Jump to content

Religious affiliation in the United States Senate

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The religious affiliation in the United States Senate reflects the variety of religion in the United States, despite not being in line with the religious affiliation of the general population.

While the religious preference of elected officials is by no means an indication of their allegiance nor necessarily reflective of their voting record, the religious affiliation of prominent members of all three branches of government is a source of commentary and discussion among the media and public. The topic is also of interest to religious groups and the general public who may appeal to senators of their denomination on religious or moral issues facing the United States Senate.

This list reports the religious affiliation of the members of the United States Senate in the 118th United States Congress. In most cases, in addition to specific sources, the senators' religious affiliations are those mentioned by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life at the Pew Research Center, which publishes a report at the beginning of each Congress.[1][2]

Christians (85)

[edit]

Protestants (55)

[edit]

Presbyterians (11)

[edit]
Senator Party State Religion Notes
John Barrasso Republican Wyoming Presbyterian[3][4] Denomination: PCUSA; former Catholic.
Marsha Blackburn Republican Tennessee Presbyterian[5] Denomination: PCA.
Shelley Moore Capito Republican West Virginia Presbyterian[6] Denomination: PCUSA.
Tom Carper Democrat Delaware Presbyterian[7][8] Denomination: PCUSA.
Chris Coons Democrat Delaware Presbyterian[9][10] Attends a Catholic church.[11]
Steve Daines Republican Montana Presbyterian[12] Denomination: EPC.[13][14]
Deb Fischer Republican Nebraska Presbyterian[15][16]
Josh Hawley Republican Missouri Presbyterian[17] Raised as a Methodist;[18] denomination: EPC.[19]
Rand Paul Republican Kentucky Presbyterian[20][21] Raised as an Episcopalian.[22][23]
Tina Smith Democrat Minnesota Presbyterian[2] Swore by an old Heilige Bibel, a family Bible.[24]
Mark Warner Democrat Virginia Presbyterian[25][26]

Baptists (10)

[edit]
Senator Party State Religion Notes
Cory Booker Democrat New Jersey Baptist[27] Denomination: NBC.[28] Raised as a Methodist.[29]
John Boozman Republican Arkansas Baptist[30][31] Denomination: SBC.
Ted Cruz Republican Texas Baptist[32][33] Denomination: SBC.
Lindsey Graham Republican South Carolina Baptist[34][35] Denomination: SBC.
Chuck Grassley Republican Iowa Baptist[36][37] Denomination: BGC; attends a non-denominational church.[38]
Cindy Hyde-Smith Republican Mississippi Baptist[39] Denomination: SBC.
James Lankford Republican Oklahoma Baptist[40][41] Denomination: SBC; former student ministries and evangelism specialist for the BGCO.
Mitch McConnell Republican Kentucky Baptist[42][43] Denomination: SBC.
Raphael Warnock Democrat Georgia Baptist Former associated pastor of Abyssinian Baptist Church, affiliated to NBC;
senior pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church, affiliated to PNBC and ABC.
Roger Wicker Republican Mississippi Baptist[44][45] Denomination: SBC.

Methodists (6)

[edit]
Senator Party State Religion Notes
Katie Britt Republican Alabama Methodist[46] Denomination: UMC[46]
Tom Cotton Republican Arkansas Methodist[47] Denomination: UMC.[48]
John Kennedy Republican Louisiana Methodist[49] Denomination: UMC.[49]
Jerry Moran Republican Kansas Methodist[50][51] Attends a Presbyterian church.[52]
Debbie Stabenow Democrat Michigan Methodist[53][54] Denomination: UMC.[55]
Elizabeth Warren Democrat Massachusetts Methodist[56][57] Denomination: UMC.[58] Attends various churches.[59]

Lutherans (6)

[edit]
Senator Party State Religion Notes
Sherrod Brown Democrat Ohio Lutheran[60][61][62] Denomination: ELCA.
Joni Ernst Republican Iowa Lutheran[60] Denomination: ELCA.
Martin Heinrich Democrat New Mexico Lutheran[60][63][64] Denomination: ELCA.
Ron Johnson Republican Wisconsin Lutheran[60][65][66] Denomination: WELS.
Cynthia Lummis Republican Wyoming Lutheran[60][67] Denomination: LCMS.
Jeff Merkley Democrat Oregon Lutheran[60][68][69] Denomination: ELCA.

