Jump to content

RAND Corporation

Coordinates: 34°00′35″N 118°29′26″W / 34.009599°N 118.490670°W / 34.009599; -118.490670
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with American Research and Development Corporation, Remington Rand, Ingersoll Rand, or Sperry Rand.
"RAND" redirects here. For other uses, see Rand (disambiguation).

RAND Corporation
PredecessorSpin-off of Project RAND, a former partnership between Douglas Aircraft Company and the United States Air Force until incorporation as a not-for-profit/nonprofit, and gaining independence from both.
FormationMay 14, 1948; 76 years ago (1948-05-14)
Founders
TypeGlobal policy think tank, research institute, and public sector consulting firm[1]
95-1958142
Legal statusNonprofit corporation
Purpose
HeadquartersSanta Monica, California, U.S.
Coordinates34°00′35″N 118°29′26″W / 34.009599°N 118.490670°W / 34.009599; -118.490670
Region
Worldwide
President and CEO
Jason Gaverick Matheny[2]
RAND Leadership
  • Jennifer Gould
  • Andrew R. Hoehn
  • Mike Januzik
  • Eric Peltz
  • Melissa Rowe
  • Robert M. Case[2]
President, RAND Europe
Hans Pung[2]
SubsidiariesRAND Europe
Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School
AffiliationsIndependent
RevenueIncrease $390 million (2023)[4]
DisbursementsNumerous
ExpensesIncrease $427 million (2023)[5]
Endowment$288.7 million (2023)[6]
Staff1,900 (2023)[7]
Websitewww.rand.org Edit this at Wikidata

The RAND Corporation is an American nonprofit global policy think tank,[1] research institute, and public sector consulting firm. RAND Corporation engages in research and development (R&D) in a number of fields and industries. Since the 1950s, RAND research has helped inform United States policy decisions on a wide variety of issues, including the space race, the Vietnam War, the U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms confrontation, the creation of the Great Society social welfare programs, and national health care.

The RAND Corporation originated as "Project RAND" (from the phrase "research and development") in the postwar period immediately after World War II.[8][9] The United States Army Air Forces established Project RAND with the objective of investigating long-range planning of future weapons.[10] Douglas Aircraft Company was granted a contract to research intercontinental warfare.[10] Project RAND later evolved into the RAND Corporation, and expanded its research into civilian fields such as education and international affairs.[11] It was the first think tank to be regularly referred to as a "think tank".[1]

RAND receives both public and private funding. Its funding sources include the U.S. government, private endowments,[12] corporations,[13] universities,[13] charitable foundations, U.S. state and local governments, international organizations, and to a small extent, foreign governments.[13][14]

Overview

[edit]

RAND has approximately 1,850 employees. Its American locations include: Santa Monica, California (headquarters); Arlington, Virginia; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Boston, Massachusetts.[15] The RAND Gulf States Policy Institute has an office in New Orleans, Louisiana. RAND Europe is located in Cambridge, United Kingdom; Brussels, Belgium; and Rotterdam, Netherlands.[16] RAND Australia is located in Canberra, Australia.[17]

RAND is home to the Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School, one of eight original graduate programs in public policy and the first to offer a PhD. The program aims to provide practical experience for students, who work with RAND analysts on addressing real-world problems. The campus is at RAND's Santa Monica research facility. The Pardee RAND School is the world's largest PhD-granting program in policy analysis.[18]

Unlike many other programs, all Pardee RAND Graduate School students receive fellowships to cover their education costs. This allows them to dedicate their time to engage in research projects and provides them with on-the-job training.[18] RAND also offers a number of internship and fellowship programs allowing students and others to assist in conducting research for RAND projects. Most of these are short-term independent projects mentored by a RAND staff member.[19]

RAND publishes the RAND Journal of Economics, a peer-reviewed journal of economics.[20]

Thirty-two recipients of the Nobel Prize, primarily in the fields of economics and physics, have been associated with RAND at some point in their career.[21][22]

History

[edit]

Project RAND

[edit]

