization of North America.” Jahrbuch Für Amerikastudien, vol. 11, 1966, pp. 241–50. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41155175. Accessed 19 Nov. 2024.
  12. ^ Smith, Francis Neale (2003). "James Neale ... hath Adventured Himself into our Province of Maryland" (PDF). Maryland Historical Magazine. Vol. 98, no. 3. Maryland Historical Society. p. 263. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  13. ^ "Leonard Calvert |".
  14. ^ Bozman, John Leeds. The History of Maryland: From Its First Settlement, in 1633, to the Restoration, in 1660 ; with a Copious Introduction, and Notes and Illustrations. United States, J. Lucas & E.K. Deaver, 1837.
  15. ^ Council Proceedings from 1636 to 1657, pp 205

Further reading

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  • Donnelly, Mark P. and Daniel Diehl. Pirates of Maryland: Plunder and High Adventure in the Chesapeake Bay. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2012.
  • Maloney, Eric John. "Papists and Puritans in Early Maryland: Religion in the Forging of Provincial Society, 1632–1665". PhD. Dissertation. Stony Brook, NY: State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1996.
  • Riordan, Timothy B. Plundering Time: Maryland and the English Civil War, 1645–1646. Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 2004.
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