Episcopalians (5)

[edit]
Senator Party State Religion Notes
Bill Hagerty Republican Tennessee Episcopalian[2]
Angus King Independent
(caucusing with Democrats) 		Maine Episcopalian[70][71][72]
Gary Peters Democrat Michigan Episcopalian[70][73][74]
Chris Van Hollen Democrat Maryland Episcopalian[70][75]
Sheldon Whitehouse Democrat Rhode Island Episcopalian[70][76][77]

Nondenominational Evangelicals (5)

[edit]
Senator Party State Religion Notes
Ted Budd Republican North Carolina Nondenominational Evangelical[78]
Bill Cassidy Republican Louisiana Nondenominational Evangelical[79]
Rick Scott Republican Florida Nondenominational Evangelical[80] Former Presbyterian.[80]
Tim Scott Republican South Carolina Nondenominational Evangelical[81][82]
John Thune Republican South Dakota Nondenominational Evangelical[83][84]

Restorationists (3)

[edit]
Senator Party State Religion Notes
John Cornyn Republican Texas Restorationist[85][86] Denomination: Churches of Christ.
Roger Marshall Republican Kansas Restorationist Denomination: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ).[87][88]
Tommy Tuberville Republican Alabama Restorationist[89] Denomination: Churches of Christ.

Congregationalists (2)

[edit]
Senator Party State Religion Notes
Maggie Hassan Democrat New Hampshire Congregationalist Denomination: UCC.
Amy Klobuchar Democrat Minnesota Congregationalist[90][91] Denomination: UCC.

Pentecostals (2)

[edit]
Senator Party State Religion Notes
Kevin Cramer Republican North Dakota Pentecostal Former Lutheran; denomination: ICFG.[92]
Markwayne Mullin Republican Oklahoma Pentecostal[93] Denomination: Assemblies of God[94]

Wesleyan-Holiness Evangelicals (1)

[edit]
Senator Party State Religion Notes
Jon Tester Democrat Montana Wesleyan-Holiness Evangelical[95] Denomination: Church of God (Anderson, Indiana).

Quakers (1)

[edit]
Senator Party State Religion Notes
John Hickenlooper Democrat Colorado Quaker[96] "Raised on the periphery of the Episcopal Church",[97]
but misidentified as an Episcopalian in the Pew Report.[2]

Unspecified Protestants (3)

[edit]
Senator Party State Religion Notes
Chris Murphy Democrat Connecticut Protestant[98][99] Raised as a Congregationalist.[100]
Jeanne Shaheen Democrat New Hampshire Protestant[101][102]
Todd Young Republican Indiana Protestant[2]

Catholics (26)

[edit]
Senator Party State Religion Notes
Mike Braun Republican Indiana Catholic[103]
Maria Cantwell Democrat Washington Catholic[104][105]
Bob Casey Democrat Pennsylvania Catholic[106][107]
Susan Collins Republican Maine Catholic[108][109]
Catherine Cortez Masto Democrat Nevada Catholic[110][111][112]
Dick Durbin Democrat Illinois Catholic[113][114]
Kirsten Gillibrand Democrat New York Catholic[115][116]
John Hoeven Republican North Dakota Catholic[117][118]
Tim Kaine Democrat Virginia Catholic[119][120]
Mark Kelly Democrat Arizona Catholic[2] His wife, former Rep. Gabby Giffords, is Jewish.
Ben Ray Luján Democrat New Mexico Catholic[2]
Joe Manchin Democrat West Virginia Catholic[116][121]
Ed Markey Democrat Massachusetts Catholic[122][123]
Lisa Murkowski Republican Alaska Catholic[124][125]
Patty Murray Democrat Washington Catholic[126][127]
Alex Padilla Democrat California Catholic[128]
Jack Reed Democrat Rhode Island Catholic[129][130]
Pete Ricketts Republican Nebraska Catholic[131]
Jim Risch Republican Idaho Catholic[132][133]
Mike Rounds Republican South Dakota Catholic[134][135]
Marco Rubio Republican Florida Catholic[136][137] Former Latter-day Saint.[138]
Eric Schmitt Republican Missouri Catholic[139]
Dan Sullivan Republican Alaska Catholic[140]
Thom Tillis Republican North Carolina Catholic[141]
JD Vance Republican Ohio Catholic[142][143] Former Non-denominational Evangelical.
Peter Welch Democrat Vermont Catholic[144]

Latter-day Saints (3)