RAND was created after individuals in the War Department, the Office of Scientific Research and Development, and industry began to discuss the need for a private organization to connect operational research with research and development decisions.[19] The immediate impetus for the creation of RAND was a conversation in September 1945 between General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold and Douglas executive Franklin R. Collbohm.[23] Both men were deeply worried that ongoing demobilization meant the federal government was about to lose direct control of the vast amount of American scientific brainpower assembled to fight World War II.[23]

As soon as Arnold realized Collbohm had been thinking along similar lines, he said, "I know just what you're going to tell me. It's the most important thing we can do."[24] With Arnold's blessing, Collbohm quickly pulled in additional people from Douglas to help, and together with Donald Douglas, they convened with Arnold two days later at Hamilton Army Airfield to sketch out a general outline for Collbohm's proposed project.[24]

Douglas engineer Arthur Emmons Raymond came up with the name Project RAND, from "research and development".[8] Collbohm suggested that he himself should serve as the project's first director, which he thought would be a temporary position while he searched for a permanent replacement for himself.[8] He later became RAND's first president and served in that capacity until his retirement in 1967.[25]

On 1 October 1945, Project RAND was set up under special contract to the Douglas Aircraft Company and began operations in December 1945.[19][26] In May 1946, the Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship was released.

RAND Corporation

[edit]

By late 1947, Douglas Aircraft executives had expressed their concerns that their close relationship with RAND might create conflict of interest problems on future hardware contracts. In February 1948, the chief of staff of the newly created United States Air Force approved the evolution of Project RAND into a not-for-profit/nonprofit corporation, independent of Douglas.[19]

On 14 May 1948, RAND was incorporated as a not-for-profit/nonprofit corporation under the laws of the State of California and on 1 November 1948, the Project RAND contract was formally transferred from the Douglas Aircraft Company to the RAND Corporation.[19] Initial capital for the spin-off was provided by the Ford Foundation.

Since the 1950s, RAND research has helped inform United States policy decisions on a wide variety of issues, including the space race, the Vietnam War, the U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms confrontation, the creation of the Great Society social welfare programs, the digital revolution, and national health care.[27] In the 1970s the Rand Corporation adjusted computer models it was using to recommend closures of fire stations in New York City so that fire stations were closed in the most fire-prone areas, home to Black and Puerto Rican residents, rather than in wealthier, more affluent neighborhoods.[28]

RAND contributed to the doctrine of nuclear deterrence by mutually assured destruction (MAD), developed under the guidance of then-Defense Secretary Robert McNamara and based upon their work with game theory.[29] Chief strategist Herman Kahn also posited the idea of a "winnable" nuclear exchange in his 1960 book On Thermonuclear War. This led to Kahn's being one of the models for the titular character of the film Dr. Strangelove, in which RAND is spoofed as the "BLAND Corporation".[30][31]

Even in the late 1940s and early 1950s, long before Sputnik, the RAND project was secretly recommending to the US government a major effort to design a human-made satellite that would take photographs from space and the rockets to put such a satellite in orbit.[32]

RAND was not the first think tank, but during the 1960s, it was the first to be regularly referred to as a "think tank".[1] Accordingly, RAND served as the "prototype" for the modern definition of that term.[1]

In the early 1990s, RAND established a European branch to serve clients across the public, private, and third sectors, including governments, charities, and corporations. RAND Europe is the European arm of the RAND Corporation, and like its main branch, it is a not-for-profit/nonprofit policy research organization dedicated to improving decision-making through evidence-based research and analysis. RAND Europe's stated mission is to improve policy and decision-making through rigorous, independent research. RAND Europe is incorporated in, and has offices in, Cambridge, Rotterdam, and Brussels.[33][34]

Research

[edit]
RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

The research of RAND stems from its development of systems analysis. Important contributions are claimed in space systems and the United States' space program,[35] in computing and in artificial intelligence. RAND researchers developed many of the principles that were used to build the Internet.[36] RAND also contributed to the development and use of wargaming.[37][38]

