Pseudoscada erruca

Pseudoscada erruca
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Nymphalidae
Genus:	Pseudoscada
Species:	P. erruca
Binomial name
	Pseudoscada erruca; (Hewitson, 1855)
Synonyms
	Ithomia erruca Hewitson, 1855 ; Episcada burmeisteri Köhler, 1929 ; Hypoleria arpi Zikán, 1935 ; Greta polissena breviala Bryk, 1953 ;

Pseudoscada erruca is a South-American species of brush-footed butterfly in the Godyridina subtribe of Ithomiini.^[2] It was described in 1855 by William Chapman Hewitson as Ithomia erruca.^[1]^[3]

Distribution and habitat

The type locality of Pseudoscada erruca is Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil.^[1]^[3] It also occurs in other parts of Brazil, such as Pernambuco,^[4] and in Argentina.^[1]

Pseudoscada erruca occurs in humid habitats with a permanent presence of water.^[4] Research in 2009 on the frequency of occurrence of species in tribe Ithomiini in old-growth tropical forest versus nearby fragmented landscapes^[a] found that the presence of P. erruca was more frequent in the latter than the former.^[5]

Behaviour

Females deposit individual eggs on the underside of leaves of Sessea brasiliensis and less commonly Cestrum spp., with a preference for plants at a height between 1 and 1.5 m in shaded spots.^[2] Larvae feed from the leaves of the plant on which they hatch, generally developing better on S. brasiliensis than on Cestrum species.^[2] Adults drink nectar, with a preference for the flowers of Rubus rosaefolius.^[6] Adults of P. erruca are on wing in both dry and rainy seasons.^[4]

Parasitoids

Pseudoscapa erruca is host to multiple species of parasitoid wasps, with at least one species each from genera Telenomus, Trichogramma, Diadegma and Mesochorus.^[2] It has also been found parasitized by a tachinid fly species.^[2]

Footnotes and references

Footnotes

^ per the research, these landscapes consist of "a matrix mostly made up of small farms and orchards, mixed with vegetation in initial stages of regeneration (2 to 8 years) and reforestation with exotic eucalyptus and pine interspersed with about 35% native vegetation"^[5]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Savela, Markku. "Pseudoscada". Lepidoptera and some other life forms. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e De Abreu, Verediana (2019). História natural e dinâmica populacional dos imaturos de Pseudoscada erruca (Nymphalidae: Ithomiini) e seus parasitoides em sua planta hospedeira Sessea brasiliensis (Solanaceae) [Natural history and population dynamics of immature stages of Pseudoscada erruca (Nymphalidae: Ithomiini) and their parasitoids on host plant Sessea brasiliensis (Solanaceae)] (PDF) (Master in Ecology) (in Portuguese). Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
^ ^a ^b Beccaloni, G.; Scoble, M.; Kitching, I.; Simonsen, T.; Robinson, G.; Pitkin, B.; Hine, A.; Lyal, C., eds. (2003). "Pseudoscada erruca". The Global Lepidoptera Names Index. Natural History Museum. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c Nobre, Carlos Eduardo B.; Schlindwein, Clemens; Mielke, Olaf H. (16 April 2008). "The butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) of the Catimbau National Park, Pernambuco, Brazil". Zootaxa. 1751 (1): 35. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1751.1.3. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
^ ^a ^b Uehara-Prado, Marcio; Freitas, André V.L. (February 2009). "The effect of rainforest fragmentation on species diversity and mimicry ring composition of ithomiine butterflies". Insect Conservation and Diversity. 2 (1): 24–25. doi:10.1111/j.1752-4598.2008.00025.x. S2CID 84850702. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
^ Freitas, AVL (1996). "Population biology of Heterosais edessa(Nymphalidae) and its associated Atlantic forest Ithomiinae community". Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 50 (4): 279–284. Retrieved 1 September 2022.

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[6] r the research, these landscapes consist of "a matrix mostly made up of small farms and orchards, mixed with vegetation in initial stages of regeneration (2 to 8 years) and reforestation with exotic eucalyptus and pine interspersed with about 35% native vegetation"^[5]

[funet-1] Savela, Markku. "Pseudoscada". Lepidoptera and some other life forms. Retrieved 8 July 2018.

[De-Abreu-2019-2] De Abreu, Verediana (2019). História natural e dinâmica populacional dos imaturos de Pseudoscada erruca (Nymphalidae: Ithomiini) e seus parasitoides em sua planta hospedeira Sessea brasiliensis (Solanaceae) [Natural history and population dynamics of immature stages of Pseudoscada erruca (Nymphalidae: Ithomiini) and their parasitoids on host plant Sessea brasiliensis (Solanaceae)] (PDF) (Master in Ecology) (in Portuguese). Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Retrieved 1 September 2022.

[LepIndex-3] Beccaloni, G.; Scoble, M.; Kitching, I.; Simonsen, T.; Robinson, G.; Pitkin, B.; Hine, A.; Lyal, C., eds. (2003). "Pseudoscada erruca". The Global Lepidoptera Names Index. Natural History Museum. Retrieved 8 July 2018.

[Nobre-2008-4] Nobre, Carlos Eduardo B.; Schlindwein, Clemens; Mielke, Olaf H. (16 April 2008). "The butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) of the Catimbau National Park, Pernambuco, Brazil". Zootaxa. 1751 (1): 35. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1751.1.3. Retrieved 1 September 2022.

[Uehara-Prado-2009-5] Uehara-Prado, Marcio; Freitas, André V.L. (February 2009). "The effect of rainforest fragmentation on species diversity and mimicry ring composition of ithomiine butterflies". Insect Conservation and Diversity. 2 (1): 24–25. doi:10.1111/j.1752-4598.2008.00025.x. S2CID 84850702. Retrieved 1 September 2022.

[Freitas-1996-7] Freitas, AVL (1996). "Population biology of Heterosais edessa(Nymphalidae) and its associated Atlantic forest Ithomiinae community". Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 50 (4): 279–284. Retrieved 1 September 2022.

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