[edit]
Senator Party State Religion Notes
Mike Crapo Republican Idaho Latter-day Saint[145][146]
Mike Lee Republican Utah Latter-day Saint[147][148]
Mitt Romney Republican Utah Latter-day Saint[149][150]

Oriental Orthodox (1)

[edit]

Coptic Orthodox (1)

[edit]
Senator Party State Religion Notes
George Helmy Democrat New Jersey Coptic Orthodox[151]

Jewish (8)

[edit]
Senator Party State Religion Notes
Richard Blumenthal Democrat Connecticut Jewish[152][153]
Jon Ossoff Democrat Georgia Jewish[154]
Ben Cardin Democrat Maryland Jewish[155][156]
Bernie Sanders Independent
(caucusing with Democrats) 		Vermont Jewish[157][158] Non-practicing.
Jacky Rosen Democrat Nevada Jewish[159][160]
Brian Schatz Democrat Hawaii Jewish[161][162]
Chuck Schumer Democrat New York Jewish[163][164]
Ron Wyden Democrat Oregon Jewish[165][166]

Buddhists (1)

[edit]
Senator Party State Religion Notes
Mazie Hirono Democrat Hawaii Buddhist[167][168] School: Jōdo Shinshū; non-practicing.

Unknown or refused to specify (5)

[edit]
Senator Party State Religion Notes
Tammy Baldwin Democrat Wisconsin Unknown or refused to specify[2][169][170] Baptized as an Episcopalian.[171]
Michael Bennet Democrat Colorado Unknown or refused to specify[2][172][173] Raised in both Jewish and Christian traditions.[174]
Laphonza Butler Democrat California Unknown or refused to specify
Tammy Duckworth Democrat Illinois Unknown or refused to specify[2] Sometimes acknowledged as Deist.[175]
John Fetterman Democrat Pennsylvania Unknown or refused to specify

Unaffiliated (1)

[edit]
Senator Party State Religion Notes
Kyrsten Sinema Independent Arizona Unaffiliated Raised as a Latter-day Saint.[176]

Comparison with general population

[edit]

In conjunction with figures derived from the Pew Research Center's 2021 "survey of the religious composition of the United States",[177] the most basic breakdown of the above data indicates that 85% of the Senate identify as Christian (compared with 63% of the population), 8% identify as Jewish (compared with 2% of the population), 5% have unknown religious affiliation or refused to specify it (compared with 2% of the population), 1% identifies with other religions (compared with 5% of the population), and another 1% identifies as unaffiliated (compared with 29% of the population). The unaffiliated are extremely under-represented, while Jews, Presbyterians, Lutherans, and Episcopalians are particularly over-represented.

The following table compares reported religious affiliations of senators to religious statistics of the demographics of the United States:

Religion Group No. of sens % of sens % of population
Christians Catholics
26 / 100
 26% 21%
Presbyterians
11 / 100
 11% 2%
Baptists
10 / 100
 10% 11%
Methodists
6 / 100
 6% 4%
Lutherans
6 / 100
 6% 3%
Episcopalians
5 / 100
 5% 1%
Other Protestants
17 / 100
 17% 18%
Latter-day Saints
3 / 100
 3% 2%
Coptic Orthodox
1 / 100
 1% 0%
Jews
8 / 100
 8% 2%
Buddhists
1 / 100
 1% 1%
Unknown or refused to specify
5 / 100
 5% 2%
Unaffiliated
1 / 100
 1% 29%