Current areas of expertise include: child policy, law, civil and criminal justice, education, health (public health and health care), international policy/foreign policy, labor markets, national security, defense policy, infrastructure, energy, environment, business and corporate governance, economic development, intelligence policy, long-range planning, crisis management and emergency management-disaster preparation, population studies, regional studies, comparative studies, science and technology, social policy, welfare, terrorism and counterterrorism, cultural policy, arts policy, and transportation.[39][14][11]

Defense and National Security

[edit]

During the Cold War, RAND researchers contributed to the development of nuclear strategy concepts such as deterrence theory and mutually assured destruction.[40] In recent years, RAND has analyzed military readiness, force modernization, and counterterrorism strategies. For example, one study examined the effectiveness of counterinsurgency operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.[41]

Healthcare and Public Health

[edit]

RAND designed and conducted one of the largest and most important studies of health insurance between 1974 and 1982. The RAND Health Insurance Experiment, funded by the then–U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, established an insurance corporation to compare demand for health services with their cost to the patient.[42][43]

In 2018, RAND began its Gun Policy in America initiative,[44] which resulted in comprehensive reviews of the evidence of the effects of gun policies in the United States. The second expanded review in 2020[45] analyzed almost 13,000 relevant studies on guns and gun violence since 1995 and selected 123 as having sufficient methodological rigor for inclusion. These studies were used to evaluate scientific support for eighteen classes of gun policy. The review found supportive evidence that child-access prevention laws reduce firearm self-injuries (including suicides), firearm homicides or assault injuries, and unintentional firearm injuries and deaths among youth. Conversely, it identified that stand-your-ground laws increase firearm homicides and shall-issue concealed carry laws increase total and firearm homicides. RAND also emphasized that the absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.[46] Both proponents and opponents of various gun control measures have cited the RAND initiative.[47][48][49][50]

Additionally, RAND has researched the opioid epidemic, and alcoholism.[51]

Education and Social Policy

[edit]

The RAND analysis of the Intensive Partnerships for Effective Teaching, a $575 million initiative from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to increase teacher effectiveness, found that the interventions had no effect on student achievement.[52]

Emerging Technologies and Innovation

[edit]

RAND has examined the implications of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, cybersecurity threats, and autonomous systems. It was accused of working too closely with Open Philanthropy in its work on AI, at the risk of losing its independence.[53][54][55] RAND employees have expressed concerns to Politico about the organization's objectivity after it was revealed that RAND helped draft the Executive Order on AI, following over $15 million in funding from a Facebook founder-backed Open Philanthropy.[56] In December 2023, the House Science Committee sent a bipartisan letter to the National Institute of Standards and Technology raising concerns over RAND's "research that has failed to go through robust review processes, such as academic peer review."[57][58] On September 13, 2024, the ranking member of the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation sent a letter to the RAND Corporation to better understand its "involvement in the AI Executive Order and the administration’s other actions related to online speech."[59]

Other

[edit]

