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Rawa people

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Rawa people
Total population
unknown
Regions with significant populations
Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Minangkabau, Malays

The Rawa people, also known as Rao or Rau in the Minangkabau language,[1] are an ethnic group originating in Southeast Asia. Many Rawas migrated to Peninsular Malaysia during the 19th century.

History

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It is uncertain whether the Rawas belong to the larger Minangkabau ethnic group. Fathil et al. note controversy but assert that most scholars believe the Rawas are part of the Minangkabau.[2] Genetic analysis indicates a close relationship between the Minangkabau and Rawa peoples.[3] Possible origins of the Rawa people include the district of Rao in Pasaman,[2][4] Champa in Mainland Southeast Asia,[2] and west of Lake Toba in North Sumatra.[2][5] C. W. Watson speculated that the Rawa who settled the Peninsular Malaysia in the 19th century were an admixture of the Indigenous people of the upper Rokan River and Kerinci settlers originally from Rawang, North Sumatra.[6] A. C. Milner also notes a second group of Rawas in Jambi and Palembang, referring to this people as the 'Orang Rawa' and the West Sumatra people as the 'Orang Rau'.[5]

By the 2nd century CE, the Rawa people were known for mining mining gold and tin.[7][8] The Rawa people were also known as farmers, traders, and administrators.[9] Amran Dt. Joraho suggests that there was a majority-Buddhist Rawa Kingdom in and around Lubuk Sikaping from the 12th century to the 14th century known as Negeri di atas Angin ('Country above the Wind').[2] After being absorbed into the Pagaruyung Kingdom, the various Rawa clans continued to be ruled by lesser kings until the 19th century.[2]

Some Rawa men immigrated to Peninsular Malaysia in the 5th century to work in the coastal trade. More immigrated to the Malay Peninsula in the 17th century due to an increase in gold mining in Raub, Pahang, and in the 18th century due to an increase in tin mining.[10]

Following the Dutch victory in the Padri War in the mid-1830s, many Rawas migrated to East Sumatra[11] and Peninsular Malaysia to escape persecution.[12] Some may have joined Sumatrans who had migrated in previous centuries.[13] The Rawas helped spread Islam to the Malaysian Peninsula.[14] In Pahang, many Rawas settled in Raub. In Perak, many Rawas settled in Gopeng and along the tin-rich Titiwangsa Mountains after the Padri War and during the 1870s and 1880s. In Selangor, many Rawas settled in Kalumpang due to large tin deposits and proximity to the states they were migrating from.[15] Many Rawa people shifted from working in tin mines to rubber tree plantations when tin production declined in the late 1880s.[16]

During the 19th century, Rawa warriors on the Malaysian Peninsula were involved in many wars as mercenaries.[17] After many Raub Rawas supported Ahmed in the Pahang Civil War, the Rawa people were viewed unfavorably by other Malay peoples.[18][16] Many Rawas fought against Ahmed in later wars.[18][19] Some Rawas fled to Bernam to escape the war.[20] Leaders of Sungai Ujong and Rembau complained to the British about oppression and robbery by Rawas in 1855,[21] and the British viewed the Rawas as a threat to political stability. Because of this negative perception, some chose to conceal their Rawa identity.[22]

Geography

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In 1978, Milner reported that approximately 40,000 Rawas lived in West Sumatra.[11] The Rawa community of Malaysia is concentrated in Gopeng, Perak,[3] where there are more than 1,000 Rawa people.[23]

Culture

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In the Rawa community of Gopeng, children who are learning to walk and are at least thirteen months old must complete the adat berjojak ceremony before they are allowed to walk outside of their house. This ceremony is intended to prevent illness and poor academic performance.[23]

Many young men practice adat merantau, the tradition of leaving one's home village to gain life experience and new opportunities.[8][12]

Lemang kelamai is traditionally eaten during Hari Raya. Lemang kelamai is a variant of lemang that includes palm sugar and toasted coconut.[24]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Milner 1978, p. 146.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Fathil, Wan Sulong & Abdul Manaf 2018, p. 33.
  3. ^ a b Atan Edinur et al. 2009.
  4. ^ Abdullah & Fathil 2021, p. 263.
  5. ^ a b Milner 1978, p. 145.
  6. ^ Watson 1982, p. 84–85.
  7. ^ Fathil, Wan Sulong & Abdul Manaf 2018, p. 36.
  8. ^ a b Abdullah & Fathil 2021, p. 266.
  9. ^ Fathil, Wan Sulong & Abdul Manaf 2018, p. 35.
  10. ^ Fathil, Wan Sulong & Abdul Manaf 2018, p. 36–37.
  11. ^ a b Milner 1978, p. 147.
  12. ^ a b Fathil, Wan Sulong & Abdul Manaf 2018, p. 39.
  13. ^ Fathil, Wan Sulong & Abdul Manaf 2018, p. 40.
  14. ^ Fathil, Wan Sulong & Abdul Manaf 2018, p. 48.
  15. ^ Fathil, Wan Sulong & Abdul Manaf 2018, p. 40–41.
  16. ^ a b Fathil, Wan Sulong & Abdul Manaf 2018, p. 43.
  17. ^ Fathil, Wan Sulong & Abdul Manaf 2018, p. 43–44.
  18. ^ a b Milner 1978, p. 14.
  19. ^ Fathil, Wan Sulong & Abdul Manaf 2018, p. 42–43.
  20. ^ Fathil, Wan Sulong & Abdul Manaf 2018, p. 41.
  21. ^ Milner 1978, p. 143.
  22. ^ Fathil, Wan Sulong & Abdul Manaf 2018, p. 43–45.
  23. ^ a b Sidek 2024.
  24. ^ Arif 2020.

Works cited

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  • Abdullah, Suhaila; Fathil, Fauziah (2021). "Revisiting the History of Early Settlements in Pulau Pinang: The Contributions and Legacies of Rawa People". Intellectual Discourse. 29 (2): 262–278. doi:10.31436/id.v29i2.1606. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
  • Arif, Zahratulhayat Mat (17 May 2020). "'Lemang Kelamai' a hit in Gopeng". New Straits Times. Retrieved 31 January 2025.
  • Atan Edinur, Hisham; Zafarina, Zainuddin; Spínola, Hélder; Nurhaslindawaty, Abd Rashid; Panneerchelvam, Sundararajulu; Norazmi, Mohd-Nor (2009). "HLA polymorphism in six Malay subethnic groups in Malaysia". Human Immunology. 70 (7): 518–526. doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2009.04.003. Retrieved 31 January 2025.
  • Fathil, Fauziah; Wan Sulong, Wan Suhana; Abdul Manaf, Nor Faridah (2018). "Rawa Migration to the Malay Peninsula in the 19th Century: The Case of Pahang, Perak, and Selangor". Al-Shajarah: Journal of the International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilisation: 27–49. doi:10.31436/shajarah.v0i0.736. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
  • Milner, A. C. (1978). "A Note on 'The Rawa'". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 51 (2). Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society: 143–148. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
  • Sidek, Fadzlina Abu Bakar (1 July 2024). "Age-old 'adat Berjojak' Tradition Well Preserved By Rawa Malay Community". Bernama. Retrieved 31 January 2025.
  • Watson, C. W. (1982). "Rawa and Rinchi: A Further Note". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 55 (1). Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society: 82–86. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
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