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Diamant, Jeff (January 3, 2023). "Faith on the Hill: The religious composition of the 118th Congress" (PDF). Pew Research Center.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Religious affiliation of members of 118th Congress" (PDF). Pew Research Center. January 3, 2023.
  3. ^ "Sen. John Barrasso (R-Wyo.)". rollcall.com. March 21, 2013.
  4. ^ University of California, Santa Cruz (March 21, 2013). "Sen. John Barrasso (R-WY) 2nd term Republican from Wyoming. Appt. June 22, 2007". ucforcalifornia.org.
  5. ^ Barnette, Amy (June 30, 2010). "Marsha Blackburn – 7th Congressional District". The Commercial Appeal. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012.
  6. ^ "Shelley Moore Capito".
  7. ^ University of Delaware (January 19, 2011). "Thomas R. Carper Congressional Papers Biographical Note". lib.udel.edu.
  8. ^ "Tom Carper". businessinsider.com. March 21, 2013.
  9. ^ "Senator Coons talks about faith and poverty". coons.senate.gov. March 9, 2011. Archived from the original on February 25, 2013.
  10. ^ Frank Bruni (October 11, 2010). "With O'Donnell as Foil, Democrat Plays It Safe". New York Times.
  11. ^ "Sen. Christopher A. Coons, Democrat". June 29, 2016. Archived from the original on January 10, 2019.
  12. ^ "Steve Daines".
  13. ^ "Steve Daines". Ballotpedia.
  14. ^ "Welcome to Springville Church!". Springville Presbyterian Church.
  15. ^ "Roll Call New Member Profiles: 113th Congress Deb Fischer, R-Nebraska Senate". rollcall.com. March 24, 2013.
  16. ^ Leslie Reed (April 22, 2012). "Fischer: Don't count me out". Omaha World-Herald. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013.
  17. ^ "Josh Hawley Didn't Call for Christian Revolution". 17 September 2022.
  18. ^ "Christian Nationalist sentiments of eight senators voting not to certify - Freedom from Religion Foundation".
  19. ^ "Josh Hawley Didn't Call for Christian Revolution". 17 September 2022.
  20. ^ Bruce Schreiner; Roger Alford (October 18, 2010). "Rand Paul, Jack Conway Senate race turns bitter over religious accusations". Christian Science Monitor. Associated Press.
  21. ^ Steve Kornaki (May 17, 2010). "Will Rand Paul run for president in 2012?". salon.com.
  22. ^ "5 faith facts about Rand Paul: 'My faith has never been easy for me'". February 2016.
  23. ^ Caldwell, Christopher (February 22, 2007). "Ron Paul - Presidential Election of 2008 - Elections - Candidates - Republicans". The New York Times.
  24. ^ "There's a story behind that old Bible Tina Smith took the Senate oath on [sic]". Pioneer Press. January 3, 2018.
  25. ^ Matt Bai (March 12, 2006). "The Fallback". New York Times.
  26. ^ "2008 Democratic Hopefuls OFF THE TRAIL - Mark Warner". CBS News. March 22, 2013. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010.
  27. ^ Dan Gilgoff (August 7, 2009). "Newark Mayor Cory Booker's Course on World Religions". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
  28. ^ "Cory Booker's Pastor Literally Anointed Him Ahead of His Big Campaign Announcement". Relevant. February 1, 2019. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
  29. ^ "Newark Mayor Cory Booker's Course on World Religions (In Hebrew and English) - God & Country". U.S. News & World Report. August 7, 2009. Archived from the original on June 17, 2013.
  30. ^ "John Boozman (R)". Washington Post. March 22, 2013.
  31. ^ James O'Bryan (March 22, 2013). "What Is John Boozman's Religion?". politicsdaily.com.
  32. ^ Lisa Olson; Houston Chronicle (October 15, 2012). "Profile: A man of many contrasts, Ted Cruz defies easy stereotypes". chron.com.
  33. ^ Elizabeth Hartfield (July 31, 2012). "Ted Cruz Wins In Texas GOP Senate Runoff". abcnews.go.com.
  34. ^ "NationalJournal Sen. Lindsey Graham (R) South Carolina". National Journal. March 22, 2013.
  35. ^ Rebecca Eidson; Tri-County Technical College (April 24, 2012). "Senator Lindsey Graham to Deliver Spring Commencement Address". tctc.edu.
  36. ^ "Chuck Grassley of Iowa --- United States Senator". grassley.senate.gov. March 22, 2013. Archived from the original on March 26, 2013.
  37. ^ "Sen. Charles E. Grassley (R-Iowa)". rollcall.com. March 22, 2013.