Notable participants

[edit]
John von Neumann, consultant to the RAND Corporation[76]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Medvetz, Thomas (2012). Think Tanks in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-226-51729-2. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  2. ^ a b c "RAND Leadership". RAND Corporation. Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  3. ^ "RAND Corporation Board of Trustees". RAND Corporation. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  4. ^ "RAND Annual Report 2023, p. 39". RAND Corporation. 10 April 2024. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  5. ^ As of September 20, 2023. RAND Consolidated Financial Statements Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (Report). RAND. 8 April 2024. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  6. ^ RAND Consolidated Financial Statements Fiscal Years Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (As of September 20, 2023) (Report). RAND. 8 April 2024. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  7. ^ 2023 RAND Annual Report (Report). RAND. 10 April 2024. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  8. ^ a b c Abella, Alex (2009). Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire. Boston and New York: Mariner Books. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-15-603344-2. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  9. ^ RAND History and Mission Archived 17 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 13 April 2009.
  10. ^ a b Johnson, Stephen B. (2002). The United States Air Force and the culture of innovation 1945-1965. Diane Publishing Co. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-4289-9027-2. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  11. ^ a b "RAND Corporation - GuideStar Profile". www.guidestar.org. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  12. ^ "2023 RAND Annual Report". RAND Corporation. 10 April 2024. Archived from the original on 24 April 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  13. ^ a b c "How We're Funded". RAND Corp. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  14. ^ a b Monica, 1776 Main Street Santa; California 90401-3208. "How We Are Funded: Major Clients and Grantmakers of RAND Research". www.rand.org. Archived from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ "RAND Locations". RAND Corp. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  16. ^ "RAND Europe Contact Information". RAND Corp. Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  17. ^ "RAND Locations: Canberra Office". RAND Corp. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  18. ^ a b "Pardee RAND History". Pardee RAND Graduate School. Archived from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  19. ^ a b c d e "RAND at a Glance". RAND Corp. Archived from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  20. ^ "The RAND Journal of Economics". www.rje.org. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  21. ^ Sarabi, Brigette (1 January 2005). "Oregon: The Rand Report on Measure 11 is Finally Available". Partnership for Safety and Justice (PSJ). Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2008.
  22. ^ Harvard University Institute of Politics. "Guide for Political Internships". Harvard University. Archived from the original on 20 December 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2008.
  23. ^ a b Abella, Alex (2009). Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire. Boston and New York: Mariner Books. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-15-603344-2. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  24. ^ a b Abella, Alex (2009). Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corporation and the Rise of the American Empire. Boston and New York: Mariner Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-15-603344-2. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  25. ^ Oliver, Myrna (14 February 1990). "Franklin Collbohm Dies; Founder of RAND Corp". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  26. ^ Johnson, Stephen B (2002). The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation 1945-1965 (PDF). Diane Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-4289-9027-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  27. ^ Jardini, David R. (2013). Thinking Through the Cold War: RAND, National Security and Domestic Policy, 1945-1975. p. 10. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
  28. ^ Flood, Joe (2011). The Fires: How a Computer Formula, Big Ideas, and the Best of Intentions Burned Down New York City--and Determined the Future of Cities. p. 205. Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  29. ^ Twing, Steven W. (1998). Myths, models & U.S. foreign policy. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-55587-766-4. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  30. ^ Hanks, Robert (19 December 2007). "The Week In Radio: The think tank for unthinkable thoughts". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 16 September 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  31. ^ Kaplan, Fred (10 October 2004). "Truth Stranger Than 'Strangelove'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  32. ^ "The Space Review: LBJ's Space Race: What we didn't know then (Part 1)". Archived from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
  33. ^ "RAND Europe". securitydelta.nl. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  34. ^ "About RAND Europe".