  38. ^ Chuck Grassley [@senatorchuckgrassley] (August 29, 2018). "At the time of our marriage, I attended New Hartford Baptist & Barbara attended Church of the Brethren. So, on Aug 29-one wk after our wedding, we decided to seek a "neutral" place of worship. We checked out Prairie Lakes & never sought another venue. Today is our 64 yr anniversary of worshipping here" – via Instagram.
  39. ^ "Meet Cindy".
  40. ^ Barone, Michael; Chuck McCutcheon (2011). The Almanac of American Politics 2012. Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group. pp. 1331–1333. ISBN 978-0-226-03807-0.
  41. ^ "About | James Lankford". JamesLankford.com. Archived from the original on March 12, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  42. ^ "Sen. Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.)". rollcall.com. March 22, 2013.
  43. ^ "Almanac Sen. Mitch McConnell (R) Kentucky". National Journal. November 9, 2013. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012.
  44. ^ "ISSUE STATEMENT : Family Values Protecting Family Values". wicker.senate.gov. March 22, 2013.
  45. ^ Edwin Smith (April 12, 2012). "U.S. Sen. Roger Wicker to Deliver Commencement Address". University of Mississippi.
  46. ^ a b "Meet Katie Britt". Katie Britt US Senate Alabama First. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
  47. ^ "Cotton draws religious beliefs into Arkansas Senate fight". Arkansas News Bureau. July 2, 2014.
  48. ^ "King Cotton". United Methodist Insight. September 9, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
  49. ^ a b "John Kennedy | United States senator [born 1951]". Encyclopedia Britannica. 15 July 2023.
  50. ^ "Jerry Moran (R)". Washington Post. June 30, 2004.
  51. ^ United Methodist Church (November 13, 2000). "News Archives United Methodist numbers increase in Congress". archives.umc.org.
  52. ^ "Biography". United States Senator for Kansas Jerry Moran.
  53. ^ Albert J. Menendez; United Methodist Church (November 27, 2012). "45 United Methodists in diverse Congress". umc.org. Archived from the original on April 16, 2013.
  54. ^ "Michigan Manual 2009-2010 SENATOR DEBBIE STABENOW" (PDF). legislature.mi.gov. March 23, 2013.
  55. ^ "Biography". Debbie Stabenow United States Senator.
  56. ^ Katrina vanden Heuvel (July 20, 2010). "The Case For Elizabeth Warren". The Nation.
  57. ^ Chris Moody (September 5, 2012). "Elizabeth Warren to DNC: The 'system is rigged' against you". news.yahoo.com.
  58. ^ "Elizabeth Warren launches interfaith initiative, hopes to appeal to faith communities". The Christian Century. February 10, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
  59. ^ Victoria McGrane (September 2, 2017). "Religion is constant part of Elizabeth Warren's life". Boston Globe.
  60. ^ a b c d e f "Lutherans in Congress". Living Lutheran. January 5, 2015.
  61. ^ "New Member Profile: Sen.-Elect Sherrod Brown (D—Ohio)". New York Times. November 7, 2007.
  62. ^ Stephen Koff (September 21, 2011). "Sherrod Brown says 'Happy Jewish New Year.' Josh Mandel says it shows he's worried". cleveland.com.
  63. ^ "Roll Call New Member Profiles: 113th Congress Martin Heinrich, D-N.M. (Senate)". rollcall.com. March 22, 2013.
  64. ^ "Senator Martin T. Heinrich's Biography". votesmart.org. March 22, 2013.
  65. ^ Larry Givins; Gannett Company (January 8, 2012). "Republican U.S. Senator Ron Johnson, of Oshkosh, carves niche as deficit hawk". thenorthwestern.com.
  66. ^ Crop Science Society of America. "JUNIOR SENATOR/WISCONSIN Sen. Ron Johnson (R) Elected 2010; 1st term" (PDF). crops.org.
  67. ^ "Sen. Cynthia Lummis, R-Wyo". Roll Call.
  68. ^ "Sen. Jeff Merkley (D-Ore.)". rollcall.com. March 22, 2013.
  69. ^ University of California, Los Angeles (March 22, 2013). "Sen. Jeff Merkley (D-OR) 1st term Democrat from Oregon". ucla.ucforcalifornia.org.
  70. ^ a b c d Services, Civil (July 2020). "Episcopalian Senators of the United States Senate". Civil Services.
  71. ^ Colin Woodard (September 23, 2012). "The making of a man without a party The former governor's view of the world was shaped long before be [sic] ran for public office, and will likely continue to inform his choices". Portland Press Herald.
  72. ^ Alan Silverleib (February 15, 2013). "Independent's Day: King hopes to bridge divided D.C." cnn.com.
  73. ^ "Sen. Gary Peters (D-Mich.)". RollCall.com. September 8, 2014.
  74. ^ "Michigan Senate: Gary Peters (D)". National Journal. 2014. Archived from the original on January 5, 2015.
  75. ^ "17 Episcopalians in Congress Who Oppose Gay Marriage". InsideSources. July 2, 2015.
  76. ^ "Senator Sheldon Whitehouse's Biography". votesmart.org. March 23, 2012.
  77. ^ "Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse (D-R.I.)". rollcall.com. March 23, 2012.
  78. ^ "About 60 the 138 House members who objected to the Electoral College count were evangelical Christians". Current. January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
  79. ^ "Bill Cassidy". ballotpedia.org.
  80. ^ a b "Rick Scott left Presbyterian church to help found Naples Community Church". July 31, 2010.
  81. ^ "GOP's Tim Scott's star rockets to the top". mcclatchydc.com. September 26, 2011. Archived from the original on March 22, 2014.
  82. ^ "Santorum Gains Support from Social Conservatives". Wall Street Journal. January 15, 2012.
  83. ^ "John Randolph Thune (R)". Washington Post. March 22, 2013.
  84. ^ "John Thune Fast Facts". cnn.com. March 7, 2013.
  85. ^ Houston Chronicle (August 3, 2010). "Texas delegation in depth: John Cornyn". chron.com.
  86. ^ "Texas: Junior Senator Sen. John Cornyn (R)". National Journal. June 22, 2005. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012.
  87. ^ "The Voter's Self Defense System".
  88. ^ "Great Bend Pastor gives opening prayer on Capitol Hill". 12 October 2017.
  89. ^ "What churches do U.S. senate candidates Tuberville, Jones attend?". AL.com. October 28, 2020.
  90. ^ United States Government Printing Office; United States Congress Joint Committee on Printing (March 22, 2013). Official Congressional Directory: 110th Congress : 2007-2008. Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160788796.
  91. ^ United States Government Printing Office (March 22, 2013). "Congressional Directory for the 112th Congress (2011-2012), December 2011". gpo.gov.
  92. ^ "Congress's 'Other' Christians: The Fastest-Growing Faith on the Hill". 3 January 2019.
  93. ^ "Rep. Markwayne Mullin, Cherokee, Among The Hill's '50 Most Beautiful'". ICT. July 31, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
  94. ^ "Meet Markwayne". Mullin U.S. Senate.
  95. ^ "Sen.-Elect Jon Tester (D—Mont.)". New York Times. November 8, 2006.
  96. ^ "John Hickenlooper: Everything you need to know about the former 2020 presidential candidate". ABC News. August 15, 2019.
  97. ^ "The Happy Shrewdness of John W. Hickenlooper". 5280. August 2012.
  98. ^ "NationalJournalAlmanac Connecticut District 5 Rep. Chris Murphy (D)". National Journal. March 22, 2013. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013.
  99. ^ "Almanac CAMPAIGN 2006: THE NEWLY ELECTED Connecticut's 5th District: Chris Murphy (D)". National Journal. November 8, 2006. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013.
  100. ^ "The Pope Addressed A Congress That's Much More Christian Than America". NPR.org. September 24, 2015.
  101. ^ "Candidate Profile from Congressional Quarterly Jeanne Shaheen (D) of Madbury". cnn.com. 1996.
  102. ^ Albert J. Menendez (2009). "111th Congress -- Religious Affiliations" (PDF). arlinc.org.
  103. ^ "Michael Braun". Indiana Legislator Database. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
  104. ^ United States Congress Joint Committee on Printing (January 4, 2005). Official Congressional Directory, 2005-2006, 109th Congress, Convened January 4, 2005 (Clothbound). ISBN 9780160724671.
  105. ^ Steve Benen (February 28, 2009). "POLITICAL ANIMAL THIS WEEK IN GOD". washingtonmonthly.com.
  106. ^ John M. Broder (August 8, 2008). "Casey, an Abortion Opponent, Praises Obama". New York Times.
  107. ^ James O'Toole (September 10, 2006). "Casey says he's more than just the 'anti-Santorum'". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
  108. ^ "AllPolitics is presenting the freshmen of the 105th Congress every day between now and January". cnn.com. March 21, 2013.
  109. ^ "Senator Susan M. Collins's Biography". votesmart.org. March 21, 2013.