  35. ^ Davies, Merton E.; Hams, William R. (September 1988). RAND's Role in the Evolution of Balloon and Satellite Observation Systems and Related U.S. Space Technology (PDF). RAND Corp. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  36. ^ "Paul Baran - Posthumous Recipient". Internet Hall of Fame. Internet Society. 2012. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  37. ^ Perla, Peter P. (1990). The Art of Wargaming: A Guide for Professionals and Hobbyists. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. pp. 114–118. ISBN 0-87021-050-5. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  38. ^ Perry, Walter L.; Pirnie, Bruce R.; Gordon, John (1999). Issues Raised During the 1998 Army After Next Spring Wargame. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. ISBN 0-8330-2688-7. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  39. ^ "Policy Experts". RAND Corp. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  40. ^ Long, Austin (2008). Deterrence—From Cold War to Long War: Lessons from Six Decades of RAND Research (1 ed.). RAND Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8330-4482-2. JSTOR 10.7249/mg636osd-af.
  41. ^ "Rethinking Counterinsurgency: RAND Counterinsurgency Study, vol. 5". Air University (AU). 13 October 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  42. ^ "RAND's Health Insurance Experiment (HIE)". RAND Corp. Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  43. ^ Herdman, Roger C.; Behney, Clyde J. (September 1993). "Chapter 3: The Lessons and Limitations of the Rand Health Insurance Experiment" (PDF). Benefit Design in Health Care Reform: Patient Cost-Sharing (Princeton University): 23–38. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  44. ^ "Gun Policy". Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  45. ^ The Science of Gun Policy Archived 19 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of Gun Policies in the United States, Second Edition
  46. ^ "What Science Tells Us About the Effects of Gun Policies". www.rand.org. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  47. ^ Christopher Ingraham (2 March 2018). "The best available evidence suggests NRA-backed gun policies are making crime worse". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  48. ^ Aaron Brown; Justin Monticello (31 March 2022). "Do Studies Show Gun Control Works? No". reason.com. Reason Foundation. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  49. ^ Sheryl Gay Stolberg (27 March 2021). "Can New Gun Violence Research Find a Path Around the Political Stalemate?". New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 March 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  50. ^ ""Assault Weapons" | "Large" Magazines". Archived from the original on 6 February 2018.
  51. ^ "Alcoholism Controversy," Archived 24 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine August 4, 1976, New York Times, retrieved November 24, 2022
  52. ^ Candid. "Gates' Teacher Effectiveness Initiative Fell Short, Study Finds". Philanthropy News Digest (PND). Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  53. ^ Bordelon, Brendan. "How a billionaire-backed network of AI advisers took over Washington". Politico. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023.
  54. ^ Bordelon, Brendan (16 December 2023). "Think tank tied to tech billionaires played key role in Biden's AI order". Politico. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023.
  55. ^ Kessler, Andy. "Opinion | SBF Faces Prison, but 'Effective Altruism' Lives On". WSJ. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
  56. ^ Bordelon, Brendan (16 December 2023). "Think tank tied to tech billionaires played key role in Biden's AI order".
  57. ^ "House Science Committee letter to NIST" (PDF). House Committee on Science, Space and Technology. 14 December 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2023.
  58. ^ Bordelon, Brendan (26 December 2023). "Congress warns science agency over AI grant to tech-linked think tank".
  59. ^ Cruz, Ted (13 September 2024). "Letter to Jason Matheny".
  60. ^ "An Analysis and Critique of the RAND Corporation's Studies in Support of No Fault Laws," Archived 25 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine 2000, Consumer Watchdog, retrieved November 24, 2022
  61. ^ Clines, Francis X.: "The Men Who Tell City How to Run the City," Archived 24 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine July 8, 1970, New York Times, retrieved November 24, 2022
  62. ^ Szanton, Peter L. (RAND Corporation): "Analysis and Urban Government: Experience of the New York City-Rand Institute," Archived 25 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine July, 1972, Policy Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 153-161, Springer, at Jstor.org, retrieved November 24, 2022
  63. ^ "Data in the Fire Service," Archived 6 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine 2015, NFPA 2015 Responder Forum, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), retrieved November 24, 2022
  64. ^ Flood, Joe: The Fires: How a Computer Formula Burned Down New York City—and Determined the Future of American Cities, 2011, Riverhead Books, -- summarized at: GoodReads.com Archived 29 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine, and reviewed at: GoodReads.com Archived 25 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine (by Rob Kitchin), and at Accounts, Archived 4 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine (newsletter of the Economics section of the American Sociological Association), Vol. XV, Issue 2, Spring 2016, page 32, retrieved November 24, 2022
  65. ^ Saul Friedman (Houston Chronicle, Nieman Fellow): "The Rand Corporation and Our Policy Makers," Archived 25 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine September 1963, The Atlantic, retrieved November 25, 2022
  66. ^ "Albert Wohlstetter, 83, Expert On U.S. Nuclear Strategy, Dies" Archived 9 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine, January 14, 1997, New York Times, retrieved November 24, 2022
  67. ^ Rej, Abhijnan: Commentary: The Other Legacy of Robert McNamara," Archived 29 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine June 10, 2016, War on the Rocks, -- reviewed by Matthew Fay in "Rationalizing McNamara's Legacy," Archived 25 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine August 5, 2016, Niskanen Center; Fay rebutted by RAND representatives John Speed Meyers and Jonathan P. Wong, at "In Defense of Defense Analysis," Archived 25 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine September 2, 2016, The RAND Blog, RAND Corporation; retrieved November 24, 2022
  68. ^ Wyne, Ali (RAND Corporation) opinion essay: "A new world order will likely arise only from calamity," Archived 30 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine July 24, 2018, Washington Post, retrieved November 24, 2022
  69. ^ a b Heilbrunn, Jacob: "Real Men of Genius" Archived 27 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine (book review of Soldiers of Reason: The RAND Corp and Rise of the American Empire by Alex Abella, 2008, Harcourt), September 21, 2008, Washington Post, retrieved November 24, 2022
  70. ^ Gordon, Michael R.: "Occupation Plan for Iraq Faulted in Army History," Archived 24 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine June 29, 2008, New York Times, retrieved November 24, 2022
  71. ^ "The Real Health Issue," Archived 24 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine June 25, 1974, Page 36, New York Times, retrieved November 24, 2022
  72. ^ a b "The Insider" Archived 27 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine (book review of Wild Man -- biography of Daniel Ellsberg -- by Tom Wells, 2001, Palgrave), July 22, 2001, Washington Post,; also reviewed by Michael Young at "The Devil and Daniel Ellsberg," Archived 29 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine June 2000, Reason, retrieved November 24, 2022
  73. ^ a b Kazin, Michael, reviewer: "Inside Job" (book review of Secrets -- autobiography of Daniel Ellsberg, 2002, Viking), November 3, 2002, Washington Post, retrieved November 24, 2022
  74. ^ Elliot, Mai (Foreword by James A. Thomson, RAND president): RAND in Southeast Asia: A History of the Vietnam War Era, Archived 25 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine 2010, RAND Corporation / Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-8330-4754-0; reviewed by James M. Carter at [1] Archived 25 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine August 2011, Journal of American Studies, Volume 45, Issue 3, pp. 631 - 633, reproduced at Cambridge University. Retrieved November 24, 2022
  75. ^ Naughton, James M.: "Federal Warrant Is Issued For the Arrest of Ellsberg," Archived 24 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine June 26, 1971, New York Times, retrieved November 24, 2022
  76. ^ Life Magazine, 25 February 1957, "Passing of a Great Mind", by Clay Bair JR. pages 89–104
  77. ^ Alex Roland and Philip Shiman, Strategic Computing: DARPA and the Quest for Machine Intelligence, 1983–1993, The MIT Press, 2002, p. 302
  78. ^ Nina Tannenwald, The Nuclear Taboo: The United States and the Non-Use of Nuclear Weapons Since 1945, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK), 2007, p. 138-139
  79. ^ "F. R. Collbohm, 83, Ex-Head of Rand, Dies". The New York Times. Associated Press. 14 February 1990. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  80. ^ "Michael H. Decker - Profile". Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  81. ^ Dole, Stephen H. (2007). Habitable Planets for Man (New RAND ed.). Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corp. ISBN 978-0-8330-4227-9. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  82. ^ Dole, Stephen H. (2007). Habitable Planets for man. RAND Corporation. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2008.
  83. ^ "Stephen H. Dole; Retired Head of Rand Corp.'s Human Engineering Group". Los Angeles Times. 30 April 2000. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
  84. ^ "Obituary: Paul Y. Hammond". University of Pittsburgh. 5 April 2012. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  85. ^ "Computer Science History". School of Computing. University of Utah. Archived from the original on 10 December 2000. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  86. ^ Noland, Claire (12 April 2007). "Konrad Kellen, 93; Rand researcher studied Vietnam War and urged withdrawal of troops". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
  87. ^ Monica, 1776 Main Street Santa; California 90401-3208. "Jason Matheny Named President and CEO of RAND Corporation". www.rand.org. Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  88. ^ Kaplan, Fred (August 1991). The Wizards of Armageddon - Fred M. Kaplan - Google Boeken. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1884-4. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  89. ^ Seymour M. Hersh (12 May 2003). "Selective Intelligence — Donald Rumsfeld has his own special sources. Are they reliable?". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
  90. ^ "Bruce Karatz and Ratan N. Tata Join Rand Board of Trustees". rand.org. 2 November 2006. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  91. ^ "Ariane M. Tabatabai - Publications". 24 January 2024. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.

Further reading

[edit]

Books

[edit]

Articles

[edit]

Documentary films and broadcast programs

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to RAND Corporation.
Retrieved from "http://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=RAND_Corporation&oldid=1262768568"