  110. ^ Hertzke, Allen D.; Olson, Laura R.; Den Dulk, Kevin R.; Fowler, Robert Booth (August 6, 2018). Religion and Politics in America: Faith, Culture, and Strategic Choices. Routledge. ISBN 9780429947353.
  111. ^ "'It's About Time': 1st Latina Senator, 7 new Latinos sworn in House". NBC News. January 4, 2017.
  112. ^ "As Catholics and Americans, we can't sit by while our country destroys the planet". America Magazine. November 30, 2017.
  113. ^ "Senator Richard 'Dick' J. Durbin's Biography". votesmart.org. March 21, 2013.
  114. ^ Mike Dorning, Margaret Talev (February 8, 2012). "Obama Weighed Religious Politics in Contraceptives Decision". bloomberg.com.
  115. ^ "Addresses of Legislators Listed in Order of District Number" (PDF). buffalodiocese.org. March 21, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2015.
  116. ^ a b Gail Russell Chaddock (February 9, 2012). "Catholic furor over birth control rule turns Democrats on one another". The Christian Science Monitor.
  117. ^ "John Hoeven (R) - Washington Post". Washington Post. March 21, 2013.
  118. ^ Harry Bradford (November 2, 2010). "What Is John Hoeven's Religion?". politicsdaily.com.
  119. ^ "ONE NATION: RELIGION & POLITICS Tim Kaine: Democrats and Religious Outreach". pbs.org. September 4, 2012.
  120. ^ Timothy Dwyer (November 3, 2005). "For Kaine, a Faith in Service". Washington Post.
  121. ^ "Governor of the State of West Virginia - Joe Manchin III". westvirginia.statelawyers.com. March 21, 2013. Archived from the original on March 11, 2013.
  122. ^ "Sen. Edward J. Markey (D-Mass.)". rollcall.com.
  123. ^ Noah Bierman (April 21, 2013). "A drive that stunned Markey's family, and never ebbed Representative came in as a rebel, then rose". bostonglobe.com.
  124. ^ "Senator Lisa A. Murkowski's Biography". votesmart.org. March 24, 2013.
  125. ^ "Alaska U.S. Senate candidates answer questions about abortion, immigration, 'gay marriage' and capital punishment". catholicanchor.org. October 30, 2010. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013.
  126. ^ Chris McGann, Claudia Rose (July 19, 2004). "Archbishop warns Catholic politicians on abortion". Seattle Post-Intelligencer.
  127. ^ Nancy Frazier O'Brien (November 11, 2004). "At 29 percent of 109th Congress, Catholics remain largest faith group". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on November 17, 2004.
  128. ^ "Alex Padilla's Biography". Vote Smart. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  129. ^ G. Wayne Miller (March 21, 2013). "A Humble Path to Power". reed.senate.gov. Archived from the original on March 18, 2013.
  130. ^ "Sen. Jack Reed (D-R.I.)". rollcall.com. March 21, 2013.
  131. ^ 2016–17 Nebraska Blue Book (PDF). Nebraska Legislature. p. 418.
  132. ^ Carolyn LaDelle Bennett (May 12, 2010). Same Ole Or Something New: Uprooting Power ENTRENCHMENT. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 9781450086905.
  133. ^ Albert J. Menendez (2011). "112th Congress -- Religious Affiliations" (PDF). arlinc.org.
  134. ^ "Rounds for Senate". roundsforsenate.com.
  135. ^ "Mike Rounds | United States senator". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  136. ^ Mark Oppenheimer (November 26, 2010). "Marco Rubio: Catholic or Protestant?". New York Times.
  137. ^ Chris Moody (June 19, 2012). "Whether Mormon, Catholic or Protestant, faith a major theme in Rubio memoir". abcnews.go.com.
  138. ^ "Marco Rubio's book explains why he left Mormonism". The Salt Lake Tribune. June 20, 2012.
  139. ^ "Sen. Eric Schmitt". Legistorm.
  140. ^ Hadro, Matt (November 3, 2014). "How the Catholic vote could sway Alaska's crucial Senate race". Catholic News Agency.
  141. ^ "Thom Tillis on Principles & Values". OnTheIssues.
  142. ^ "Best-Selling 'Hillbilly Elegy' Author J.D. Vance Becomes Catholic". National Catholic Register. August 13, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
  143. ^ Vance, J. D. (August 11, 2019). "J.D. Vance Becomes Catholic". The American Conservative. Interviewed by Rod Dreher. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
  144. ^ "Sen. Peter Welch (D-VT)". e-Advocacy.
  145. ^ "Sen. Mike Crapo (R) Idaho". National Journal. March 24, 2013.
  146. ^ Cameron Joseph (July 23, 2012). "Mormons on cusp of new powerful era". thehill.com.
  147. ^ "Sen. Mike Lee (R-Utah)". rollcall.com. March 24, 2013.
  148. ^ Cameron Joseph (June 12, 2012). "Sen. Mike Lee: Mormons have 'added dose of a belief in American exceptionalism'". thehill.com.
  149. ^ Kranish, Michael; Paulson, Michael (June 25, 2007). "The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 2: Centered in faith, a family emerges". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on June 25, 2007. Also available as "Mitt's LDS roots run deep". Deseret Morning News. July 2, 2007.
  150. ^ Kaleem, Jaweed (August 29, 2012). "Mitt Romney Holds Mormon Faith Close Through Political Rise". The Huffington Post.
  151. ^ "New Jersey Democrat George Helmy sworn in as replacement for Menendez in the Senate". AP News. 2024-09-09. Retrieved 2024-09-09.
  152. ^ David Plotz (September 15, 2000). "Richard Blumenthal He was supposed to be president. So why is he only Connecticut's attorney general?". slate.com.
  153. ^ Nick Baumann (January 7, 2010). "Why Richard Blumenthal is Popular". motherjones.com.
  154. ^ Kampeas, Ron (March 21, 2017). "A Jewish candidate gives Democrats hope in Atlanta's suburbs". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
  155. ^ "NationalJournalAlmanac Maryland Sen. Ben Cardin (D)". National Journal. March 24, 2013. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013.
  156. ^ "Senator Benjamin 'Ben' L. Cardin's Biography". votesmart.org. March 24, 2013.
  157. ^ "SENATOR BERNIE SANDERS United States Senator for Vermont" (PDF). sanders.senate.gov. March 24, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 16, 2013.
  158. ^ Michael Powell (November 5, 2006). "Exceedingly Social, But Doesn't Like Parties". Washington Post.
  159. ^ Lochhead, Colton (July 4, 2016). "Congressional candidate Jacky Rosen a newcomer, unknown to most Southern Nevadans". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
  160. ^ "Congressional candidate Jacky Rosen talks issues from health care to national security". Las Vegas Sun. April 20, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
  161. ^ Sean Sullivan (December 27, 2012). "Who is Brian Schatz?". Washington Post.
  162. ^ Seung Min Kim. "Why Neil Abercrombie bucked Daniel Inouye pick". politico.com.
  163. ^ Jqanette Friedman (March 24, 2013). "What Is Charles Schumer's Religion?". politicsdaily.com.
  164. ^ Jennifer Senior (November 8, 2004). "See Chuck Run. And Run. And Run. And Run. But where is he going?". nymag.com.
  165. ^ "Senator Ron Wyden's Biography". votesmart.org. March 24, 2013.
  166. ^ Shelley M. Buxbaum, Sara E. Karesh (November 2002). Jewish Faith in America Prominent Jewish Politicians. Infobase. ISBN 9781438102559.
  167. ^ Yoree Koh (November 6, 2012). "Hirono Becomes First U.S. Senator Born in Japan". Wall Street Journal.
  168. ^ Elizabeth Tenety (January 3, 2013). "In 113th Congress: First Hindu, first Buddhist in Senate, and (maybe) first 'none'". Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 4, 2013.
  169. ^ Mark Oppenheimer (November 9, 2012). "Politicians Who Reject Labels Based on Religion". New York Times.
  170. ^ "BIO: Who Is Tammy Baldwin?". foxnewsinsider.com. November 6, 2012. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012.
  171. ^ Doug Erickson (November 20, 2012). "In the Spirit: When it comes to religious affiliation, Baldwin, Pocan 'unspecified'". Wisconsin State Journal.
  172. ^ "Sen. Michael Bennet (D-Colo.)". rollcall.com. March 24, 2013.
  173. ^ "Sen. Michael Bennet (D) Colorado". National Journal. March 24, 2013.
  174. ^ Kurt F. Stone (December 29, 2010). The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810877382.
  175. ^ "Faith on the Hill: The Religious Composition of the 113th Congress". November 16, 2012.
  176. ^ Roig-Franzia, Manuel (January 3, 2013). "Congress' first openly bisexual member grew up Mormon, graduated from BYU". Standard Examiner. Archived from the original on November 22, 2015.
  177. ^ "About Three-in-Ten U.S. Adults Are Now Religiously Unaffiliated". Pew Research Center. December 14, 2020. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
[edit]
Retrieved from "http://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Religious_affiliation_in_the_United_States_Senate&oldid=1257969589"